Image Xperiance hydrogen ship.jpg 300px thumb Xperiance NX hydrogen The Xperiance NX hydrogen is a 12 person hydrogen ship , power assisted by an electric motor that gets its electricity from a fuel cell . The debut was on 23 June 2006 at Leeuwarden , Netherlands . Refueling The boats are refuelled with exchangeable hydrogen tank tanks ref http www.ganita.nl Album 20Hydr Presentaties.html Tanks detail ref . Specifications Boat 7 m long, width 2.35 m, Draft hull draft 0.50 m, 4 exchangeable 200 bar unit bar 20 megapascal MPa , 30 liter hydrogen tank s ref http www.ganita.nl Hydr NX 20 20waterstof.html Exchangeable tanks ref , with a 1.2 kilowatt kW Proton exchange membrane fuel cell PEM fuel cell and a 12 kW h Battery electricity battery for 12 passengers. Its radius of action is 200 km. See also Hydrogen ship Hydrogen vehicle References references External links http www.ganita.nl Hydr NX 20 20Brandstofcel.html Ganita Category Hydrogen ships nl Xperiance NX hydrogen ... more details
Solution Solutes are defined as kosmotropic if they contribute to the stability and structure of water water interactions. Kosmotropes cause water molecules to favorably interact, which also stabilizes intermolecular interactions in macromolecules such as proteins. Ionic Kosmotropes Ionic kosmotropes tend to be small or have high charge density. Some ionic kosmotropes are sulfate , phosphate, magnesium 2 , lithium 1 , zinc 2 and aluminium 3 . Large ions or ions with low charge density such as bromide , iodide , potassium 1 , caesium 1 instead act as Chaotropic agent chaotropes . A scale can be established if one refers to the Franz Hofmeister Hofmeister series or looks up the Gibbs free energy free energy of Hydration reaction hydration math Delta G rm hydr math of the salts. The more negative math Delta G rm hydr math , the more kosmotropic the salt. Applications Ammonium sulfate is the traditional kosmotropic salt for the salting out of protein from an aqueous solution. The chaotropic agents like Guanidinium chloride or urea are used to solubilise all proteins. Nonionic Kosmotropes Nonionic kosmotropes have no net charge but are very soluble and become very hydrated. Carbohydrates such as trehalose and glucose as well as proline and Tert Butanol tert butanol are kosmotropes. See also Chaotropic agent and Guanidinium chloride Protein precipitation , on aluminium sulfate salting out External links http www.lsbu.ac.uk water kosmos.html Kosmotropes and Chaotropes from http www.lsbu.ac.uk water index2.html Water Structure and Behavior http www.sciencedirect.com science journal 15700232 Zink sulphate C. Polson et al. , Optimization of protein precipitation based upon effectiveness of protein removal and ionization effect in liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, Journal of Chromatography B, Volume 785 263 275 Category Chemical compounds chem stub ... more details
The blood hammer phenomenon is a sudden increase of the upstream blood pressure in a blood vessel especially artery or arteriole when the blood stream is abruptly blocked by vessel obstruction. The term blood hammer was introduced in Brain cerebral hemodynamics ref cite journal author Damsa T. title Blood hammer phenomenon in cerebral hemodynamics work Mathematical Biosciences year 1976 volume 29 issue 3 4 pages 193 202 author separator , display authors 1 author2 Please add first missing authors to populate metadata. ref by analogy with the Hydraulics hydraulic expression water hammer , already used in Circulatory system vascular physiology to designate an arterial pulse variety, the Watson s water hammer pulse water hammer pulse . Notes reflist References Shrivastava, G. S. 2004 . Fluid Mechanics and the Undergraduate Civil Engineer, J. Hydr. Engrg., 130 10 953 956 Category Blood disorders med sign stub ... more details
