For the typographical sense, see Homoglyph . For the geometrical sense, see Homography . File Homograph homophone venn diagram.svg thumb 300px Venn diagram showing the relationships between homographs green and related linguistic concepts. Wiktionarypar homograph A homograph from the lang el , hom s , same and , gr ph , write is a word that shares the same written form as another word but has a different meaning. When spoken, the meanings may be distinguished by different pronunciations, in which case the words are also heteronym linguistics heteronym s. Words with the same writing and pronunciation i.e. homograph s and homophone s are considered homonym s. However, in a looser sense the term homonym may be applied to words with the same writing or pronunciation. Homograph disambiguation is critically important in speech synthesis , natural language processing and other fields. Identically written different senses of what is judged to be fundamentally the same word are called polyseme s for example, wood substance and wood area covered with trees . In English Examples 1 bear verb to support or carry bear noun the animal In 1 the words are identical in spelling and pronunciation i.e. they are also homophones , but differ in meaning and grammatical function. 2 sow verb to plant seed sow noun female pig 2 is an example of two words spelt identically but pronounced differently. Here confusion is not possible in spoken language but can occasionally occur in written language. More examples main List of English homographs class wikitable Word Example of first meaning Example of second meaning lead Gold is heavier than lead . The mother duck can lead her ducklings around ... long IPA t lengthen, elder References references See also Heterography and homography IDN homograph ... da Homograf de Homograph es Homograf a fa fr Homographe gl Hom grafo id Homograf it Omografia ... pl Homografia j zykoznawstwo pt Hom grafo ro Omograf ru simple Homograph sv Homograf ... more details
The internationalized domain name IDN homograph attack is a way a malicious party may deceive computer users about what remote system they are communicating with, by exploiting the fact that many different grapheme characters look alike, i.e., they are homograph s, hence the term for the attack . For example, a person frequenting citibank .com may be lured to click the link itibank.com punycode xn itibank xjg.com where the Latin alphabet Latin C is replaced with the Cyrillic script Cyrillic . This kind of spoofing attack is also known as script spoofing . Unicode incorporates numerous writing systems, and, for a number of reasons, similar looking characters such as Greek , Latin O , and Cyrillic ... relies on natural human typos, while in homograph spoofing the perpetrator intentionally deceives ... in which a registration can be both typosquatting and homograph spoofing the pairs of tt l ... characters or pairs of characters that look alike and are known as homoglyph s a subgroup of homograph s . Spoofing attack s based on these similarities are known as homograph spoofing attacks . For example ... for homograph attacks. This opens a rich vein of opportunities for phishing and other varieties of fraud ... Gontmakher , both from Technion , Israel , published a paper titled The Homograph Attack , ref name tha Evgeniy Gabrilovich and Alex Gontmakher, http www.cs.technion.ac.il gabr papers homograph full.pdf The Homograph Attack , Communications of the ACM, 45 2 128, February 2002 ref which described ..., every such address is a homograph of every other. Since typical users cannot read punycode ..., code .ac code or code .museum code prevents homograph attacks by restricting which characters can ... which are taking appropriate homograph spoofing attack precautions. ref http www.mozilla.org ... be used for homograph attacks. Proposed IDN TLDs . Bulgaria , . Ukraine and . Greece have been ... known, and more malicious, purposes, homograph spoofing can be used for better purposes, such as address ... more details
