raises challenges to scientists trying to reconstruct evolution by studying genes and gene sequences in different organisms. Horizontalgenetransfer HGT effectively scrambles the information ... recent horizontaltransfer of many gene s among diverse species including across the boundaries of phylogenetic ... MG334.html HorizontalGeneTransfer, Oklahoma State ref HGT is thus a potential Lurking variable confounding factor in inferring phylogenetic tree s from the sequence of one gene . For example, if two ... and cooperative effects of HGT among microbes. ref Gogarten JP HorizontalGeneTransfer A New ... Junhyong title The Cobweb of Life Revealed by Genome Scale Estimates of HorizontalGeneTransfer journal ... cite journal last1 Gogarten first1 JP last2 Townsend first2 JP title Horizontalgenetransfer ... scale estimates of horizontalgenetransfer url journal PLoS Biology volume 3 issue 10 page e316 ... 2005 title Mechanisms of, and barriers to, horizontalgenetransfer between bacteria url journal Nat Rev Microbiol volume 3 issue 9 pages 711 21 pmid 16138099 DEFAULTSORT HorizontalGeneTransfer In Evolution ... chromogena and evidence for horizontaltransfer of an entire rRNA operon. journal Journal of bacteriology .... Only in later, multicellular eukaryotes do we know of definite restrictions on horizontalgene exchange ... lateral genetransfer, all these individual gene trees would have the same topology the same branching ... and eukaryote . These domains are now recognizably distinct because much of the genetransfer ... of life, the gene sequence encoding the small subunit of ribosome ribosomal RNA SSU rRNA, 16s rRNA has ... gene. These three domains of life represent the main evolutionary lineages of early cellular life ... , protist s, and all organisms in the plant and animals kingdoms see figure . The gene most commonly ... ribosomal RNA gene, as its sequences tend to be conserved among members with close phylogenetic distances .... Recent discoveries of rampant HGT in microorganisms, and the detection of horizontal movement ... more details
. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT TransferGene Category Genes ...Transfer operon , commonly called tra operon, or tra genes, are some of the genes necessary for non sexual Bacterial conjugation transfer of genetic material in both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The tra locus includes the pilin gene and regulatory genes, which together form pili on the cell surface, polymeric proteins that can attach themselves to the surface of F bacteria and initiate the conjugation. The existence of the tra region of a plasmid genome was first discovered in 1979 by David H. Figurski and Donald R. Helinski ref name Alice cite journal author Figurski D, Helinski D title Replication of an origin containing derivative of plasmid RK2 dependent on a plasmid function in trans journal PNAS year 1979 volume 76 pages 1648 1652 url http www.pnas.org cgi content abstract ... two basic aspects necessary for a plasmid to move from one cell to another An origin of transfer ... and initiation of transfer. ref name Baxter cite journal author Fu Y H, Tsai M M, Luo Y N ... of transfer is non mobilizable. The transfer genes &ndash Though a functioning set of tra genes is necessary for plasmid transfer, they may be located in a variety of places including the plasmid ... transfer operons are the same. Some genes are only found in a few species or a single genus of bacteria ... of the transfer systems are incompatible. For example, oriT and mob are two origins of transfer which interact with different sets of transfer genes. A plasmid with a mob site like many found in Rhodococcus species cannot be transferred via transfer genes which normally interact with the oriT site which is common in E. coli ref name Carrie align right border 2 colspan 2 The roles of some tra gene ... traB, traE, traG, br traL, traP Periplasmic Proteins traC, traF, traH br traK, traU, traW DNA transfer ... author Grohmann E, Muth G, Espinosa M title Conjugative Plasmid Transfer in Gram Positive Bacteria ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Sperm mediated genetransfer , or SMGT, is a technique used to produce transgenic animal s. ref cite journal author Smith K, Spadafora C title Sperm mediated genetransfer applications and implications journal Bioessays volume 27 issue 5 pages 551 62 year 2005 month May pmid 15832378 doi 10.1002 bies.20211 ref Genetic material is introduced into sperm , which are used to fertilize Egg biology eggs . The embryo embryos are carried to term. The offspring may be transgenic, mosaic genetics mosaic , or neither. References reflist Category Genetic engineering molecular biology stub ... more details