wiktionarypar hydro hydro hydr Hydro may refer to shortened name for hydropower , derived from water specifically hydroelectricity a word part meaning fluid examples are Magnetohydrodynamics and Electrohydrodynamics a generic name for an electric utility a generic name for electricity and electricity service Places Hydro, Oklahoma Utilities In Australia Snowy Hydro Limited Hydro Tasmania In Canada BC Hydro , British Columbia Hydro Qu bec , Quebec Hydro One , Ontario Hydro Ottawa Ontario Hydro Manitoba Hydro Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro Canadian Hydro Developers Toronto Hydro Winnipeg Hydro In Norway Norsk Hydro In Sweden Hydro fuel station In UK Scottish Hydro Electric Other uses Hydro Majestic Hotel in New South Wales, Australia SF Hydro SF Hydro , a Norwegian steam powered railway ferry sunk by the Norwegian resistance movement during World War II A ring name of professional wrestler Jamar Shipman See also Hydra disambiguation lookfrom hydro intitle hydro disambig nl Hydro ja no Hydro pt Hydro ur Hydro ... more details
File Hjulstr ms diagram en.PNG thumb right 300px The Hjulstr m curve The Hjulstr m curve , named after Filip Hjulstr m 1902 1982 , is a graph of a function graph used by Hydrology hydrologists to determine whether a river will erosion erode , sediment transport transport , or deposition geology deposit sediment. It was originally published in his doctoral thesis The River Fyris in 1935. The graph takes sediment particle size and water velocity into account. ref name geography http www.geographylwc.org.uk A AS ASriver seddep.html Sediment transportation . Last accessed 26 Dec 2011. ref The upper curve shows the critical erosion velocity in cm s as a function of particle size in mm, while the lower curve shows the deposition velocity as a function of particle size. Note that the axes are logarithmic scale logarithmic . The plot shows several key concepts about the relationships between erosion, transportation, and deposition. For particle sizes where friction is the dominating force preventing erosion, the curves follow each other closely and the required velocity increases with particle size. However, for Cohesion geology cohesive sediment, mostly clay but also silt , the erosion velocity increases with decreasing grainsize , as the cohesive forces are relatively more important when the particles get smaller. The critical velocity for deposition, on the other hand, depends on the settling velocity , and that decreases with decreasing grainsize. The Hjulstr m curve shows that sand particles of a size around 0.1 mm require the lowest stream velocity to erode. The curve was in 1956 expanded by Hjulstr m s disciple and successor as professor, ke Sundborg . He significantly improved the level of detail in the cohesive part of the diagram, and added lines for different modes of transportation. ref http imnh.isu.edu digitalatlas hydr concepts gwater hjulstrm.htm Hjulsr m s Diagram . Idaho State University . Last accessed 26 Dec 2011. ref The result is called the Sundborg d ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2008 Infobox musical artist name Disembowelment image caption image size background group or band origin Melbourne , Australia genre Death doom years active 1990 1993 2010 label Relapse Records associated acts Bacteria, Scum, Sanctum, Trial of the Bow, Pulgar website current members past members Renato Gallina br Paul Mazziotta br Jason Kells br Matthew Skarajew Disembowelment often written diSEMBOWELMENT is a Australia n death doom band from Melbourne , Australia that was formed in November 1989 out of the ashes of two piece grindcore grind band Bacteria, featuring drummer Paul Mazziotta and guitarist vocalist Renato Gallina. With the help of Dean Ruprich from Melbourne death grind band Necrotomy providing session bass, the band released its first demo, Mourning September in September 1990. Career Music Style Disembowelment played a very slow form of doom with occasional bursts of great speed that relied equally on the atmospheric effects of droning guitars and constant riffing. The band was known for its atmospheric chanting, slow riffs and spiritual dark elements present in their symphonic, heavily distorted style. They are often credited with spawning the funeral doom movement that developed years later. In 1991, Jason Kells joined the band on lead guitar. The song Extracted Nails was recorded in April 1991 at Double Tea Studios for a compilation on the German label Mangled Beyond Recognition , released the following year. The compilation featured Therion band Therion , God Macabre , Rottrevore , Cadaver band Cadaver , Crematory band Crematory , Pan.Thy.Monium , Cenotaph, Hydr Hydr. Over the 3rd & 4 August 1991, the band went back to Double Tea studios to record their second demo Deep Sensory Perception into Aural Fate . This recording marked a big step forward in the maturity of the songwriting, performance and overall production. The demo sparked the interest of Relapse Records, who promptly signed them up and released the demo as the Du ... more details