Wiktionarypar heteronym Heteronym may refer to Heteronym linguistics , one of a group of words with identical spellings but different meanings and pronunciations though sometimes they have enough homophony to be considered a mondegreen Heteronym literature , imaginary characters created by a poet See also onym Homonym Capitonym Homograph Polysemy disambig de Heteronym fr H t ronyme nl Heteroniem no Heteronym pt Heter nimo fi Heteronyymi th ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 For the Wales Welsh landform Ll n peninsula Llyn is the Welsh language Welsh word for lake or, occasionally, pond or pool . The word and its cognates in other Celtic languages such as the Irish language Irish linn and the breton language Breton lenn , as well their derivatives including lyn , lynn and lin appear in many Toponymy placenames throughout the current and former Celtic world, as, for example, in Dublin Name Dublin and King s Lynn . Although most of the place names containing llyn or one its variants indeed refer to lakes, ponds or other water features, there are some llyn place names, even in Wales, in which the derivation is otherwise see Ll n peninsula and Leinster in which the llyn sound, which carries a different accent in Welsh, is believed to derive from the name of a tribe . In these cases the apparent similarity probably came about through the processes of associative homonym y and homograph y where words of different origin come to be pronounced and spelled in identical or near identical ways. See also Ll n peninsula Tarn lake Lough , Loch Hydronym Category Hydronymy Category Welsh words and phrases Category Welsh toponyms Category Celtic toponyms Category Lakes ... more details
Infobox River river name Chapayevka River, Mocha River image name caption origin Siny Syrt , Samara Oblast , Russia mouth Saratov Reservoir , Volga basin countries Russia length 298 km elevation mouth elevation discharge 2.53 m s watershed 4,310 km Chapayevka lang ru or the Mocha lang ru is a river in Samara Oblast , Russia , a left tributary of the Volga River . It origins at the slope of Siny Syrt and flows to the Saratov Reservoir , near Novokuybyshevsk , Samara, Russia Samara agglomeration. It is 298 km long. The town of Chapayevsk stays alongside the river. The river is navigable for 34 from its mouth. The river has snow feeding and dries up in the upper stream. Since November till April it is use to be frozen. Major inflows are Petrushka River Petrushka , Vetlyanka , Vyazovka . The river originally was named M cha which is a homograph with moch , the Russian for urine . In 1925 it was renamed Chapayevka in honor of the Russian Civil War Red Army Red hero Vasily Chapayev . Volga River coord missing Samara Oblast Category Rivers of Samara Oblast cs Mo a de Tschapajewka es R o Chap yevka fr Tchapa evka no Tsjapajevka nn Tsjapajevka ru uk zh ... more details
Homonym Different Same Same Homograph Different Same Same or different Homophone Different ... for br capitalization Same or different File Homograph homophone venn diagram.svg thumb 300px Venn .... Several similar linguistic concepts are related to homonymy. These include Homograph s literally .... ref group note Some sources restrict the term homograph to words that have the same ... Britannica 14th Edition entry for homograph . ref If they are pronounced the same then they are also ... 14th Edition entry for homograph . ref If they are spelled the same then they are also homographs ... is both a homophone and a homograph, is fluke . Fluke can mean A fish, and a flatworm . The end parts ... more details
On the Internet , the Internationalized Resource Identifier IRI is a generalization of the Uniform Resource Identifier URI . While URIs are limited to a subset of the ASCII character set, IRIs may contain characters from the Universal Character Set Unicode ISO 10646 , including Chinese or Japanese kanji , Korean alphabet Korean , Cyrillic script Cyrillic characters, and so forth. It is defined by RFC 3987. Advantages There are reasons to see URIs displayed in different languages mostly, it makes it easier for users who are unfamiliar with the Latin A Z alphabet. Assuming that it isn t too difficult for anyone to replicate arbitrary Unicode on their keyboards, this can make the URI system more worldly and accessible. Disadvantages Mixing IRIs and ASCII Uniform Resource Identifier URI s can make it much easier to do phishing attacks that trick someone into believing they are on a site they really are not on. For example, one can replace the a in www. ebay .com or www. paypal .com with an internationalized look alike a character, and point that IRI to a malicious site. This is known as an IDN homograph attack . While a URI does not provide people with a way to specify Web resources using their own alphabets, an IRI does not make clear how Web resources can be accessed with keyboards that are not capable of generating the requisite internationalized characters. See also XRI Extensible Resource Identifier Internationalized domain name IDN Internationalized Domain Name Punycode External links http www.w3.org International W3C Internationalization Activity http annevankesteren.nl 2005 02 iri Anne van Kesteren s blog entry on IRI Category Internet standards compu stub Interwikies de Internationalized Resource Identifier fr Internationalized Resource Identifier it Internationalized Resource Identifier ja Internationalized Resource Identifier pl Internationalized Resource Identifier pt IRI ru IRI scn Idintificaturi di Risorsi Intirnazziunalizzatu ... more details