The Genetransfer format GTF is a file format used to hold information about gene structure. It is a tab key tab delimited text format based on the general feature format GFF , but contains some additional conventions specific to gene information. A significant feature of the GTF is that it is validatable given a sequence and a GTF file, one can check that the format is correct. This significantly reduces problems with the interchange of data between groups. External links http genome.ucsc.edu goldenPath help customTrack.html GTF Info from UCSC Genome Bioinformatics Site http mblab.wustl.edu GTF22.html Detailed GTF v2.2 Format Description Category Computer file formats compu storage stub ... more details
A genetransfer agent or GTA is a virus like element that contains random pieces of the host chromosome and are found in most members of the alphaproteobacteria order Rhodobacterales . ref name McDanieletal cite doi 10.1126 science.1192243 ref They are encoded by the host genome. GTAs transfer DNA so frequently that they may have an important role in evolution. ref cite doi 10.1038 news.2010.507 ref A 2010 report found that genes for antibiotic resistance could be transferred by engineering GTAs in the laboratory. ref name McDanieletal References references Category Genetics Category Microbial population biology Category Microbiology ... more details
Wiktionarypar horizontalHorizontal may refer to Horizontal plane , in astronomy, geography, geometry and other sciences and contexts Horizontal coordinate system , in astronomy Horizontalism , in monetary circuit theory Horizontalidad Horizontalism , in sociology Horizontal market , in microeconomics Horizontal album Horizontal album , a 1968 album by the Bee Gees disambig de Horizontale ... more details
The phrase horizontal evolution is used in evolutionary biology to refer to Concerted evolution , whereby individual members of a DNA family within one species are more closely related to each other than to members of the same type of DNA family in other species ref EG Primary sequence of baboon CR1 demonstrates concerted evolution within the CR1 gene , Clemenza et al. doi 10.1016 S0161 5890 97 00040 0 ref Horizontalgenetransfer , where genes are transferred from one organism to another by means other than genes received from an ancestor ref EG Evolution of Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases Analysis of Unique Domain Architectures and Phylogenetic Trees Reveals a Complex History of HorizontalGeneTransfer Events , Wolf et al. doi 10.1101 gr.9.8.689 ref It is sometimes used by creationists as a synonym for Microevolution , development of genetic changes below the speciation threshold ref EG http www.icr.org article microwave evolution The Microwave of Evolution , Henry Morris, Institute for Creation Research ref References references Category Evolutionary biology ... more details
selfref For Wikipedia s articles transfer to other sister projects, see m Help Transwiki Help Transwiki on Meta. wiktionarypar transferTransfer may refer to Transfer computing Transfer Croatian Television Show Transfer DNA , the transferred DNA of the tumor inducing Ti plasmid of some species of bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens Transfer group theory Transfer football Transfer function in mathematics Transfer of learning Transfer patent Transfer payment Transfer propaganda Transfer public transit , a ticket that allows a passenger to use multiple conveyances in a single trip Interchange station Transfer railway station , a railway station connecting two or more lines Academic transfer Balance transfer Call transfer Decal , a sticker Electron transfer Heat transfer Jacoby transfer , a bidding device in contract bridge Knowledge transfer Language transfer , where native language grammar and pronunciation influence the learning and use of a second language Manhattan Transfer disambiguation , several meanings Money transfer disambiguation Wire transfer Population transfer disambig de Transfer es Transferencia fr Transfert nl Transfer pl Transfer pt Transfer ncia ru sv Transfer uk ... more details
In genetics , the term horizontal resistance was first used by J.E. Vanderplank ref name Vanderplank1963 Vanderplank, J.E. 1963 Plant Diseases Epidemics and Control. Academic Press, New York and London, 349pp. ref to describe many gene resistance. This contrasts with the term Vertical Resistance vertical resistance which was used to describe single gene resistance. Raoul A Robinson Raoul A. Robinson ref name Robinson1976 Raoul A Robinson Robinson, Raoul A. 1976 Plant Pathosystems. