Taxobox Color parameter is not needed automatically assigned name Human T lymphotropicvirusvirus group vi familia Retroviridae subfamilia Orthoretrovirinae genus Deltaretrovirus species Simian T lymphotropicvirus subdivision ranks Serotypes subdivision Human T lymphotropicvirus The Human T lymphotropicvirus Type I HTLV 1 is a human RNA retrovirus that is known to cause a type of cancer, referred ... . HTLV I Main Human T lymphotropicvirus 1 HTLV I is an abbreviation for the human T cell lymphotropic ... needed date November 2010 HTLV II Main Human T lymphotropicvirus 2 A virus closely related to HTLV ... A. last7 Mahieux first7 R. title Human T Cell LymphotropicVirus Type 3 Complete Nucleotide Sequence ... title New Strain of Human T LymphotropicVirus HTLV Type 3 in a Pygmy from Cameroon with Peculiar HTLV ... out of use. ref MeshName Human T LymphotropicVirus Type III ref The name HTLV IV has also been used to describe HIV 2 . ref MeshName Human T LymphotropicVirus Type IV ref Transmission HTLV I and HTLV ... first9 Daniel M. title A Prospective Study of Sexual Transmission of Human T LymphotropicVirus ... T cell lymphotrophic virus http htlv.net International Retrovirology Association MeshName Human T lymphotropicvirus 1 MeshName Human T lymphotropicvirus 2 http ccr.nci.nih.gov news frontiers january2006 human Tcell.html Human T Cell Leukemia Lymphoma Virus Type 1 Playing Hide and Seek Retroviruses DEFAULTSORT Human T LymphotropicVirus Category Deltaretroviruses de Humanes T lymphotropes Virus ... HTLV pt HTLV 1 ru simple Human T lymphotropicvirus sl love ki T celi ni ... T lymphotropic viruses PTLVs . Members of this family that infect humans are called Human T lymphotropic viruses, and the ones that infect old world primates are called Simian T lymphotropic viruses ... and scratches. HTLV III is similar to STLV III Simian T lymphotropicvirus 3 . Citation needed ... T Cell LymphotropicVirus Type 3 Infectious Molecular Clone journal Journal of Virology volume ... more details
A virus closely related to HTLV I , Human T lymphotropicvirus 2 HTLV II shares approximately 70 genomic homology structural similarity with HTLV I. It is found predominantly in Indigenous peoples of the Americas Native Americans , ref name pmid15595431 cite journal author Roucoux DF, Murphy EL The epidemiology and disease outcomes of human T lymphotropicvirus type II ref and South American Indian groups. And also in asian countries. More common in Japan and Korea. It can be passed down from mother to child through breastmilk and genetically as well from either parent. HTLV II entry in target cells is mediated by the glucose transporter GLUT1 . ref name Manel cite journal author Manel N, Kim FJ, Kinet S, Taylor N, Sitbon M, Battini JL title The ubiquitous glucose transporter GLUT 1 is a receptor for HTLV journal Cell volume 115 issue 4 pages 449 59 year 2003 month November pmid 14622599 doi 10.1016 S0092 8674 03 00881 X url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S009286740300881X ref Clinical significance HTLV II has not been clearly linked to any disease, but has been associated with several cases of myelopathy tropical spastic paraparesis HAM TSP like neurological disease. An impact on platelet count has been observed. ref name pmid18755983 cite journal author Bartman MT, Kaidarova Z, Hirschkorn D, et al. title Long term increases in lymphocytes and platelets in human T lymphotropicvirus type II infection journal Blood volume 112 issue 10 pages 3995 4002 year 2008 month ... Reflist 2 External links http htlv.net International Retrovirology Association MeshName Human T lymphotropicvirus 2 Retroviruses DEFAULTSORT Human T LymphotropicVirus 2 Category Deltaretroviruses ... JD, Giorgi JV, Golde DW, et al. title Integrated human T cell leukemia virus II genome in CD8 T cells ... VS, Sarngadharan MG, Robert Guroff M, Miyoshi I, Golde D, Gallo RC title A new subtype of human T cell leukemia virus HTLV II associated with a T cell variant of hairy cell leukemia journal Science volume ... more details
Taxobox Color parameter is not needed automatically assigned name Human T lymphotropicvirusvirus group vi familia Retroviridae subfamilia Orthoretrovirinae genus Deltaretrovirus species Simian T lymphotropicvirus subdivision ranks Serotypes subdivision Human T lymphotropicvirusHuman T cell LymphotropicVirus or Human T lymphotropicvirus Type 1 HTLV I , also called the Adult T cell lymphoma virus type 1 , a virus that has been seriously implicated in several kinds of diseases including HTLV I associated myelopathy , Strongyloides stercoralis hyper infection, and a virus cancer link for leukemia see adult T cell leukemia lymphoma . Between one in twenty and one in twenty five infected persons are thought to develop cancer as a result of the virus. Citation needed date November 2010 HTLV was discovered in 1977 in Japan. The virus was first isolated by Drs. Bernard Poiesz and Francis Ruscetti ... genetic risk factors for development of human T cell lymphotropicvirus type 1 HTLV 1 associated myelopathy ... Retrovirology Association MeshName Human T lymphotropicvirus 1 Retroviruses Viral diseases Lymphoid malignancy DEFAULTSORT Human T LymphotropicVirus 1 Category Deltaretroviruses de Humanes T Zell lymphotropes Virus Typ I he HTLV 1 ..., Blattner W title Seroepidemiologic studies of human T cell leukemia lymphoma virus type I in Jamaica ... identified human retrovirus. Infection with HTLV I, like infection with other retroviruses .... In Japan, the geographic clustering of infections suggest that the virus is more dependent on mother ..., the geographic distribution of the virus is more uniform, and it is more common among those with many ... infection s diseases not caused by the virus itself, but by alterations in the host s immune functions ... which actually becomes immunosuppressive. The virus activates a subset of T helper cell T helper cells ... slow the progression of HLTV disease by reducing viral load. Although in one human study it was effective ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 HTDV , or human teratocarcinoma derived virus, is a human endogenous retrovirus . DEFAULTSORT Human Teratocarcinoma Derived Virus Category Endogenous retroviruses Virus stub Retroviruses ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Human respiratory syncytial virus Image RSV.PNG Caption An x ray of a child with RSV ... Human respiratory syncytial virus image Respiratory syncytial virus 01.jpg image width 300px image caption Transmission electron microscopy Transmission electron micrograph of RSV virus group v ordo Mononegavirales familia Paramyxoviridae respiratory br syncytial virus RSV has 10 genes encoding 11 ... Association. Viral diseases Common Cold DEFAULTSORT Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Category Viral ... ICD9 079.6 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus 001564 eMedicineSubj ped eMedicineTopic 2706 MeshID D018357 Human respiratory syncytial virus RSV is a virus that causes respiratory tract infections. It is a major cause ... syncytial virus. volume 140 issue 6 pages 543 6 journal American journal of diseases of children 1960 ref and nearly all children will have been infected with the virus by 2 3 years of age. ref name ... Syncytial Virus Infection in Young Children year 2009 last1 Hall first1 Caroline Breese last2 Weinberg ... stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae , which includes common respiratory viruses .... Its name comes from the fact that F proteins on the surface of the virus cause the cell membranes ... http www.cdc.gov rsv index.html title Respiratory Syncytial Virus accessdate 2009 02 10 date Reviewed ... rccm.200804 579OC title Evidence of a Causal Role of Winter Virus Infection during Infancy in Early ... is another important surface protein F mediates fusion, allowing entry of the virus into the cell cytoplasm ... structure of a nucleocapsid like nucleoprotein RNA complex of respiratory syncytial virus volume 326 ... ref Prevention As the virus is ubiquitous in all parts of the world, avoidance of infection ... first7 RH title Respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants despite prior administration of antigenic ... 14651858.CD000181.pub3 title Ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus infection of the lower respiratory ... respiratory syncytial virus RSV accounts for the majority of viral bronchiolitis cases . ref name ... more details
Hong Hauswirth W, Hauswirth. Adeno Associated Virus vectored Gene Therapy for Retinal Disease. Human ... 2010 DEFAULTSORT Adeno Associated Virus And Gene Therapy Of The Human Retina Category Medical genetics ... associated virus AAV . ref name Maguire 2008 Maguire, A. M., Simonelli, F., Pierce, E. A., Pugh ... Amaurosis Due to RPE65Mutations by Ocular Subretinal Injection of Adeno Associated Virus Gene Vector Short Term Results of a Phase I Trial. Human gene therapy, 19 10 , 979 990. doi 10.1089 hum.2008.107 ... are based on adeno associated virus . The great advantage in using adeno associated virus for the gene ... of clinical trials using adeno associated virus for Leber s Congenital Amaurosis . In these studies .... A. M., et al. 2009 . Human RPE65 gene therapy for Leber congenital amaurosis persistence of early visual improvements and safety at 1 year Human gene therapy, 20 9 , 999 1004. doi 10.1089 hum.2009.086 .... L., Monroe, J. F., Marshall, K. A., Chung, D. C., Auricchio, A., Simonelli, F., et al. 2011 . The human ... adeno associated virus for macular degeneration age related macular degeneration AMD . To date ... retina anatomy of the human retina anatomy of the human retina . A number of these cell types are implicated ... and transduction characteristics the retina as a model Human molecular genetics, 10 26 , 3075 3081 ... model RPE65 , gene transfer experiment shows that early intraocular delivery of human RPE65 vector ... the AAV 5 vector containing the wild type human RSI cDNA driven by a mouse opsin promoter .... Human. Molecular.Genet 1995 4 1739 1743. ref ref Farrar GJ, Kenna PF, Humphries P. On the genetics ... RP and macular degeneration in human ref name Dryja 19 . In a mouse experiment, AAV2 carrying ... . Potential long term inhibition of ocular neovascularisation by recombinant adeno associated virus ... in aqueous humor of human are decreased with increasing age, indicating that the reduction may lead ... 2001 132 427 429. ref In animal model, an AAV with human PEDF cDNA under the control of the CMV ... more details