Infobox company name RusHydro br logo File RusHydro.png 200px caption type Public company Public Open Joint Stock Company OAO traded as MICEX RTS HYDR br ROSN genre fate successor foundation Start date 1993 defunct location city Moscow location country Russia location locations area served key people Yevgeny Dod CEO industry Power generation products Hydroelectricity Hydroelectrical power services revenue profit US 14.9 billion 2010 operating income net income decrease US 375.4 million 2010 aum assets equity owner num employees parent divisions subsid homepage URL www.eng.rushydro.ru footnotes intl RusHydro previous name Hydro OGK , lang ru traded as MICEX RTS HYDR is a Russian hydroelectricity company. As of early 2012 it has a capacity of 34.9 gigawatts ref http www.eng.rushydro.ru company ref . It is the world s second largest hydroelectric power producer ref name reuters231109 cite news author Robin Paxton title Russia appoints Sechin ally to manage hydro giant publisher Reuters date 2009 11 23 url http uk.reuters.com article idUKGEE5AM0RW20091123?sp true accessdate 2010 02 24 ref and is the country s largest power generating company and the largest successor to RAO UES . The conglomerate, which is partly government owned, underwent a major consolidation beginning in July, 2007. ref name mt180809 cite news author Antonova, Maria Krainova, Natalya title 10 Dead, 72 Missing in Dam Disaster publisher The Moscow Times date 2009 08 18 url http www.moscowtimes.ru article 600 42 380899.htm accessdate 2009 08 18 ref The head of the company is Yevgeny Dod. ref name reuters231109 Its head office is in Obruchevsky District , South Western Administrative Okrug , Moscow . ref http www.eng.rushydro.ru company feedback Company . RusHydro. Retrieved on 3 November 2011. 51, Arhitektora Vlasova street, Moscow, 117393, Russia http www.rushydro.ru company feedback Address in Russian 117393, , . , .51 ref M ... more details
Image Hydr Qz tb.jpg thumb Thin section of quartz from a hydrothermal vein upper in CL and lower in transmitted light A cathodoluminescence CL microscope combines methods from electron and regular light optical microscope s. It is designed to study the luminescence characteristics of polished thin sections of solids irradiated by an electron beam . Using a cathodoluminescence microscope, structures within crystal s or fabrics can be made visible which cannot be seen in normal light conditions. Thus, for example, valuable information on the growth of minerals can be obtained. CL microscopy is used in geology , mineralogy and materials science rock geology rock s, mineral s, volcanic ash , glass , ceramic , concrete , fly ash etc. . Image HC3 CL microscope.gif thumb Hot cathode CL microscope CL color and intensity are dependent on the characteristics of the sample and on the working conditions of the electron gun . Here, acceleration voltage and beam current of the electron beam are of major importance. Today, two types of CL microscopes are in use. One is working with a cold cathode generating an electron beam by a corona discharge tube, the other one produces a beam using a hot cathode . Cold cathode CL microscopes are the simplest and most economic type. Unlike other electron bombardment techniques like electron microscopy , cold cathodoluminecence microscopy provides positive ions along with the electrons which neutralize surface charge buildup and eliminate the need for conductive coatings to be applied to the specimens. The hot cathode type generates an electron beam by an electron gun with tungsten filament. The advantage of a hot cathode is the precisely controllable high beam intensity allowing to stimulate the emission of light even on weakly luminescing materials e.g. quartz see picture . To prevent charging of the sample, the surface must be coated with a conductive layer of gold or carbon . This is usually done by a sputter deposition device or a carbon coater ... more details
