Humulin is the brand name for a group of biosynthetic human insulin products, originally developed by Genentech in 1978 Generic names regular insulin, insulin isophane and the Lente series consisting of Lente known generically as insulin zinc suspension is actually a mixture of Ultralente and Semilente and later acquired by Eli Lilly and Company , the company who arguably facilitated the product s approval with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The Lente series was discontinued by Lilly 2005. Humulin is synthesized in a laboratory strain of Escherichia coli bacteria which has been genetically altered with recombinant DNA to produce biosynthetic human insulin. Humulin R consists of zinc insulin crystals dissolved in a clear fluid. The synthesized insulin is then combined with other compounds or types of insulin which affect its shelf life and absorption. For example, Humulin N is combined with protamine to extend the time activity profile of Humulin R for an extended period. Humulin by itself is a short acting insulin. Humulin R, like many other form of injectable insulin, is intended ... of the body would take more time. It is currently sold by Eli Lilly under different types Humulin ... short duration of activity as compared with other insulins. Humulin R Regular U 500 Concentrated insulin human injection, USP rDNA Origin is a stronger concentration 500 units mL of Humulin R. Humulin ... and a longer duration of activity than Humulin R. Humulin 70 30 70 human insulin isophane suspension ... combined with the onset of action of HumulinHumulin 50 50 50 human insulin isophane suspension ... combined with the onset of action of Humulin R. Humulin is identical in chemical structure to human insulin. References cite web url http www.lillydiabetes.com content humulin brand of insulins.jsp title Humulin Brand of Insulins accessdate 16 November 2008 work publisher Eli Lilly and Company date 2008 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20080612182458 http www.lillydiabetes.com content humulin ... more details
The following is a list of notable proteins that are generated from recombinant DNA , using biomolecular engineering , focusing on those that are used in human and veterinary medicine. In many cases, recombinant human proteins have replaced the original animal derived version used in medicine. The prefix rh for human recombinant appears less and less in the literature. A much larger number of recombinant proteins is used in the research laboratory. These include both commercially available proteins for example most of the enzymes used in the molecular biology laboratory , and those that are generated in the course specific research projects. Human recombinants that largely replaced animal or harvested from human types Growth hormone Human growth hormone rHGH Humatrope from Eli Lilly and Company Lilly and Serostim from Serono replaced cadaver harvested human growth hormone Biosynthetic Insulin human insulin BHI Humulin from Eli Lilly and Company Lilly and Novolin from Novo Nordisk among others largely replaced bovine and porcine insulin for human therapy. Some prefer to continue using the animal sourced preparations, as there is some evidence that synthetic insulin varieties are more likely to induce Diabetic hypoglycemia Hypoglycemic unawareness hypoglycemia unawareness . Remaining manufacturers of highly purified animal sourced insulin include the U.K. s Wockhardt Ltd. headquartered in India , Poland s Polfa Tarchomin S.A., Argentina s Laboratorios Beta S.A., and China s Wanbang Biopharma Co. Follicle stimulating hormone FSH as a recombinant gonadotropin preparation replaced Serono s Pergonal which was previously isolated from post menopausal female urine Factor VIII Kogenate from Bayer replaced blood harvested factor VIII Human recombinants with recombination as only source Erythropoietin EPO Epogen from Amgen Granulocyte colony stimulating factor G CSF filgrastim sold as Neupogen from Amgen pegfilgrastim sold as Neulasta alpha glactosidase A Fabrazyme by Genzyme ... more details