Thomas Weller , and Frederick Robbins grew polio virus in cultured human embryo cells, the first virus .... This specificity determines the host range of a virus. For example, HIV infects a limited range of human ... violet name Viruses image Rotavirus Reconstruction.jpg image caption Rotavirus virus group I VII subdivision ranks Groups subdivision I dsDNA virus es br II ssDNA virus es br III dsRNA virus es br IV positive sense ssRNA virus ssRNA viruses br V negative sense ssRNA virus ssRNA viruses br VI ssRNA RT virus es br VII dsDNA RT virus es A virus is a small pathogen infectious agent that can replicate ... a non bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants, and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus ... Breitbart M, Rohwer F 2005 278 84 vcite journal author Breitbart M, Rohwer F title Here a virus, there a virus, everywhere the same virus? journal Trends Microbiol volume 13 issue 6 pages 278 84 year ... , a sub speciality of microbiology . Virus particles known as virions consist of two or three parts ... helical and icosahedron icosahedral forms to more complex structures. The average virus is about ... cells that a virus can infect is called its Host biology Host range host range . This can be narrow or, as when a virus is capable of infecting many species, broad. ref Shors pp. 49 50 ref Viral infections in animals provoke an immune response that usually eliminates the infecting virus. Immune responses ... is from the Latin virus referring to poison and other noxious substances, first used in English in 1392. ref name Etymology Dictionary vcite web title virus author Harper D year 2011 home The Online Etymology Dictionary url http www.etymonline.com index.php?term virus accessdate 23 December 2011 ref .... The Plural form of words ending in us Virus plural is viruses . The adjective viral dates to 1948 ... used this filter to study what is now known as the tobacco mosaic virus . His experiments showed ... living germ and re introduced the word virus . ref name Collier3 Collier p. 3 ref Beijerinck maintained ... more details
About the punk band the XM Satellite Radio channel the Virus XM the album The Virus album Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians name The Virus image missing image the virus.jpg caption image size 150 background group or band alias origin Philadelphia , USA genre Punk rock Punk , Streetpunk years active 1998 2004 label Charged Records, Punkcore Records associated acts Cheap Sex Br Nighttime Dealers BR No Authority BR Bomb Squadron website current members Mike Virus br Fat Dave br Chris BR Jarrod BR Geoff BR Paul BR Mike Authority br Tim br Josh past members notable instruments The Virus was a street punk band from Philadelphia , United States. Now defunct, their former singer Mike Virus went on to perform in the band Cheap Sex . Fat Dave now plays guitar in the Lancaster, PA punk band TiGHT FiTS Fat Dave and Jarrod were in a band called Bomb Squadron Right before The Virus was formed. The Virus formed in February 1998, with Mike Virus on vocals, Chris on lead guitar, Fat Dave on guitar, Jarrod on drums, and Geoff on bass. The band played their first show a month later. During the band s first six months, they performed several concerts, including one in Philadelphia with the band Special Duties , and another at the now closed Coney Island High in New York City ... Records. After the album was recorded, singer Mike Virus left the band and Paul took over vocals .... Soon after, The Virus ceased touring and disbanded completely. Paul went on to play in bands such as Nighttime ... went on to form the post punk band The Hunt. In 2002, Mike Virus formed the band Cheap Sex , who disbanded ... 7 2003 on Dirty Punk Records Original members Mike Virus Vocals Chris Expulsion Lead guitar Fat ... Allmusic class artist id p510403 pure url yes Allmusic http www.chargedrecords.com photos virus band lancaster.gif Picture Category American punk rock groups Virus Category Street punk Virus, The Category Musical groups from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The Virus it The Virus sv The Virus ... more details
viruses. Those causing slow virus infection include measles, rubella and JC virus JC viruses, and retrovirus es such as human T lymphotropicvirus 1 and human immunodeficiency virus . Research use ...A neurotropic virus is a virus which is capable of infecting nerve cells ref http www.wordreference.com definition neurotropic Word Reference Neurotropic Bot generated title ref , or which does so preferentially. Such viruses thereby largely evade the usual immune response &mdash which acts only within the blood system . Terminology A disease agent is said to be neuroinvasive if it is capable of entering or infecting the central nervous system , and neurovirulent if it is capable of causing disease within the nervous system. The most common neuroinvasive viruses are rabies , which has both high neuroinvasiveness and high neurovirulence, and herpes simplex virus , which has low neuroinvasiveness and high neurovirulence. Others, like poliovirus , can spread neurally, but primarily spread by via the blood system in what is called Viremia hematogenous dissemination . Examples Neurotropic viruses that cause acute infection include Japanese encephalitis Japanese Encephalitis , Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis , and California encephalitis virus California encephalitis viruses polio, Coxsackie A virus coxsackie , Echovirus echo , mumps , measles , influenza , and rabies as well as diseases caused by members of the family Herpesviridae such as herpes simplex virus herpes simplex , varicella zoster , cytomegalo and Epstein Barr viruses ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... 22 20 22Neurotropic 20viruses 22&f false Advances in Virus Research, Volume 55, Karl Maramorosch ref ... , Kuru disease Kuru and Creutzfeldt Jakob disease resemble a slow neurotropic virus infection&mdash ... barrier Immunology Pathogen Virulent References reflist Category Viruses virus stub ar fr Virus neurotrope ... more details
Virus mutation virus mutation is when viruses mutate may refer to The feature of viruses to cause mutation in the human genome The feature of viruses to perform Virus Genetic change viral genetic change in their own genome. disambig ... more details