A Spoofed URL describes one website that poses as another. It sometimes applies a mechanism that exploits bugs in web browser technology, allowing a malicious computer attack. Such attacks are most effective against computers that lack recent security patches. Others are designed for the purpose of a parody . During such an attack, a computer user innocently visits a web site and sees a familiar Uniform Resource Locator URL in the address bar such as nowiki http www.wikipedia.org nowiki but is, in reality, sending information to an entirely different location that would typically be monitored by an information thief. When sensitive information is requested by a fraudulent website, it is called phishing . The user is typically enticed to the false website from an email or a hyperlink from another website. In another variation, a website may look like the original, but is in fact a parody of it. These are mostly harmless, and are more noticeably different from the original, as they usually do not exploit bugs in web browser technology. This can also take place in a hosts file . It can redirect a site s to another IP, which could be a spoofed website. See also Computer insecurity Hosts file Hosts File IDN homograph attack Spoofing attack Social engineering computer security External links Secunia security describes http secunia.com advisories 10395 Microsoft Internet Explorer URL spoofing vulnerability 2003 Microsoft Knowledge Base Article http support.microsoft.com ?id 833786 833786 Steps that you can take to help identify and to help protect yourself from deceptive spoofed Web sites and malicious hyperlinks. Category Computer network security Category Internet fraud Category Uniform resource locator Internet stub de URL Spoofing nl URL spoofing ... more details
Bole is a shade of brown. There is an English language English word bole meaning the trunk of a tree, but according to the American Heritage Dictionary , this word http www.bartleby.com 61 34 B0373400.html is simply a homograph homophone that does not share the etymological origin of the color word bole http www.bartleby.com 61 35 B0373500.html , which derives from Latin b lus lump of earth and refers to a kind of soft fine clay whose reddish brown varieties are used as pigments, hence its use as a word for a reddish brown color. Another name for the color bole is terra rosa . The color name terra rosa has been used as a synonym for bole since 1753 . ref Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York 1930 McGraw Hill Page 205 ref The color terra rosa is classified a warm red color. In art , it classified as being similar to Venetian red , but more pink or salmon color salmon . Bole infobox color textcolor white title Bole hex 79443B r 121 g 68 b 59 c 0 m 70 y 60 k 20 h 30 s 24 v 34 source http tx4.us nbs nbs b.htm ISCC NBS Bole is one of the oldest color names in English language English . The first recorded use of bole as a color name in English was in the year 1386 . ref Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York 1930 McGraw Hill Page 190 Color Sample of Bole Page 33 Plate 5 Color Sample F11 ref References reflist External links http tx4.us nbs nbs b.htm ISCC NBS Dictionary of Color Names 1955 Color dictionary used by stamp collectors to identify the colors of stamps See sample of the color Bole color sample 43 displayed on indicated page. See also List of colors Shades of brown Category Shades of brown Bole it Tronco colore ... more details
Image Cyrillic YO.png thumb 100px Yo Cyrillic Yo Yoficator lang ru is a computer program or extension for a text editor that restores the Cyrillic script Cyrillic letter Yo Cyrillic Yo lang ru in Russian texts in places where the letter Ye Cyrillic Ye lang ru was used instead. The majority of newspapers and publishers use Ye in all contexts, assuming that an educated reader can distinguish which letter is meant. This creates a large number of homograph s but not homophone s , and this is the problem the yoficator is intended to fix. The problem of choice between Ye and Yo in spelling can be fairly complex and requires a deep analysis of the context. Therefore yoficators capable of completely solving