unreferenced date October 2009 File Polska hydr z.dobrzynska.png thumb Dobrzy Land in present day Poland Dobrzy Land lang de Dobriner Land lang pl ziemia dobrzy ska is a historic region around the town of Dobrzy nad Wis in Poland , east of the Vistula River and south of the Drw ca , where it borders on the Kulmerland . The territory approximately corresponds with the present day powiat s of Lipno County Lipno and Rypin County Rypin within the Kuyavian Pomeranian Voivodship . The lands of Dobrzy had been part of the Civitas Schinesghe under the Piast dynasty Piast duke Mieszko I of Poland 960 992 . Upon the death of his descendant Duke Boles aw III Wrymouth in 1138, they were allocated to the newly established Duchy of Masovia . In his Prussian Crusade , Duke Konrad I of Masovia in 1228 established the Order of Dobrzy of Germans German knights fratribus militiae Christi in Prussia , whom he vested with the Dobrzy estates. Soonafter however, this order was absorbed by the Teutonic Knights , who had established the State of the Teutonic Order Order s State in the adjacent Kulmerland, resulting in an ongoing territorial conflict about the area with the Masovian dukes. During the Polish Teutonic War 1326 1332 Polish Teutonic War of 1326 1332, the forces of the Order s State occupied Dobrzy Land, which however was relinquished to the Kingdom of Poland 1320 1385 Kingdom of Poland in the 1343 Treaty of Kalisz 1343 Treaty of Kalisz . The Knights regained control in the Polish Lithuanian Teutonic War of 1409 1411, but after their defeat at the Battle of Grunwald had to return it again according to the Peace of Thorn 1411 Peace of Thorn . The lands of Dobrzy were incorporated into the Inowroc aw Voivodeship of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland Polish Crown and the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth . While the western part of the voivodeship had already been annexed by Kingdom of Prussia Prussia in the course of the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Dobrzy Land on the eastern ... more details
List of drugs H Hf Hz hi hm Hi Cor Hibiclens Hibistat hilafilcon B United States Adopted Name USAN hioxifilcon D United States Adopted Name USAN Hippuran i 131 Hipputope Hiprex Hiserpia Hispril Histafed Histalog histapyrrodine International Nonproprietary Name INN histidine International Nonproprietary Name INN histrelin International Nonproprietary Name INN Hivid Hiwolfia HMS ho hu hofocon A United States Adopted Name USAN Homapin homarylamine International Nonproprietary Name INN homatropine methylbromide International Nonproprietary Name INN homidium bromide International Nonproprietary Name INN homochlorcyclizine International Nonproprietary Name INN homofenazine International Nonproprietary Name INN homopipramol International Nonproprietary Name INN homosalate International Nonproprietary Name INN homprenorphine International Nonproprietary Name INN hopantenic acid International Nonproprietary Name INN hoquizil International Nonproprietary Name INN Humalog Human Secretin Votumumab HumaSPECT Humatin Humatrope Zanolimumab HuMax CD4 Zalutumumab HuMax EGFR Humegon Humorsol Humulin hy Hy Pam 25 Hy Phen hya hyc Hyalgan Sanofi Aventis redirects to hyaluronan hyalosidase International Nonproprietary Name INN hyaluronidase International Nonproprietary Name INN hybufocon A United States Adopted Name USAN Hycamtin Hycamtin GlaxoSmithKline hycanthone International Nonproprietary Name INN Hycodan Hycomine hyd hyde Hydeltra TBA Hydeltrasol Hydergine hydr hydra hydre Hydra Zide hydracarbazine International Nonproprietary Name INN hydralazine International Nonproprietary Name INN Hydramine Hydrap ES hydrargaphen International Nonproprietary Name INN Hydrea Hydrea Bristol Myers Squibb hydro Hydro D Hydro Reserp Hydro Ride Hydro Serp hydrob hydrot hydrobentizide International Nonproprietary Name INN Hydrocet hydrochlorothiazide International Nonproprietary Name INN hydrocodone International Nonproprietary Name INN hydrocortamate International Nonproprietary Name INN hydrocortiso ... more details