hybrid of Human T lymphotropicvirus maedi visna. ref name Discover Dec94 http discovermagazine.com ... characteristics with human immunodeficiency virus , including the establishment of persistent infection with chronic active lymphoproliferation ref name pmid11024138 however, Visna virus does not infect ... title Visna virus as an in vitro model for human immunodeficiency virus and inhibition by ribavirin ...Taxobox color violet virus group vi familia Retroviridae subfamilia Orthoretrovirinae genus Lentivirus Visna virus also known as Visna Maedi virus , Maedi Visna virus and ovine lentivirus ref name pmid16425963 ... C, McConnell I, Blacklaws BA title Mapping and characterization of visna maedi virus cytotoxic ... journal author Davis JL, Molineaux S, Clements JE title Visna virus exhibits a complex transcriptional ... of Visna virus. ref name pmid17127400 Viral infection First described in 1954 by Bjorn Sigurdsson in Iceland , ref name history Cite journal author Straub OC title Maedi Visna virus infection in sheep ... retrieve pii S0147 9571 02 00078 4 ref Maedi Visna virus was the first lentivirus ... response to maedi visna virus journal Front. J Biosci. volume 12 issue pages 1532 43 year 2007 pmid ... relationship to the AIDS virus journal Cell volume 42 issue 1 pages 369 82 year 1985 month August ... containing viral RNA do not produce infectious virus. ref name pmid3033262 The disease was introduced ... susceptible than fine wool sheep. ref name history Attempts at vaccination against Maedi Visna virus ... similarity of HTLV III and visna virus, a pathogenic lentivirus. Science . 1985 Jan 11 227 4683 173 ... of central nervous system disease and wasting syndrome found in human AIDS patients. ref name pmid16425963 Cite journal author Thormar H title Maedi visna virus and its relationship to human immunodeficiency virus journal AIDS Rev volume 7 issue 4 pages 233 45 year 2005 pmid 16425963 doi url ref ref ... G, Gaubert G, Vita A title Maedi visna virus, a model for in vitro testing of potential anti HIV ... more details
A passenger virus is a virus that is frequently found in samples from diseased tissue, such as tumour s, but does not contribute to causing the disease . Experimental demonstration of passenger status Proving that a virus has no causative role can be difficult. Although none of the following signs is definitive, evidence that a virus found in diseased tissue is a passenger rather than a causative agent includes injection of the virus into healthy animals without causing disease the absence of the virus at the earliest stages of the disease curing the viral infection using antiviral drug s or vaccination with no effect on the course of the disease. Examples A well established example is Lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus lactate dehydrogenase virus , which is often found in mouse tumours. ref Mongini PK, Rosenberg LT. 1976 Inhibition of lymphocyte trapping by a passenger virus in murine ascitic tumors characterization of lactic dehydrogenase virus LDV as the inhibitory component and analysis of the mechanism of inhibition. J Exp Med 143 100 113 PMID 1244415 http www.jem.org cgi content abstract 143 1 100 full text ref Hepatitis G virus and Chandipura virus are possible examples in humans. ref Mphahlele MJ, Lau GK, Carman WF. 1998 HGV the identification, biology and prevalence of an orphan virus. Liver 18 143 155 PMID 9716223 ref ref Potharaju NR, Potharaju AK 2006 Is Chandipura virus an emerging human pathogen? Arch Dis Child 91 279 280 PMID 16492900 http adc.bmj.com cgi content full 91 3 279 b R17 full text ref The discredited Duesberg hypothesis posits that HIV is a passenger virus in the etiology of AIDS . ref Duesberg P, Rasnick D. 1998 The AIDS dilemma drug diseases blamed on a passenger virus. Genetica 104 85 132 DOI 10.1023 A 1003405220186 PMID 10220905 ref References reflist Category Virology virus stub medicine stub ... more details
Be Human may refer to Music of Ghost in the Shell be Human be Human , a soundtrack in the Ghost in the Shell series Be Human album Be Human album , an album by rock band Fightstar Be Human 1936 cartoon Be Human 1936 cartoon , a 1936 Betty Boop animated short disambig ... more details
Taxobox Color parameter is not needed automatically assigned name Friend virusvirus group vi familia Retroviridae subfamilia Orthoretrovirinae genus Gammaretrovirus species Murine leukemia virus subdivision ranks Serotype subdivision Friend virus The Friend virus FV is a strain of murine leukemia virus identified by Charlotte Friend in 1956. The virus infects adult immunocompetent mice and is a well established model for studying genetic resistance to infection by an Immunosuppression immunosuppressive retrovirus . The Friend virus has been used for both immunotherapy and vaccines . It is a member of the retroviridae group of viruses, with its nucleic acid being ssRNA . Vaccination Experiments have shown that it is possible to protect against Friend virus infection with several types of vaccines, including attenuated virus es, viral proteins, peptides , and recombinant vaccinia vectors expressing the Friend virus gene. In a study of vaccinated mice, it was possible to identify the immunological epitopes required for protection against the virus, thus determining the types of immunological responses necessary or required for protection against it. The research discovered protective epitopes that were localized to F MuLV gag and env proteins. This was achieved using recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the gag and env genes of FV. Implications Friend virus models showed valuable information regarding genetic resistance to retroviral disease. A particular gene of interest is the Rfv 3 gene, which cause susceptibility to suppression of the FV specific anitbody response. The greater ... that may be applicable to human diseases. References http www.pnas.org cgi content full 94 15 7811 Immunity to retroviral infection The Friend virus model http www.nap.edu readingroom.php?book ... Citation&list uids 18772436 Retroviruses DEFAULTSORT Friend Virus Category Gammaretroviruses es Friend virus ... more details