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 184pp. ref further refined the definition of horizontal resistance. Unlike Vertical Resistance vertical resistance and parasitic ability, horizontal resistance and horizontal parasitic ability are entirely independent of each other in genetic terms. In the first round of breeding for horizontal resistance, plants are exposed to pathogens and selected for partial resistance. Plants unaffected by the pathogen have vertical resistance and are removed. Obviously plants with no resistance die, the remaining plants have partial resistance and their seed is stored and bred back up to sufficient volume for further testing. The hope is that in these remaining plants are multiple types of partially resistant genes, and by crossbreeding this pool back on itself multiple partial resistance genes will be encouraged and provide resistance to a larger variety of pathogens than vertical resistance . Successive rounds of breeding for horizontal resistance proceed in a more traditional fashion, selecting plants for disease resistance as measured by yield. These plants are exposed to native regional pathogens, and given minimal assistance in fighting them. ref name Beyond GMO the REAL answer to healthy, disease resistant crops http newfarm.rodaleinstitute.org international pan am don nov04 chapingo.shtml ref References reflist 2 Category Phytopathology Category Molecular biology genetics stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Refimprove date January 2008 Horizontal correlation is a methodology for genegene sequence analysis. Rather than referring to one specific technique, horizontal correlation instead encompasses a variety of approaches to sequence analysis that are unified by two specific themes Sequence analysis is performed by making comparisons horizontally , along the length of a single genetic sequence this is in contrast to vertical methods that make comparisons across several different genetic sequences. The comparisons made generally measure information theory information theoretic quantities such as value of the mutual information function between two regions of the sequence. The core ideas of the horizontal correlation approach were first presented in a year 2000 paper by Grosse, Herzel, Buldyrev, and Stanley Grosse, et al. 2000 . In this first formulation, Grosse and colleagues sought to characterize a large genetic sequence by dividing the sequence into genetic code coding and non coding regions. Whereas traditional approaches to the coding vs. non coding problem generally relied on sophisticated pattern recognition systems that were first trained on small inputs and then run over the entire sequence Ohler, et al. 1999 , the horizontal correlation approach of Grosse and colleagues worked instead by breaking the sequence into many relatively short sequence fragments, each only 500 base pairs in length. They then sought to characterize each of these fragments as either coding or non coding. This was accomplished by comparing each size 3 window along the length of a fragment with the first size 3 window in that fragment, then measuring the value of the mutual information function between the two windows. Coding sequences were found to display a stylized ..., et al. 2000 . Since 2000, horizontal correlation methodologies emphasizing the measurement of information theoretic quantities along the length of a gene sequence have been put to widespread use, and have ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 In computing , a horizontal application is a Computer software software package designed to be used by many different kinds of organizations or individual users, such as office automation, Word processor word processing or bookkeeping software.These general purpose programs address the needs of many people. Marketing, Piping , Finance, Accounting and Management are the main areas which use horizontal applications. In contrast with vertical application . DEFAULTSORT Horizontal Application Category Computing terminology Compu stub es Aplicaci n horizontal eu Aplikazio horizontal ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A horizontal market is a market which meets a given need of a wide variety of industries, rather than a specific one. Examples In technology, horizontal markets consist of customers that share a common need that exists in many or all vertical market vertical industries. For example, customers that need to purchase computer security services or software exist in such varied industries as finance, healthcare, government, etc. Together, these customers constitute the security horizontal market. Other examples of horizontal markets include computer storage, accounting, desktop graphics, computer aided design, sales force automation, and human resources. Often specialized distribution channels emerge to serve these unique horizontal markets. See also Vertical market DEFAULTSORT Horizontal Market Microeconomics stub Category Markets customer bases de Horizontaler Markt ... more details
Cleanup date December 2009 The term horizontal elevator is used ambiguously. It might be something which acts like a person conveyor similar to Moving walks or Moving sidewalk or might consist of little vehicles travelling automatically on a single rail or road surface horizontal People mover . disambig ... more details