Infobox Motorcycle name KTM 990 Adventure image File KTM 990 Adventure White mountains.jpg 250px aka manufacturer KTM production since 2006 predecessor KTM 950 Adventure successor parent company class Dual sport motorcycle platform engine 999 cc 75 V twin engine V twin bore stroke convert 101 x 62.4 mm 2 abbr on compression 11.5 1 power convert 78 kW abbr on torque convert 100 Nm abbr on 6,750 rpm ignition E Starter transmission 6 gears, dog clutch engagement frame Chromium Molybdenum trellis frame, powder coated with Aluminium subframe suspension Front WP Suspension WP Motorcycle fork USD convert 48 mm abbr on diameter, convert 210 mm abbr on travel br Rear WP mono shock PDS with hydr. spring preload convert 210 mm abbr on travel brakes Front 2 x Brembo two piston, floating caliper, floating brake disc, 300 mm 11.81 inch br Rear Brembo two piston, floating caliper, floating brake disc 240 mm 9.45 inch br Optional Brembo two channel ABS tires 90 90 R21 front 150 70 R18 rear rake trail convert 119 mm abbr on wheelbase convert 1570 mm abbr on 10 mm 0.39 inch length width height seat height convert 860 mm abbr on dry weight convert 209 kg abbr on wet weight fuel capacity convert 19.5 L abbr on including 4 L reserve oil capacity convert 3 L abbr on related File KTM 990 Adventure S.jpg thumb left KTM Adventure S The KTM 990 Adventure is an updated version of KTM 950 Adventure Dual sport motorcycle produced in Austria by KTM . The bike is powered by the LC8 Engine cooling liquid cooled , Four stroke engine four stroke , Overhead camshaft DOHC 999 cc 75 V twin engine , ref cite web url http ktm.com 990 Adventure.36.0.html?&detailview 2 title KTM Adventure Technical Data author KTM date work publisher KTM accessdate 2011 04 01 ref based on the design used in the KTM 990 Super Duke , producing around convert 78 kW abbr on . It is capable of a top speed of around convert 123 mph abbr on . ref cite web url http www.motorcyclene ... more details
Infobox dam name Minghu Dam official name image image size image caption image alt location map Taiwan location map width location map text lat d 23 lat m 51 lat s 16 lat NS N long d 120 long m 52 long s 13 long EW E coordinates type type landmark coordinates display inline,title coordinates ref country Taiwan locale status O construction began 1980 open 1985 demolished cost owner type Gravity height Convert 57.5 m ft 0 abbr on height thalweg height foundation length Convert 169.5 m ft 0 abbr on crest width base width curve radius volume crest elevation crosses Shuili River spillways spillway type spillway capacity reservoir reservoir capacity Convert 9756000 m3 acre.ft 0 abbr on ref cite web last Chen first Po Hung title Particle Swarm Optimization for Power Dispatch with Pumped Hydr url http www.intechopen.com source pdfs 6257 InTech Particle swarm optimization for power dispatch with pumped hydro.pdf publisher InTechOpen accessdate 21 January 2012 ref active capacity inactive capacity reservoir catchment reservoir surface reservoir elevation reservoir max depth reservoir length reservoir max width hydraulic head tidal range plant owner plant operator plant commission plant licence exp plant decommission plant type turbines 4 x 252 megawatt MW Francis pump turbine s installed capacity 1,008 MW max planned cap capacity factor average annual gen net generation website as of extra The Minghu Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the Shuili River located Convert 7 km mi 0 abbr on north of Shuili, Nantou Shuili in Nantou County , Taiwan. The dam was constructed between 1980 and 1985 to serve as the lower reservoir for the Minhu Pumped Storage Hydro Power Station. Sun Moon Lake serves as the upper reservoir. The power station which sits near the left abutment of the dam moves water between the two reservoirs to generate electricity. During periods of low demand, such as at night, when electricity is cheap, water is pumped to Sun Moon Lake. When energy demand is high, water i ... more details
1 sup 520 496 419 sub hydr sub H sup s o s sup kJ&thinsp mol sup &minus 1 sup 960 846 761 sub ... E sub i sub plus the enthalpy change of hydration sub hydr sub H sup s o s sup of the gaseous ... more details
& left . right end align math Power P n Vstroke p mech,hydr br P Power in Watt Nm s br n revs per ... br mech,hydr mechanical hydraulic efficiency References references External links Commons Gear pump ... more details