Taxobox virus group iv familia Togaviridae Una virus is a subtype of the Mayaro virus MAYV sup 4 sup , one of the Semliki Forest Virus SFV complex of the Togaviridae family. According to the Baltimore classification of viruses, it is a class IV virus. It has a linear single stranded RNA genome. The Una virus is an Arbovirus or arthropod borne virus, transmitted primarily by an arthropod species. Location and distribution The Una virus is a widely distributed in South America , where infections have been detected in mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts such as humans, birds and horses. It was first isolated in the Psorophora ferox mosquitoes in the state of Par , Brazil . The virus is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Central and South America, such as Brazil, Colombia , French Guiana , Panama , Surinam , Trinidad and Venezuela . It is the only member of the SFV complex which has activity reported in Argentina , where two strains of the virus, Cba An 979 and Cba An 995 have been isolated from febrile or dead equines at Rio Segundo and Colonia Videla, two villages located in the province of C rdoba Province Argentina C rdoba . The reporting of the Una virus in Argentina demonstrates an enlargement of the southern limit of the distribution of this virus group. References http www.scielo.br scielo.php?script sci arttext&pid S0036 46652003000200012&tlng es&lng en&nrm iso Diaz LA, Spinsanti LI, Almiron WR, Contigiani MS. 2003 UNA virus first report of human infection in Argentina. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 45 2 109 10 DEFAULTSORT Una Virus Category Togaviruses Category Viruses Virus stub ... more details
Outbreaks of Disease Suspected of Being Due to Human Monkeypox Virus Infection in the Democratic ... fluids. Animal to human transmission is more common. The virus then incubates in the host for 10 14 ...About the virus causing monkeypox the disease itself Monkeypox Taxobox color violet name Monkeypox virus image Monkeypox.gif virus group i ordo Unassigned familia Poxviridae subfamilia Chordopoxvirinae genus Orthopoxvirus type species Vaccinia virus subdivision ranks Species subdivision Monkeypox virus Monkeypox virus is the virus that causes the disease monkeypox in both humans and animal s. It was first identified in 1958 as a pathogen of Crab eating Macaque crab eating macaque monkeys Macaca fascicularis being used as Animal testing laboratory animals . The crab eating macaque is often used for neurological experiments. Monkeypox virus is an Orthopoxvirus , a genus of the family Poxviridae that contains other viral species that target mammal s. The virus is mainly found in tropical rainforest regions of Central Africa central and West Africa . The virus was first discovered in monkeys hence the name in 1958, and in humans in 1970. Between 1970 and 1986, over 400 cases in humans were reported. Small viral outbreaks with a death rate in the range of 10 and a secondary human to human infection rate of about the same amount occur routinely in equatorial Central and West Africa. ref name Meyer2002 cite journal last Meyer first H. coauthors Mathilde Perrichot, Markus Stemmler, Petra ... to pet prairie dog s infected from an imported Africa n rodent . No deaths occurred. The virus can spread both from animal to human and human to human. Infection from animal to human can be from an animal bite or direct contact with an infected animal s bodily fluids. The virus can spread from .... Sometimes a rash appears. References Reflist External links http www.stanford.edu group virus pox ... DEFAULTSORT Monkeypox Virus Category Poxviruses Virus stub ... more details
Taxobox Color parameter is not needed automatically assigned name Langat virusvirus group iv familia Flaviviridae genus Flavivirus species Langat virus Langat virus LGTV is a virus of the genus Flavivirus . For the first time Langat virus was isolated in Malaysia and Thailand. This virus is close to Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, Kyasanur forest disease virus, Alkhurma virus , Louping ill virus and the Tick borne encephalitis virus . The Langat virus does not pose significant epidemiological threat in comparison with TBEV. There are no known cases of human diseases associated with LGTV, however antibodies to this virus have been detected in the sera of local people. ref cite journal author Gritsun TS, Lashkevich VA, Gould EA title Tick borne encephalitis journal Antiviral Res volume 57 issue 1 2 pages 129 46 date January 2003 pmid 12615309 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0166354202002061 doi 10.1016 S0166 3542 02 00206 1 ref LGTV based vaccine In 1970s a live attenuate LGTV based vaccine against tick borne encephalitis was made. At the same time, another vaccine was tested, but the group vaccinated with the LGTV based vaccine had the lowest level of developing infection decease. ref cite journal author Shapoval AN, Kamalov II, Denisova EIu, Sokolova ED, Luzin PM, Shamarina AG, Gusmanova AG, Pinaeva NI title Study of the distant consequences of immunizing people with a live vaccine against tick borne encephalitis journal Tr Inst Im Pastera volume 65 pages 133 5 year 1989 pmid 2629181 language Russian ref However, there were two big problems the high level incidents of encephalitis 1 10 000 and not absolute protection from infection in endemic regions. References Reflist Zoonotic viral diseases Category Flaviviruses ... more details