refimprove date March 2009 File Integration in English.svg 250px thumb right A diagram illustrating horizontal integration and contrasting it with vertical integration. Marketing In microeconomics and strategic management , the term horizontal integration describes a type of ownership and control. It is a strategy used by a business or corporation that seeks to sell a type of Product business product in numerous market s. Horizontal integration in marketing is much more common than vertical integration is in production. Horizontal integration occurs when a firm is being taken over by, or merged with, another firm which is in the same industry and in the same stage of production as the merged firm, e.g. a car manufacturer merging with another car manufacturer. In this case both the companies are in the same stage of production and also in the same industry. This process is also known as a buy out or take over . The goal of Horizontal integration is to consolidate like companies and monopolize an industry. A monopoly created through horizontal integration is called a horizontal monopoly . A term that is closely related with horizontal integration is horizontal expansion . This is the expansion of a firm within an industry in which it is already active for the purpose of increasing its share of the market for a particular product or service. Benefits of horizontal integration Horizontal integration allows Economies of scale Economies of scope Strong presence in the reference market. Media terms Media critics, such as Robert McChesney , have noted that the current trend within the entertainment industry has been toward the increased concentration of media ownership into the hands ... Rupert Murdoch . Horizontal integration, that is the consolidation of holdings across multiple industries ... Horizontal market Vertical integration Economies of scale List of management topics List of marketing ... management de Horizontale Integration et Horisontaalne integratsioon es Integraci n horizontal fr Int gration ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 In Western handwriting , horizontal progression is the gradual movement from left to right during writing a line of text. In Hebrew language Hebrew and Arabic language Arabic writing systems , the movement is from right to left. See also graphonomics DEFAULTSORT Horizontal Progression Category Writing Writingsystem stub ... more details
Horizontal Eccentricity refers to the horizontal axis, measured in degrees, along the visual field. The blind spot extends from an eccentricity d1 to eccentricity d2 in Temple anatomy temporal direction from the fovea . The size of the blind spot can be calculated as ArcTan d2 d1 d1 ArcTan d2 d1 d2 . External links http web.archive.org web 20080216031924 http ourworld.compuserve.com homepages cuius idle percept blindspot.htm Blind Spot eye stub Category Eye Category Vision ... more details
seealso Social equality Horizontal inequality is the inequality economical, social or other that does not follow from a difference in an inherent quality such as intelligence, attractiveness or skills for people or profitability for corporations. In sociology, this is particularly applicable to forced inequality between different subcultures living in the same society. In economics, horizontal inequality is seen when people of similar origin, intelligence, etc. still do not have equal success and have different status, income and wealth. Traditional economic theory predicts that horizontal inequality should not exist in a free market. However, horizontal inequality is observed in real and simulated free market systems. The Pareto optimal economy is one traditional approach to the problem. Even in simulated systems, inequality of perfectly identical actors arises, to give the rich and poor . ref Eric Beinhocker. The Origin of Wealth Evolution, Complexity, and the Radical Remaking of Economics. Harvard Business School Press, 2006. ref See also Vertical inequality References reflist Category Sociology Category Socioeconomics Category Income distribution Category Economic problems econ problem stub ... more details
vertical plane . In general, something that is horizontal can be drawn from left to right ... horizontal is common in daily life and language see below , it is subject to many misconceptions ... are too small or too distant from the point of interest , the notion of being horizontal loses its meaning. A plane is horizontal only at the chosen point. Horizontal planes at two separate points are not parallel, they intersect. In general, a horizontal plane will only be perpendicular to a vertical ... to. Note that 1 the same restriction applies to the straight lines contained within the plane they are horizontal ... but not passing by the reference point are not horizontal anywhere. In reality, the gravity field of a heterogeneous ... with different density densities . Actual horizontal planes are thus not even parallel even ... that generate the gravity are moving. For instance, on Earth the horizontal plane at a given ... in daily life The concept of a horizontal plane is thus anything but simple, although, in practice, most ..., and horizontal planes in nearby locations appear to be parallel. Such statements are nevertheless ... of the paper with a horizontal, even though the entire sheet of paper is standing on a flat horizontal or slanted table. In this case, the horizontal direction is typically from the left side ..., especially in an educational context. See also Vertical plane Transverse plane DEFAULTSORT Horizontal Plane Category Geodesy af Horisontaal da Vandret es Horizontal eo Horizontalo fr Horizontale he nl Horizontaal ja no Horisontal pt Horizontal simple Horizontal sv Horisontal yi ... more details