Refimprove date December 2006 orphan date November 2009 Notable events in the history of biotechnology around 7000 BC &ndash Brewing beer , Fermentation food fermenting wine , baking bread with help of yeast . 8000 BC 3000 BC &ndash Yogurt and cheese made with lactic acid producing bacteria by various cultures. 1590 &ndash The microscope is invented by Sacharias Jansen . 1675 &ndash Micro organisms discovered by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek . 1856 &ndash Gregor Mendel discovers the mendelian inheritance laws of inheritance . 1862 &ndash Louis Pasteur discovers the bacteria l origin of Fermentation biochemistry fermentation . 1919 &ndash Karl Ereky , a Hungarian agricultural engineer, first uses the word biotechnology. Citation needed date September 2011 1928 &ndash Alexander Fleming notices that a certain mold mould could stop the duplication of bacteria, leading to the first antibacterial antibiotic penicillin . 1953 &ndash James D. Watson and Francis Crick describe the structure of DNA . 1972 &ndash The DNA composition of chimpanzee s and gorilla s is discovered to be 99 similar to that of humans. 1973 &ndash Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer perform the first successful recombinant DNA experiment, using bacterial genes. Citation needed date September 2011 1975 &ndash Method for producing monoclonal antibodies developed by Georges J. F. K hler K hler and C sar Milstein . 1978 &ndash North Carolina scientists Clyde Hutchison and Marshall Edgell show it is possible to introduce specific mutations at specific sites in a DNA molecule. ref cite journal author C A Hutchison, 3rd, S Phillips, M H Edgell, S Gillam, P Jahnke and M Smith title Mutagenesis at a specific position in a DNA sequence journal J Biol Chem volume 253 pages 6551 6560 year 1978 pmid 681366 ref 1980 &ndash The U.S. patent for gene cloning is awarded to Cohen and Boyer. 1982 &ndash Humulin , Genentech s human insulin drug produced by genetically engineered bacteria for the treatment of diabetes , is th ... more details
List of drugs H Hf Hz hi hm Hi Cor Hibiclens Hibistat hilafilcon B United States Adopted Name USAN hioxifilcon D United States Adopted Name USAN Hippuran i 131 Hipputope Hiprex Hiserpia Hispril Histafed Histalog histapyrrodine International Nonproprietary Name INN histidine International Nonproprietary Name INN histrelin International Nonproprietary Name INN Hivid Hiwolfia HMS ho hu hofocon A United States Adopted Name USAN Homapin homarylamine International Nonproprietary Name INN homatropine methylbromide International Nonproprietary Name INN homidium bromide International Nonproprietary Name INN homochlorcyclizine International Nonproprietary Name INN homofenazine International Nonproprietary Name INN homopipramol International Nonproprietary Name INN homosalate International Nonproprietary Name INN homprenorphine International Nonproprietary Name INN hopantenic acid International Nonproprietary Name INN hoquizil International Nonproprietary Name INN Humalog Human Secretin Votumumab HumaSPECT Humatin Humatrope Zanolimumab HuMax CD4 Zalutumumab HuMax EGFR Humegon Humorsol Humulin hy Hy Pam 25 Hy Phen hya hyc Hyalgan Sanofi Aventis redirects to hyaluronan hyalosidase International Nonproprietary Name INN hyaluronidase International Nonproprietary Name INN hybufocon A United States Adopted Name USAN Hycamtin Hycamtin GlaxoSmithKline hycanthone International Nonproprietary Name INN Hycodan Hycomine hyd hyde Hydeltra TBA Hydeltrasol Hydergine hydr hydra hydre Hydra Zide hydracarbazine International Nonproprietary Name INN hydralazine International Nonproprietary Name INN Hydramine Hydrap ES hydrargaphen International Nonproprietary Name INN Hydrea Hydrea Bristol Myers Squibb hydro Hydro D Hydro Reserp Hydro Ride Hydro Serp hydrob hydrot hydrobentizide International Nonproprietary Name INN Hydrocet hydrochlorothiazide International Nonproprietary Name INN hydrocodone International Nonproprietary Name INN hydrocortamate International Nonproprietary Name INN hydrocortiso ... more details