Taxobox name Coxsackie A virusvirus group iv familia Picornaviridae genus Enterovirus species Human enterovirus A, B and C subdivision ranks Subtype subdivision Coxsackie A virus Coxsackie A virus is a cytolytic coxsackie virus of the Picornaviridae family, an enterovirus a group containing the poliovirus es, coxsackieviruses, and echovirus es . Diseases The most well known Coxsackie A disease is Hand, foot and mouth disease unrelated to foot and mouth disease , a common childhood illness which affects mostly children aged 10 or under, ref http www.sarawak.health.gov.my hfmd.htm Untitled Document Bot generated title ref often produced by Coxsackie A16. In most cases infection is asymptomatic or causes only mild symptoms. In others, infection produces short lived 7 10 days fever and painful blister s in the mouth a condition known as herpangina , on the palms and fingers of the hand, or on the soles of the feet. There can also be blister s in the throat, or on or above the tonsil s. Adults can also be affected. The rash, which can appear several days after high temperature and painful sore throat, can be itchy and painful, especially on the hands fingers and bottom of feet. Other diseases include acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis A24 specifically , herpangina , and aseptic meningitis both Coxsackie A and B viruses . Treatment Treatment is dependent on the disease process initiated by the virus. There is no known cure or vaccine against the coxsackie. References Reflist 2 See also Bornholm disease Coxsackie B virus Viral cutaneous conditions DEFAULTSORT Coxsackie A Virus Category Picornaviruses Category Viral diseases Category Pediatrics Virus stub cs Virus Coxsackie de Coxsackie Virus es Coxsackievirus fr Coxsackie A virus it Coxsackie A virus pl Coxsackie ... more details
Taxobox Color parameter is not needed automatically assigned name Mokola virusvirus group v ordo Mononegavirales familia Rhabdoviridae genus Lyssavirus species Mokola virus Mokola virus is one of four members of the lyssavirus genus found in Africa , the others being Duvenhage virus , Lagos bat virus and classic rabies rabies virus . Mokola virus was first isolated from shrew s Crocidura species from Mokola forest, Nigeria in 1968. It has caused two human deaths in Nigeria, in 1969 ref cite journal author Familusi, J. B. Moore, D. L. title Isolation of a Rabies Related Virus from the Cerebrospinal Fluid of a Child with Aseptic Meningitis journal African Journal of Medical Science volume 3 issue 1 pages 93 96 year 1972 month January pmid 5061272 doi url ref and 1971. ref cite journal author Familusi, J. B. Osunkoya, B. O. Moore, D. L. Kemp, G. E. Fabiyi, A. title A Fatal Human Infection with Mokola Virus journal American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene volume 21 issue 6 pages 959 963 year 1972 month November pmid 4635777 doi url http www.ajtmh.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 4635777 ref It causes lethal encephalitis , and does not manifest the features of classic rabies . Mokola virus has also been found in numerous other mammalian species in sub Saharan Africa, including rodents, domestic cats in Zimbabwe and South Africa and a dog. Some of these cats had received rabies vaccine but remained susceptible to Mokola virus infection. The reservoir for Mokola virus is unknown. Unlike other lyssaviruses, Mokola virus is able to infect and replicate in mosquito cells and so may be harboured by insect s. ref cite journal author Aitken, T. H. Kowalski, R. W. Beaty, B. J ... Mokola Virus journal American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene volume 33 issue 5 pages 945 ... 6385743 ref References Reflist Zoonotic viral diseases DEFAULTSORT Mokola Virus Category Mononegavirales Virus stub de Mokola Virus fr Virus Mokola ... more details
An emergent virus is a virus that has adapted and emerged as a new disease pathogenic strain, with attributes facilitating pathogenicity in a field not normally associated with that virus. This includes viruses that are the cause of a disease which has notably increased in incidence this is often a result of a wide variety of causes from both the influence of Human man and nature . Most emergent viruses can be categorized as zoonotic an animal disease that can be transmitted to humans , this has the advantage of possibly having several natural reservoirs for the disease . Overview The most important factor in the development of an emergent disease, to humans , is the ability to pass from animal host to humans. There is little to no occurrence of spontaneous new virus species development, although the possible exception commonly cited is Ebola virus . Most often the virus, due to selection pressure for an animal version of the strain of disease to mutate and therefore adapt to the infection of human hosts. Emergent virus infection factors Population movements Deforestation Irrigation Urbanization Increased long distance air travel Increased long distance air