New Mexico State University year 2008 accessdate August 23, 2011 ref ref name hydr S. grandis is most ... if they are grabbed or stepped on. ref name kentu ref name hydr ref cite web url http www.masterbeekeeper.org ... name hydr cite web url http www.hydrex.info cicada killer wasp title Cicada Killer Wasp publisher Hydrex ... more details
For the reservoir known as Lake Bonneville on the Columbia River Bonneville Dam Image Butte in Great Salt Lake Desert 750px.JPG thumb 350px Lone Rock, a butte in the Great Salt Lake Desert Lake Bonneville was a prehistoric pluvial lake that covered much of North America s Great Basin region. Most of the territory it covered was in present day Utah , though parts of the lake extended into present day Idaho and Nevada . Formed about 32,000 years ago, it existed until about 14,500 years ago, when a large portion of the lake was released through the Red Rock Pass in Idaho . Following the Bonneville Flood , as the release is now known, the lake receded to a level called the Provo Level. Many of the unique geological characteristics of the Great Basin are due to the effects of the lake. At more than convert 1000 ft m abbr on deep ref http geology.utah.gov online html pi pi 39 pi39pg01.htm Where was Lake Bonneville, how large was it, and when did it exist? . Utah Geological Survey . ref and more than convert 19691 sqmi km2 ref http imnh.isu.edu digitalatlas hydr lkbflood lbf.htm The Lake Bonneville Flood . Digital Atlas of Idaho . ref in area , the lake was nearly as large as Lake Michigan and significantly deeper. ref name Morgan p.22 Cite book last Morgan first Dale L year 1947 title The Great Salt Lake location Salt Lake City publisher University of Utah Press isbn 0 87480 478 7 page 22 ref With the change in climate, the lake began drying up, leaving Great Salt Lake , Utah Lake , Sevier Lake , Rush Lake Utah Rush Lake , and Little Salt Lake as remnants. ref name Morgan p.22 Lake Bonneville was named by the geologist Grove Karl Gilbert G. K. Gilbert ref cite book author Gilbert, Karl Grove title Lake Bonneville year 1890 location Washington, D.C. publisher Government Printing Office url http books.google.com books?id NY0sAAAAYAAJ ref after Benjamin Bonneville Benjamin Louis Eulalie de Bonneville 1796&ndash 1878 , a France French born officer in the United States Army , ... more details
Drugbox Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 464198314 IUPAC name small 2 RS ,6 RS ,11 RS 6,11 dimethyl 3 3 methylbut 2 en 1 yl 1,2,3,4,5,6 h exahydro 2,6 methano 3 benzazocin 8 ol small br or br small 2 dimethy lallyl 5, 9 dimethy l 2 hydr oxybenzom orphan small image Pentazocine Enantiomers Structural Formulae V.2.svg CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII RP4A60D26L InChI 1 C19H27NO c1 13 2 7 9 20 10 8 19 4 14 3 18 20 11 15 5 6 16 21 12 17 15 19 h5 7,12,14,18,21H,8 11H2,1 4H3 t14 ,18 ,19 m0 s1 InChIKey VOKSWYLNZZRQPF GDIGMMSIBX StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C19H27NO c1 13 2 7 9 20 10 8 19 4 14 3 18 20 11 15 5 6 16 21 12 17 15 19 h5 7,12,14,18,21H,8 11H2,1 4H3 t14 ,18 ,19 m0 s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey VOKSWYLNZZRQPF GDIGMMSISA N CAS number Ref cascite correct ?? CAS number 359 83 1 ATC prefix N02 ATC suffix AD01 ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 560 PubChem 441278 IUPHAR ligand 1606 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank DB00652 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 390041 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D00498 C 19 H 27 N 1 O 1 molecular weight 285.424 Gram g Mole unit mol smiles Oc1ccc3c c1 C 2 C H C H N CC2 C C C C C C3 C C bioavailability 20 orally metabolism Liver Hepatic elimination half life 2 to 3 hours excretion Kidney Renal pregnancy category C D small United States U.S. small legal status Schedule IV small U.S. small br III small international small routes of administration Oral, IV, IM Pentazocine is a synthetically prepared prototypical mixed agonist antagonist narcotic opioid analgesic drug of the benzomorphan class of opioids used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain. Pentazocine is sold under several brand names, such as Fortral , Talwin NX with the antagonist naloxone , will cause withdrawal in opioid dependent persons on injection , Talwin , Talwin PX without naloxone , Fortwin Lactate injectable form and ... more details