File Horizontal Falls, Western Australia.png thumb right 300px NASA World Wind satellite image showing the two gorges at the center The Horizontal Falls , also called Horizontal Waterfalls are a natural phenomenon in the Kimberley region of Western Australia Kimberley region of Western Australia , in Australia . Despite their name, the Horizontal Falls aren t actual waterfall s but a very fast moving Tide tidal flow between two narrow gorges of the McLarty Range located in Talbot Bay . The freshwater source which feeds the inner gorge is Poulton Creek . coord 16 22 59 S 123 57 29 E and coord 16 22 35 S 123 57 34 E in the Buccaneer Archipelago . The northern most and seaward gorge is 20 metres wide and the inner one is 12 metres. Above each of the gorges are natural reservoirs of between 6 and 8 km long which fill and empty with seawater through the gorge openings. As the water passes through the narrow openings, changing tides can give rise to a couple of metres height difference in the sea level between both sides. The direction of the flow reverses with each turning tide. As the tides in the Kimberley can run up to 10 metres, the flow through the Horriez local name on a large tide is spectacular. External links http www.kimberley australia.com Kimberley HorizontalFalls.php Category Tides Category Visitor attractions in Western Australia Category Kimberley Western Australia WesternAustralia geo stub de Horizontal Falls fr Horizontal Falls it Horizontal Falls pl Zatoka Talbota ... more details
Refimprove date August 2011 Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Horizontal Type studio Artist Bee Gees Cover Bgs68a1.jpg Caption British LP issue and 2006 Reissue in CD Released January 1968 br 23 January 2007 CD reissue Recorded July 1967 December 1967 br Central Sound Studios, Chappell Studios and in IBC Studios , London Genre Rock music Rock , psychedelic rock , psychedelic pop , soft rock , ballad , oldies music oldies , blue eyed soul Length 36 40 Label Polydor Records br Atco Records US Canada Producer Robert Stigwood , John Pantry engineer Last album Bee Gees 1st br 1967 This album Horizontal br 1968 Next album Idea album Idea br 1968 Misc Extra album cover Upper caption American LP issue Type studio Cover Bgs68a2lp.jpg Extra album cover Upper caption 1990 CD issue Type studio Cover Bgs68a2cd.jpg Singles Name Horizontal Type studio single 1 Massachusetts Bee Gees song Massachusetts Barker Of The UFO single 1 date 19 September 1967 UK br November 1967 US single 2 World Bee Gees song World single 2 date December 1967 UK single 3 And the Sun Will Shine Really And Sincerely single 3 date February 1968 France Album reviews rev1 Allmusic rev1score Rating 3.5 5 ref Allmusic class album id r1594 ref rev2 Rolling Stone rev2score not rated ref http www.rollingstone.com artists thebeegees albums album 174695 review 5941169 horizontal Dead link date August 2011 ref noprose yes Horizontal is the Bee Gees fourth studio album , and second to seek an international release ... . In 2006, Reprise Records reissued Horizontal with both stereo and mono mixes on one disc and a bonus ... of Being George 2 45 The Change is Made 3 37 Horizontal 3 34 Bonus Disc for 2006 Reissue All songs ... Really and Sincerely FR FR 70 References reflist Bee Gees DEFAULTSORT Horizontal Album Category Bee ... es Horizontal lbum fr Horizontal album hr Horizontal album it Horizontal hu Horizontal pl Horizontal album Bee Gees pt Horizontal lbum ru Horizontal sv Horizontal uk Horizontal ... more details