Image Insulin pen.JPG thumb 400 px Two types of modern, pre filled insulin syringes. An insulin pen is used to inject insulin for the treatment of diabetes . It is composed of an insulin cartridge integrated or bought separately and a dial to measure the dose, and is used with disposable Pen needles to deliver the dose. Types of pens A number of companies make insulin pens including Novo Nordisk , Aventis , Eli Lilly and Company Eli Lilly and pendiq . ref http www.pendiq.com pendiq website ref These companies produce pens for most of their insulins, including Insulin aspart NovoLog NovoRapid , Insulin lispro Humalog , Insulin detemir Levemir and Insulin glargine Lantus . pendiq does not produce insulin and the pendiq pen can work with most of the common insulin cartridges. ref http www.pendiq.com en features pendiq website features ref There are two pen systems durable and prefilled A durable pen uses a replaceable insulin cartridge. When the insulin cartridge is empty, the empty cartridge is disposed of and a new one is inserted in the pen. A prefilled pen is entirely disposable. The pen comes pre filled with insulin, and when the insulin cartridge or reservoir is empty, the entire unit is discarded. Most brands of insulin are now available for use in pens, these include NovoLog , NovoRapid and Levemir by Novo Nordisk Lantus and Apidra by Sanofi Aventis Humulin and Humalog by Eli Lilly and Company Use Insulin pens are used by 90 to 95 of insulin treated patients in Europe, Asia, and Scandinavia with excellent results. ref Taking Control of Your Diabetes Education, Motivation, Self Advocacy by http www.tcoyd.org 05 homepage.shtml Steven V. Edelman, MD and Friends ref They are currently underutilized but growing in use in the United States. Insulin pens offer several significant advantages over insulin syringes ease of handling, accuracy, and more discreet to use. To use a pen Screw or click on a new pen needle If necessary, prime the pen to remove any air from the n ... more details
as Humulin N, Novolin N, Novolin NPH, NPH Iletin II, and isophane insulin, marketed by Eli Lilly and Company under the name Humulin N, is an intermediate acting insulin given to help manage the blood ... insulin, branded Humulin 1985 Axel Ullrich sequences the human insulin receptor 1988 Novo Nordisk ... more details
Multiple issues primarysources March 2010 unreferenced December 2009 expert March 2010 NPH insulin or neutral protamine Hagedorn also known as Humulin N, Novolin N, Novolin NPH, NPH Iletin II, and isophane insulin , is an intermediate acting insulin given to help control the blood sugar level of those with diabetes. NPH was created in 1936 when Novo Nordisk Nordisk formulated isophane porcine insulin by adding neutral protamine to regular insulin. This is a suspension of crystalline zinc insulin combined with the positively charged polypeptide, protamine . When injected subcutaneously, it has an intermediate duration of action, meaning longer than that of regular insulin, and shorter than ultralente , Insulin glargine glargine or Insulin detemir detemir . History Hans Christian Hagedorn 1888 1971 and August Krogh 1874 1949 obtained the rights for insulin from Frederick Banting Banting and Charles Herbert Best Best in Toronto . In 1923 they formed Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium, and in 1926 with August Kongsted he obtained a Danish Royal Charter as a non profit foundation. In 1936, Hagedorn and B. Norman Jensen discovered that the effects of injected insulin could be prolonged by the addition of protamine obtained from the milt or semen of river trout. The insulin would be added to the protamine, but the solution would have to be brought to pH 7 for injection. Canada later produced bok insulin, a mixture of zinc , protamine and porcine insulin. This mixture only needed to be shaken before injection. In 1946, Nordisk was able to form crystals of protamine and insulin and marketed it in 1950 as NPH insulin. NPH insulin has the advantage that it can be mixed with an insulin that has a faster onset to complement its longer lasting action, which is the primary reason NPH remains on the market today, because manufacturers sell a variety of premixed insulin formulations. However, numerous medical studies have suggested that NPH has one of the least consistent absorption rates ... more details
insulins, Humulin N Novolin N NPH, is reasonable for dogs, but is usually a poor choice for cats ... Caninsulin Vetsulin or Humulin N. In other cases where the pet free feeds and normally eats little bits ... still use the outdated recommendation of using Humulin N or NPH insulin for cats. This insulin ... slower acting Lente and Ultralente Humulin L and Humulin U insulins are being discontinued as of 2005 ... more details