this problem automatically do not yet exist. The existing yoficators ref ru icon http vgiv.narod.ru yo.html Yoficator Yo by Vladimir Ivanov. ref ref ru icon http krina.land.ru RusYaz RusYaz.htm . ru Microsoft Word Microsoft Word. ref ref ru icon http python.anabar.ru yo.htm ru Vim VIM XEmacs . ref rely on specially created databases of Russian words containing the letter Yo, and either replace Ye by Yo only in indisputable cases incomplete or quick yofication or work interactively leaving the choice to the user in uncertain cases as, for example, the choice between lang ru everyone and lang ru everything . The term yoficator is also used to mean one who yoficates , or, in the broad sense of the word, a supporter of using the letter Yo . ref ru icon http yomaker.narod.ru c ref Notes reflist Category Spell checkers Category Russian language es Yoficator ia Yoficator ru sr uk ... more details
The god Ninkilim , inscribed sup d sup nin PE sub 2 sub , is a widely referenced Mesopotamia n deity from Sumer ian to later Babylonia n periods whose minions include wildlife in general and vermin in particular. His name, Nin kilim , means Lord Rodent, where rodent, pronounced ikku but rendered nin ka sub 6 sub , is a homograph. ref cite journal title Studies in Sumerian Vocabulary sup d sup nin ka sub 6 sub immal ilam and e sub 21 sub .d author Niek Veldhuis journal Journal of Cuneiform Studies volume 54 jstor 1360043 year 2002 page 68 ref He is described in the Sumerian language as a.za.lu.lu lord of teeming creatures and Akkadian as B l namma ti lord of wild animals and features in much of the incantation texts against field pests, such as the Zu buru dabbeda . Although Ninkilim is feminine in the great god list and the Sumerian Farmer s Almanac which entreats the farmer to pray to Ninkilim, goddess of field mice, so that she will keep her sharp toothed little subjects away from the growing grain, the field pest incantations know him as masculine as do other texts of the later periods. ref cite journal title The Dogs of Ninkilim, part two Babylonian rituals to counter field pests author A. R. George and Junko Taniguchi journal Iraq volume LXXII year 2010 page 80 ref The 8 sup th sup year of Iddin Dagan Iddin Dag n celebrates his selection by means of the omens the high priestess of Nin kilim. He was one of the patron deities, with the goddess Belit ili B lit il , of the city of Diniktum . ref cite book title House most high the temples of ancient Mesopotamia author A. R. George publisher Eisenbrauns year 1993 page 43 ref References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Ninkilim Category Mesopotamian deities ... more details
Infobox Writing system type alphabet name ASL phabet languages ASL time fami1 Stokoe notation sample imagesize ASL phabet , or the ASL Alphabet , is a writing system designed by Samuel Supalla for American Sign Language ASL . The ASL phabet is based on the Stokoe notation , and like it is a phonemic script, but it has been simplified to the point where there is some ambiguity homograph s , that is, more than one sign spelled the same way. For example, whereas Stokoe has 24 letters encoding types of movement, ASL phabet has just 5. However, the authors find that it is sufficient to look up ASL words in an ASL English dictionary. Altogether, ASL phabet has 22 letters for hand shape, 5 for location, and 5 for movement. They are written in that order, with the possibility for several letters of each type, such as two handshape letters for a two handed sign. Like the Stokoe notation, the ASL phabet does not encode facial expressions or mouthing , and so is perhaps not sufficient for extended text. However, Hulst & Channon 2010 note, This system, much more than SignWriting , acknowledges the fact rightly, we believe that a written representation of a word does not need to be a recipe to produce it, but only to be sufficiently unique to act as a trigger to activate the relevant words in the reader s mind. References Harry van der Hulst and Rachel Channon, 2010, Notation systems , in Brentari, ed, Sign Languages . Cambridge University Press. External links http www.aslphabet.com ASL phabet homepage , with an ASLphabet to ASL video input system and an ASL to English dictionary for children. sign language navigation Category American Sign Language Category Sign language notation ... more details