travel for livestock Migration Examples of emergent diseases Poliomyelitis Known to have existed for centuries with little incidence epidemiology incidence . During the 19th century poliovirus became more prominent in populations across the world. Dense urban populations allowed the disease to propagate via close human to human contact. In addition to this, technological advances meant that traveling became more common throughout the population essentially leading to increased transmission of the virus . The situation became worse year upon year with increasing incidence of the disease worldwide. The issue was not resolved ... demonstrates how a disease can emerge in a population as a result of human influence. This examples also illustrates how an emergent virus can emerge and disappear by tackling the root cause. Poliovirus ... more details
potential as a virus and as an agent of disease is currently unknown. Human to human transmission In 2009 ...mergefrom Zika fever date April 2011 Taxobox color violet name Zika virus image image caption virus group iv familia Flaviviridae genus Flavivirus species Zika virus Zika virus ZIKV is a member of the Flaviviridae virus family and the flavivirus genus. In humans, it causes a disease known as Zika fever . It is related to Dengue fever dengue , yellow fever , West Nile virus West Nile and Japanese encephalitis , viruses that are also members of the virus family Flaviviridae. Virology Along with other viruses in this family, Zika virus is enveloped and icosahedral with a non segmented, ssRNA genome. It is most closely related to the Spondweni virus and is one of the two viruses in the Spondweni virus clade. ref name Fields Fields Virology, 5th Edition ref The virus was first isolated in 1947 from ... 1951 through 1981, evidence of human infection was reported from other African countries such as Uganda ... www.cdc.gov ref The vertebrate hosts of the virus include monkey s and humans. The pathogenesis of the virus is hypothesized to first infect dendritic cell s near the site of inoculation, and then spread ... generally replicate in the cytoplasm , but Zika virus antigens have been found in infected cell nuclei. Clinical Common symptoms of infection with the virus include mild headaches, maculopapular rash , fever, malaise, conjunctivitis , and arthralgia . The first well documented case of Zika virus ... or preventive drug for Zika virus, and only treatment of symptoms is possible. Usually ... States of Micronesia . This virus was characterized by rash, conjunctivitis, and arthralgia, and was initially ..., Lawrence K. Little Known Virus Challenges a Far Flung Health System. NY Times 3 July 2007 21 ... in the acute phase of illness contained RNA of Zika virus. The Zika fever disease process was relatively .... ref New England Journal of Medicine Zika Virus Outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia ... more details
Taxobox Color parameter is not needed automatically assigned name Menangle virusvirus group v ordo Mononegavirales familia Paramyxoviridae genus Rubulavirus species Menangle virus Menangle virus is a virus that infects pig s, human s and bat s. History Menangle virus was first identified in 1997 after a piggery in Menangle, New South Wales Menangle near Sydney , New South Wales NSW , Australia experienced a high number of stillbirths and birth defect deformities during farrowing . Two workers at the piggery came down with an unexplained serious flu like illness, but subsequently recovered. They later tested positive for Menangle virus antibodies. Vector The source of the outbreak may have been a nearby population of fruit bat s or flying foxes . Bats appear to be an asymptomatic Host biology host . Infection is thought to occur through serious contact with bodily fluids from infected animals i.e. blood and possibly foetus foetal matter . Menangle is related to the recently discovered Tioman virus which is also bat borne. Menangle is one of three recently discovered zoonosis zoonotic virus es in Australia that are carried by bats. The others are Henipavirus Hendra virus and Australian bat lyssavirus ABLV or bat rabies . External links http www.csiro.au index.asp?type faq&id Menangle&stylesheet divisionFaq CSIRO Menangle Factsheet http www.scienceimage.csiro.au index.cfm?event site.image.detail&id 572 CSIRO slide showing Menangle virus in piglet brain http www.apl.au.com index.cfm?menuid FAF850C4 B0D0 36D2 5C4E484EAC6E47A9 Menangle Paramyxo virus infection in pigs trial eradication ..., Ross AD, et al. title An apparently new virus family Paramyxoviridae infectious for pigs, humans, and fruit ... author Chant K, Chan R, Smith M, Dwyer DE, Kirkland P title Probable human infection with a newly described virus in the family Paramyxoviridae. The NSW Expert Group journal Emerging Infect. Dis. volume ... eid vol4no2 chant.htm pmc 2640130 Zoonotic viral diseases DEFAULTSORT Menangle Virus Category Health ... more details