This article refers to the British Human Rights Act. Horizontal effect should not be confused with Direct effect and indirect effect which are terms concerning the European Union or indeed vertical direct effect and horizontal direct effect which are variants of the Direct effect principle. In British law the term horizontal effect refers to how the Human Rights Act 1998 Human Rights Act affects litigation between private individuals even though it was primarily intended to deal with disputes involving a public body. Indirect horizontal effect Expand section date February 2008 It has been argued that the Human Rights Act 1998 has not created rights which can be directly relied on between private parties Direct Horizontal Effect but has instead created a right, to privacy for example, by requiring courts to have regard to Convention rights through s. 6 of the 1998 Act. Some commentators ref J. Morgan, Privacy in the House of Lords, Again 2004 , 120 Law Quarterly Review 563, 565 ref therefore argue that the Act is horizontally effective. Baroness Hale in Campbell v MGN ref Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers 2004 UKHL 22 ref stated The 1998 Act does not create any new cause of action between private persons. But if there is a relevant cause of action applicable, the court as a public authority must act compatibly with both parties Convention rights. See also Human Rights Act Vertical effect References Reflist External links http www.yourrights.org.uk vas the human rights act private parties and the hra.doc An explanation of the term from yourrights.org DEFAULTSORT Horizontal Effect Human Rights Act Category Human rights in the United Kingdom Category Law in the United Kingdom UK law stub de Grundrechte Deutschland Drittwirkung von Grundrechten mittelbare Drittwirkung ... more details
Infobox film name The Horizontal Lieutenant image The Horizontal Lieutenant.jpg image size alt caption director Richard Thorpe producer writer Gordon Kotler , Novel George Wells narrator starring music cinematography editing studio distributor Metro Goldwyn Mayer released April 18, 1962 runtime 90 mins country FilmUS language English budget gross preceded by followed by The Horizontal Lieutenant is a 1962 in film 1962 United States American romantic comedy film directed by Richard Thorpe based on the 1961 novel The Bottletop Affair by Gordon Kotler. It is a military comedy about an unfortunate army intelligence lieutenant who finds himself isolated on a remote Japanese island army outpost during World War II . ref http movies.nytimes.com movie 82317 The Horizontal Lieutenant overview The New York Times ref Cast Jim Hutton ... Merle Wye Paula Prentiss ... Molly Blue Jack Carter ... Billy Monk Jim Backus ... Jeremiah Hammerslag Charles McGraw ... Col. Charles Korotny Miyoshi Umeki ... Akiko Marty Ingels ... Buckles Lloyd Kino ... Sgt. Jess Yomura Linda Wong Korean actress Linda Wong ... Michido Yoshio Yoda ... Sgt. Roy Tada Yuki Shimoda ... Kobayashi References reflist External links imdb title id 0056079 title The Horizontal Lieutenant http www.tcm.com mediaroom index.jsp?cid 96364 Original trailer at TCM Richard Thorpe DEFAULTSORT Horizontal Lieutenant Category 1962 films Category American films Category 1960s romantic comedy films Category Pacific War films Category Military humor in film Category Films based on novels Category Metro Goldwyn Mayer films war film stub ... more details
Horizontal pitch HP is a unit of length defined by the Eurocard printed circuit board Eurocard printed circuit board standard used to measure the horizontal width of rack mounted electronic equipment, similar to the rack unit U used to measure vertical heights of rack mounted equipment. One HP is convert 0.2 inch mm 2 lk on wide. A standard 19 inch rack is 84 HP wide. A standard 23 inch rack is 115 HP wide. measurement stub Category Units of length Category Mechanical standards Category Computing terminology ... more details
In mathematics , in the field of differential topology , given &pi E &rarr M , a smooth fiber bundle over a smooth manifold M , then the vertical bundle V E of E is the subbundle of the tangent bundle T E consisting of the vectors which are tangent to the fibers of E over M . A horizontal bundle is then a particular choice of a subbundle of T E which is complementary to V E , in other words provides a complementary subspace in each fiber. In full generality, the horizontal bundle concept is one way to formulate the notion of an Ehresmann connection on a fiber bundle . However, the concept is usually applied in more specific contexts. More precisely, if e &isin E with &pi e x &isin M , then the vertical space V sub e sub E at e is the tangent space T sub e sub E sub x sub to the fiber E sub x sub through e . A horizontal bundle then determines an horizontal space H sub e sub E such that T sub e sub E is the direct sum of vector spaces direct sum of V sub e sub E and H sub e sub E . If E is a principal bundle principal G bundle then the horizontal bundle is usually required to be G invariant see Connection principal bundle for further details. In particular, this is the case when E is the frame bundle , i.e., the set of all ordered basis frame s for the tangent spaces of the manifold, and G GL sub n sub . References cite book author Kobayashi, Shoshichi and Nomizu, Katsumi title Foundations of Differential Geometry, Vol. 1 publisher Wiley Interscience year 1996 New edition isbn 0471157333 Category Differential geometry Category Differential topology Category Connection mathematics differential geometry stub topology stub zh ... more details
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