IPA notice lang en Homograph s are words of like spelling but with more than one meaning. A homograph that is also pronounced differently is a heteronym linguistics heteronym . Some words are nouns or adjectives when the accent is on the first syllable and verbs when it is on the second. When the prefix re is prepended to a monosyllabic word, and the word gains currency both as a noun and as a verb, it will probably fit into this pattern, although, as the list below makes clear, most words fitting this pattern do not match that description. List of homographs Many of these have first syllables that evolved from Latin prepositions, although again that does not account for all of them. Also, some of these words only exhibit the stress alternation in certain varieties of English. For a list of homographs with different pronunciations heteronyms see Heteronym linguistics Further examples List of heteronyms wiktionary absent absent wiktionary affect affect wiktionary attribute attribute wiktionary bat bat wiktionary bear bear wiktionary bow bow wiktionary can can wiktionary capture capture wiktionary change change wiktionary clear clear wiktionary combine combine wiktionary commune commune wiktionary compact compact wiktionary compost compost wiktionary compound compound wiktionary compress compress wiktionary conduct conduct wiktionary conscript conscript wiktionary console console wiktionary consort consort wiktionary construct construct wiktionary consult consult wiktionary content content wiktionary contest contest wiktionary contrast contrast wiktionary converse converse wiktionary convert convert wiktionary convict convict wiktionary cool cool wiktionary dear dear wiktionary default default wiktionary defect defect wiktionary digest digest wiktionary discharge discharge wiktionary dismount dismount wiktionary display display wiktionary effect effect wiktionary engage engage wiktionary entrances entrances wiktionary exploit exploit wiktionary extract extract wiktionary ... more details
Infobox Top level domain name background CCF image File SRB cyrillic domain.jpg 110px introduced 2011 type Internationalized country code top level domain Internationalised Cyrillic Internationalized country code top level domain country code top level domain status Active registry RNIDS sponsor RNIDS intendeduse Entities connected with Serbia actualuse Mainly in Serbia restrictions Intended for Cyrillic domain names no policy is defined. structure document not available disputepolicy not available DNSname website http . en . The domain name . romanized as .srb is the Cyrillic domain name of Republic of Serbia . It has been active since May 3, 2011. ref http . en what s new Cyrillic domain . became visible on the Internet id 1510 RNIDS Cyrillic domain . became visible on the Internet ref The Serbian National Register of Internet Domain Names RNIDS has initiated on its forum www.forum.rnids.rs a public discussion on the Proposal of rules and processes for registering the Cyrillic domain . . The Proposal of rules and processes for registering the Cyrillic domain . is available on the forum of RNIDS. It regulates the registration of the sub domain . and the reservation of other domains for the needs of RNIDS, the reservation of the . domain for the needs of the state, the reservation of the . domain based on the current .rs domain names and the allocation of the unique code to each and every reserved . domain. The Rule book also determines the period for assigning the . domain according to the priority right , after which the period of free registration of the . domain will commence, based on the same or similar rules now applicable for the .rs domain. The process of registering the Cyrillic domain . had been expected to commence in the second half of 2011, but is postponed and it was started on 27 January 2012, due to some technical issues considering the documentation. . has a homograph very similar a ... more details
about the term in linguistics Homophony disambiguation File Homograph homophone venn diagram.svg thumb 300px Euler diagram showing the relationships between homophones purple and related linguistic concepts. A homophone is a word that is Pronunciation pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning. The words may be Spelling spelled the same, such as wikt rose Noun rose flower and wikt rose Verb rose past tense of rise , or differently, such as Carat unit carat , caret , and carrot , or to , two , and too . Homophones that are spelled the same are also both homograph s and homonym s. ref According to the strict sense of homonyms as words with the same spelling and pronunciation however, homonyms according to the loose sense common in nontechnical contexts are words with the same spelling or pronunciation, in which case all homophones