The term biopharmacology describes a field of research closely related to pharmacokinetics , sometimes called biopharmacy. Biopharmaceuticals are medical drugs see pharmacology produced using biotechnology . They include proteins including antibody antibodies , nucleic acids DNA , RNA or antisense oligonucleotide s and living microorganisms like virus and bacteria where the virulence of viruses and bacteria is reduced by the process of attenuation, they can be used for therapeutic or in vivo diagnostic purposes, and are produced by means other than direct extraction from a native non engineered organism biological source. ref cite book last Walsh first Gary authorlink coauthors year title Biopharmaceuticals Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Second Edition publisher John Wiley & Sons Ltd location isbn 0 470 84326 8 ppc , ISBN 0 470 84327 6 pbk ref The first such substance approved for therapeutic use was biosynthetic human insulin made via recombinant DNA technology. Sometimes referred to as rHI, under the trade name Humulin, was developed by Genentech , but licensed to Eli Lilly and Company , who manufactured and marketed the product starting in 1982. Deleted image removed Image Nrc bri bioprocess lr.jpg thumb Bioreactors for producing proteins, NRC Biotechnology Research Institute, Montr al, Canada The large majority of biopharmaceutical products are pharmaceuticals that are derived from life forms. Small molecule drugs are not typically regarded as biopharmaceutical in nature by the industry. However members of the press and the business and financial community often extend the definition to include pharmaceuticals not created through biotechnology. That is, the term has become an oft used buzzword for a variety of different companies producing new, apparently high tech pharmaceutical products. Research and development investment in new medicines by the biopharmaceutical industry stood at 65.2bn in 2008. ref cite web author BriskFox Financial title Biopharmaceutical ... more details
such insulin, Humulin, in 1982. Humulin was the first medication produced using modern genetic engineering ... the technique Lilly used to produce Humulin, although the company never commercially marketed ... produces biosynthetic human insulin with recombinant DNA technology, Humulin 1985 Axel Ullrich sequences ... more details
About the insulin protein uses of insulin in treating diabetes insulin therapy Distinguish inulin PBB geneid 3630 Insulin is a hormone , produced by the pancreas , which is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver , muscle , and fat cell fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood , storing it as glycogen inside these tissues. Insulin stops the use of fat as an energy source by inhibiting the release of glucagon . With the exception of the metabolic disorder diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome , insulin is provided within the body in a constant proportion to remove excess glucose from the blood, which otherwise would be toxic. When blood glucose levels fall below a certain level, the body begins to use stored sugar as an energy source through glycogenolysis , which breaks down the glycogen stored in the liver and muscles into glucose, which can then be utilized as an energy source. As a central metabolic control mechanism, its status is also used as a control signal to other body systems such as amino acid uptake by body cells . In addition, it has several other anabolism anabolic effects throughout the body. When control of insulin levels fails, diabetes mellitus will result. As a consequence, insulin is used medically to treat some forms of diabetes mellitus. Patients with Diabetes mellitus type 1 type 1 diabetes depend on external insulin most commonly Subcutaneous injection injected subcutaneously for their survival because the hormone is no longer produced internally. Patients with Diabetes mellitus type 2 type 2 diabetes are often insulin resistance insulin resistant and, because of such resistance, may suffer from a relative insulin deficiency. Some patients with type 2 diabetes may eventually require insulin if other medications fail to control blood glucose levels adequately. Over 40 of those with Type 2 diabetes require insulin as part of their diabetes management plan. Insulin also influenc ... more details
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