Taxobox Color parameter is not needed automatically assigned name Duvenhage virusvirus group v ordo Mononegavirales familia Rhabdoviridae genus Lyssavirus species Duvenhage virus Duvenhage virus is a member of the lyssavirus genus which also contains rabies virus . The virus was discovered in 1970 when a South Africa n farmer after whom the virus is named died of a rabies like encephalitis encephalitic illness after being bitten by a bat . ref cite journal author Tignor G. H. Murphy, F. A. Clark, H. F. Shope, R. E. Madore, P. Bauer, S. P. Buckley, S. M. Meredith, C. D. title Duvenhage Virus Morphological, Biochemical, Histopathological and Antigenic Relationships to the Rabies Serogroup journal Journal of General Virology volume 37 issue 3 pages 595 611 year 1977 doi 10.1099 0022 1317 37 3 595 url http vir.sgmjournals.org content 37 3 595.full.pdf format pdf ref In 2006, Duvenhage virus claimed a second victim when a man was scratched by a bat in North West Province South Africa North West Province , South Africa, 80 km from the 1970 infection ref name Paweska cite journal author Paweska, J. T. Blumberg, L. H. Liebenberg, C. Hewlett, R. H. Grobbelaar, A. A. Leman, P. A. Croft, J. E. Nel, L. H. Nutt, L. Swanepoel, R. title Fatal Human Infection with Rabies Related Duvenhage Virus, South Africa journal Emerging Infectious Diseases volume 12 issue 12 pages 1965 1967 year 2006 month December pmid 17326954 doi 10.3201 eid1212.060764 url http wwwnc.cdc.gov eid article 12 12 pdfs ..., L. de Boer, H. E. van Doornum G. J. Schutten M. Osterhaus, A. Kager, P. A. title Fatal Case of Human Rabies Duvenhage Virus from a Bat in Kenya The Netherlands, December 2007 journal Eurosurveillance ... to be the natural reservoir of Duvenhage virus. It has been isolated twice from insectivorous bats ... related to another bat associated lyssavirus endemic to Africa , Lagos bat virus . References Reflist Zoonotic viral diseases DEFAULTSORT Duvenhage Virus Category Mononegavirales Virus stub ... more details
Taxobox name Bundibugyo virus BDBV virus group v ordo Mononegavirales familia Filoviridae genus Ebolavirus species Bundibugyo ebolavirus Bundibugyo virus BDBV is a close relative of the much more commonly known Ebola virus EBOV . BDBV causes severe disease in human s and experimentally in nonhuman primates ... as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group . Use of term Bundibugyo virus abbreviated ... . ref name Towner2008 Cite pmid 2581435 ref The name Bundibugyo virus is derived from Bundibugyo ... taxonomic suffix virus . ref name KuhnArch Cite pmid 21046175 ref Note Bundibugyo virus ... by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ICTV , the name Bundibugyo virus is always to be Capitalization ... with BDBV being the official abbreviation . Previous designations Bundibugyo virus was first ... ebolavirus. ref name Kuhn2008 Cite pmid 18637412 ref Later publications also referred to the virus as a novel strain of Ebola virus ref name Wamala2010 Cite pmid 20587179 ref or as Bundibugyo Ebola virus. ref name MacNeil2010 Cite pmid 21122234 ref The abbreviations BEBOV for Bundibugyo ebolavirus ... as the abbreviation for Bundibugyo virus. ref name KuhnArch Virus inclusion criteria A virus of the species Bundibugyo ebolavirus is a Bundibugyo virus if it has the properties of Bundibugyo ebolavirus es and if its genome diverges from that of the prototype Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Bundibugyo virus ... of four ebolaviruses that causes Ebola virus disease EVD in humans in the literature also often referred ... together on a separate page see Ebola virus disease . BDBV made its first and thus far only known ... wikitable Ebola virus disease EVD outbreaks due to Bundibugyo virus BDBV infection Year Geographic location Human cases deaths case fatality rate valign TOP 2007 2008 Bundibugyo District , Uganda 116 .... Therefore, it remains unclear how BDBV was introduced into the human population. Bats are suspected to harbor the virus because infectious Marburg virus MARV and Ravn virus RAVV , two distantly related ... more details
File Schmallenberg distribution map.png thumb 300px right Schmallenberg virus distribution in Europe. Countries with positive animals red Countries with positive vectors green Schmallenberg virus is the informal name given to an orthobunyavirus related to Shamonda virus , which has not been given a formal ... 2012 01 new animal virus takes northern .html New Animal Virus Takes Northern Europe by Surprise ... sciencemag1 The virus is named after Schmallenberg , in North Rhine Westphalia , Germany , from where ... web.oie.int wahis public.php?page weekly report index&admin 0 ref . Also, Schmallenberg virus is detected ... fra instituttet.aspx?guid A49B4807 49FD 419B 9210 3F9640B19C60 ref The virus has been recognised ... in cattle in germany.html Schmallenberg Virus New Orthobunyavirus in cattle , updated 10th January ... to be a threat to human health ref name ecdc1 http ecdc.europa.eu en publications Publications Forms ... livestock potential implications for human health , European Center for Disease Prevention and Control ... . Vaccination is a possible option for controlling the disease as a vaccine exists for the similar virus Akabane. ref http www.sciencemediacentre.co.nz 2012 03 02 smcuk fact sheet on schmallenberg virus SMC UK Fact Sheet on Schmallenberg virus ref . March 2012 is scientists of the Friedrich Loeffler Institut first succeeded in visualizing the Schmallenberg virus. ref http www.fli.bund.de no cache en startseite presse presse informationsseite Pressemitteilung schmallenberg virus erstmals sichtbar gemacht.html FLI First visualization of Schmallenberg virus ref Symptoms File Schmallenberg virus phylogenetic .jpg thumb right A Phylogenetic relationship between Schmallenberg virus and orthobunyaviruses of the Simbu, Bunyamwera, and California serogroups. B Detection of Schmallenberg virus genome in the blood of experimentally infected calves. The virus causes two different profiles of Schmallenberg ... nacional de vigilancia epidemiol gica frente al virus de Schmallenberg . Ministerio de Agricultura ... more details
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