are also homonyms. http dictionary.reference.com browse homonym?r 66 Random House Unabridged Dictionary entry for homonym at Dictionary.com ref Homophones that are spelled differently are also called heterographs . The term homophone may also apply to units longer or shorter than words, such as phrases, letters or groups of letters that are pronounced the same as another phrase, letter or group of letters. The word derives from the Greek language Greek homo , same , and ph n , voice, utterance . The opposite is Heteronym linguistics heterophone similar, but not phonetically identical words. In wordplay and games Homophones are often used to create pun s and to deceive the reader as in crossword crossword puzzles or to suggest multiple meanings. The last usage is common in poetry and creative literature . An example of this is seen in Dylan Thomas s radio play Under Milk Wood The shops in mourning where mourning can be heard as mourning or morning . Another vivid example is Thomas Hood s use of birth & berth and told & toll d tolled in his poem Faithless Sally Brown His death, which happen d in his berth, At forty odd ... more details
Unicode , a circumflex is a letter of the Friulian language Friulian , Romanian language Romanian , Vietnamese language Vietnamese , French language French , Galician language Galician , Portuguese language Portuguese , West Frisian language Frisian , Welsh Language Welsh , Turkish language Turkish , and Walloon language Walloon alphabets. Usage in various languages Berber languages can be used in Berber Latin alphabet to represent IPAblink . Croatian and Serbian is not a letter in the Croatian language Croatian and Serbian language Serbian , but simply an a with the circumflex. It is used only occasionally, in order to disambiguate homograph s which differ only by length of the vowel. Such situation is most common in but not exclusive to the plural genitive case , thus the name genitive sign for the circumflex and is pronounced as a long vowel. For example, Ja sam s m. lang en I am alone. Faroese Johan Henrik Schr ter , who translated the Gospel of Matthew into Faroese language Faroese in 1823, used to denote a non syllabic a, as in the following example align center border 1 cellpadding 3 cellspacing 0 Schr ter 1817 Modern Faroese Brinhlid situr uj gjiltan Stouli, br Te hit ve na Vujv, br Drevur hoon Sj ra e v Nordlondun br Uj Hildarhaj tiil sujn. Brynhild situr gyltum st li, br ta hitt v na v v, br dregur hon Sj r a av Nor londum br Hildarhei til s n. is not used in modern Faroese, however. French in the French language is used as the letter a with a circumflex accent. It is a remnant of old French, where a vowel was followed by the consonant s . For example, the modern form b ton lang en stick comes from the ancient French baston . Phonetically, is pronounced as , but only in dialects that distinguish it from a . Friulian is used to represent the IPA sound. Romanian is the 3rd letter of the Romanian alphabet and represents IPA . This sound is also represented in Romanian as letter . Vietnamese is the 3rd letter of the Viet ... more details
In English spelling , the three letter rule or short word rule is the observation that one and two letter words tend to be function words such as I , at , he , if , of , or , etc. As a consequence of the rule, content word s tend to have at least three Letter alphabet letters . In particular, content words containing fewer than three phoneme s may be augmented with letters which are phonetically redundant, such as eb b , ad d , eg g , in n , be e , aw e , b u y , o we , etc. Origin unreferenced section date December 2011 Many content words would be homograph s of common function words if not for the latter s redundant letters e.g. be bee , in inn , I eye , to two . Otto Jespersen , describing the phenomenon in 1909, suggested the short spelling was a marker of reduced Lexical stress stress . Content words always have at least one stressed syllable , whereas function words are Weak form and strong form often completely unstressed shorter spellings help to reflect this. Interjection s such as ah , eh , lo , yo are always stressed. Punctuation serves to isolate these elements. In Old English language Old English , inflection s increased the length of most content words in any case. Through to the seventeenth century, before English spelling was firmly settled, short forms for some content words did occur, such as eg egg , ey eye , lo low , etc. Conversely, poets such as John Milton alternated between short and long forms for function words, depending on whether they occurred on or off the poetic meter meter . For instance So spake the false Arch Angel, and infus d Bad influence into th unwarie brest Of his Associate hee together calls, Or several one by one, the Regent Powers, Under him Regent, tells, as he was taught, Paradise Lost , Book 5, ll. 694 698 Exceptions While many function words have more than two letters and , she , were , therefore , etc. , the exceptions to the rule are rather two letter content words. Only a few of these occur commonly in most texts the ... more details