Dollo s law of irreversibility also known as Dollo s law and Dollo s principle is a hypothesis proposed in 1893 ref Dollo, L 1893 . http www.paleoglot.net files Dollo 93.pdf Les lois de l volution. Bull. Soc. Belge Geol. Pal. Hydr , VII 164 166. ref by France French born Belgium Belgian paleontology paleontologist Louis Dollo which states that evolution is not reversible. This hypothesis was first stated by Dollo in this way An organism is unable to return, even partially, to a previous stage already realized in the ranks of its ancestor s. ref Dollo, quoted in Evolution Ammonites Indicate Reversal, in Nature journal Nature , March 21, 1970 ref According to this hypothesis a structure or Organ anatomy organ that has been lost or discarded through the process of evolution will not reappear in exactly the same form in that line of organisms. ref Cite journal doi 10.1111 j.1558 5646.2008.00505.x pmid 18764918 volume 62 issue 11 pages 2727 2741 last Goldberg first Emma E coauthors Boris Igi title On phylogenetic tests of irreversible evolution journal Evolution year 2008 ref ref Cite journal doi 10.1016 j.tree.2008.06.013 pmid 18814933 volume 23 issue 11 pages 602 609 last Collin first Rachel coauthors Maria Pia Miglietta title Reversing opinions on Dollo s Law journal Trends in Ecology & Evolution year 2008 ref According to Richard Dawkins , the law is really just a statement about the statistical improbability of following exactly the same evolutionary trajectory twice or, indeed, any particular trajectory , in either direction. ref cite book first Richard last Dawkins authorlink Richard Dawkins title The Blind Watchmaker publisher W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. location New York origyear 1986 year 1996 isbn 0 393 31570 3 ref Stephen Gould viewed the idea less strictly, suggesting that irreversibility forecloses certain evolutionary pathways once broad forms have emerged For example , once you adopt the ordinary body plan of a reptile , hundreds of options are forever ... more details
hatnote For the ancient state in Ukraine, see Kuyaba . For Polish villages named Kujawy , see Kujawy disambiguation . File Polska hydr z.kujawska.jpg thumb 320px Kujawy region outlined within Poland Kujawy IPAc pl k u j a w y , sometimes referred to as Kuyavia or Cuyavia from lang la Cuiavia Citation needed date August 2011 , is a historical and ethnographic region in the north central Poland , situated in the basin of the middle Vistula and upper Note Rivers. Kujawy is divided into three traditional parts northern with the capital in Bydgoszcz , western the capital in Inowroc aw , and eastern the capital in W oc awek . Etymology The origin of the name Kujawy was seen differently in history. The most probable explanation has been put forward by professor Stanis aw Rospond who thinks the name Kujawy derives from the words kui , kuiati , meaning gale and also flat, dune land which was at the risk of this gale. Though, the etymology of the name Kujawy is connected with the physiography of the land. For the first time, the name Kujawy appeared in written sources in the 1136 Bull of Gniezno lang pl Bulla Gnie nie ska , Latin Ex commisso nobis issued by Pope Innocent II . Later, the name of the land was mentioned in many documents from medieval times. It is also mentioned in the chronicles of Wincenty Kad ubek . Geography In the north Kujawy borders with the historic regions of Gda sk Pomerania Pomerelia and Old Prussian Che mno Land , in the west with Greater Poland , and in the east with Masovia . The borders of Kuyawy stretch out on the left bank of Vistula River from the mouth of Skrwa River in the south, to the mouth of the Wda River on the north. The borders of Kujawy spread out to the west from Koronowo and Nak o to the Note River where they turn west, cross Trl g Lake, and onto the Strzelne ski Forests. They reach Skulski Lake and the upper Note River. They also include Brd w Brdowski Lake, Chodecz and Lubie Kujawski and go through the Skrwa River and finally ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