Avoth Yeshurun Hebrew , born 1904 died 1992 , also Avot Yeshurun , was the pen name of Yehiel Perlmutter, an acclaimed modern Hebrew poet. Biography Avoth Yeshurun was born on Yom Kippur in 1904 in Niskhish , Ukraine . His father, Baruch, came from a family of flour mill owners. His mother, Ryckelle Rachel was of rabbinic descent. Yeshurun grew up speaking Yiddish . When he was five, his parents moved to Krasnystaw in East Poland . He left for the British Mandate of Palestine in 1925, against the will of his parents who preferred that he remain in Poland. Initially he worked in construction, dredged swamps and picked fruit later he worked in a brick factory and for a printer. In 1929, he joined the Haganah , the Jewish militia that later became the Israeli Defense Force . In 1934 he married Pesyah Justman. Their daughter Helit was born in 1942. Yeshurun s family, along with Krasnystaw s 2,000 Jews, were murdered in Be ec concentration camp in today s Poland. Yeshurun s Poetry His first book, Al khokhmot drakhim On the wisdom of roads , was published under his birthname, Yehiel Perlmutter. He changed his name to Avoth Yeshurun in 1948, the night before he was inducted into the Israel Defense Forces . In 1952 Yeshurun published a highly controversial poem, Pesach al Kochim , in which he compared the tragedy of the Palestinian refugees with that of the Jewish Holocaust . His subsequent books were Re em a combination of the Hebrew words for Thunder and Antelope , 1961, Shloshim Amud Thirty Pages , 1965, Ze Shem HaSefer This is the Name of the Book , 1971, HaShever HaSuri Afrika i The Syrian African Rift , 1974, Kapella Kolot A Capella of Voices , 1977, Sha ar Knisa Sha ar Yetzia Entrance Gate Exit Gate , 1981, Homograph , 1985, Adon Menucha Mr. Rest , 1990, and Ein Li Achshav I Have No Now , 1992. Many of Yeshurun s poems allude to the guilt he felt for having left Europe before the Holocaust , leaving his home and family behind. His poetry is known for its ... more details
Judicial interpretation In law , the Golden rule , or British rule , is a form of statutory interpretation statutory construction traditionally applied by English courts. The other two are the plain meaning rule also known as the literal rule and the mischief rule . The golden rule allows a judge to depart from a word s normal meaning in order to avoid an wikt absurd absurd result. The term golden rule seems to have originated in an 1854 court ruling, ref Chief Justice Jervis, in Mattison v. Hart , 1854 , 14 C.B. 357, at p. 385. ref and implies a degree of enthusiasm for this particular rule of construction over alternative rules that has not been shared by all subsequent judges. For example, one judge made a point of including this note in a 1940 decision The golden rule is that the words of a statute must prima facie be given their ordinary meaning. ref Viscount Simon, in Nokes v. Doncaster Amalgamated Collieries , 1940 A.C. 1014, at p. 1022. ref Circumstances of use Although it points to a kind of middle ground between the Plain Meaning Rule plain meaning or literal rule and the mischief rule , the golden rule is not, in a strict sense, a compromise between them. Like the plain meaning rule , the golden rule gives the words of a statute their plain, ordinary meaning. However, when this may lead to an irrational result that is unlikely to be the legislature s intention, the golden rule dictates that a judge can depart from this meaning. In the case of homograph s, where a word can have more than one meaning, the judge can choose the preferred meaning if the word only has one meaning, but applying this would lead to a bad decision, the judge can apply a completely different meaning. History and evolution The rule is usually based on part of Becke v Smith 1836 2 M&W 195 per James Parke, 1st Baron Wensleydale Justice Parke later Lord Wensleydale , which states blockquote It is a very useful rule in the construction of a statute to adhere to the ordinary meaning of th ... more details
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