chemistry are as follows Saturated hydrocarbons alkane s are the simplest of the hydrocarbon species ... 978 3 54 076885 2 ref Unsaturated hydrocarbon s have one or more double or triple bonds between carbon .... The general formula for a saturated hydrocarbon containing one ring is C sub n sub H sub 2n sub . ref name Silderberg Aromatic hydrocarbon s, also known as arene s, are hydrocarbons that have ... bonding or catenation of carbon preventing entire saturation of the hydrocarbon by the formation ... to as catenation , and allows hydrocarbon to form more complex molecules, such as cyclohexane ,and in rarer ... oil or natural gas . The hydrocarbon is burnt and the heat is used to heat water, which is then circulated ... is required for combustion to take place. The simplest hydrocarbon, methane, burns as follows ... organic chemicals . The extraction of liquid hydrocarbon fuel from sedimentary basin s is integral ... petroleum origin Biohydrocarbon Energy storage Fractional distillation Functional group Hydrocarbon ... ca Hidrocarbur cs Uhlovod ky cy Hydrocarbon da Kulbrinte de Kohlenwasserstoffe et S sivesinikud ... simple Hydrocarbon sk Uh ovod k sl Ogljikovodik sr sh Ugljikovodici su Hidrokarbon ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date October 2006 att June 2011 Hydrocarbon mixtures are a group of various Volatility chemistry volatile , highly flammable , mixtures used chiefly as nonpolar solvents . Composition Hydrocarbon mixtures are composed of petroleum ether s and other hydrocarbon s. Petroleum ether should not be confused with the class of organic compounds called ethers and equally, going under its alternative name of benzine , it should not be confused with benzene . Benzine is a mixture of alkanes , such as pentane , hexane , and heptane whereas benzene is a cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon . A hydrocarbon is any chemical compound that consists only of the chemical element element s carbon C and hydrogen H . They all contain a carbon frame, and have hydrogen atoms attached to the frame. Often the term is used as a shortened form of the term aliphatic hydrocarbon . Most hydrocarbons are combustible . Petroleum ether is obtained from petroleum refineries as the portion of the distillate which is intermediate between the lighter naphtha and the heavier kerosene . It has a specific gravity of between 0.6 and 0.8 depending on its composition. DEFAULTSORT Hydrocarbon Mixtures Category Alkanes Category Hydrocarbon solvents ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Unsaturated hydrocarbon s are hydrocarbon s that have double or triple covalent bond s between adjacent carbon atom s. Those with at least one double bond are called alkene s and those with at least one triple bond are called alkyne s. Each double bond is represented by a number preceding the name of the base chain, representing on which hydrocarbon in the chain the double or triple bond can be found. Alkenes and alkynes with more than one double or triple bond respectively are named with the appropriate numeric prefix preceding the ene or yne . Examples of unsaturated hydrocarbon include 2,4 pentadiene and 2 butyne, among others. Unsaturated hydrocarbons with both double and triple bonds have the suffix enyne and are handled in a similar manner. The physical properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons are very similar to those of the corresponding saturated compounds. They are slightly soluble in water. Except for aromatic compounds , unsaturated hydrocarbons are highly reactive and undergo addition reaction s to their multiple bonds. Typical reagents added are hydrogen halide s, water , sulfuric acid , elemental halogen s and alcohols . Testing To test whether the hydrocarbon is unsaturated you should add bromine water. If the bromine water becomes decolourised Goes colorless then it is unsaturated.Mix water with saturated hydrocarbon as well as unsaturated hydrocarbon. Add some common salt to it. Unsaturated hydrocarbon with water makes salt dissolves and saturated hydrocarbon make its vice versa. See also saturated hydrocarbon DEFAULTSORT Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Category Hydrocarbons ar es Hidrocarburo insaturado hi lv Nepies tin tie og de ra i ja pl W glowodory nienasycone pt Hidrocarboneto insaturado ru zh ... more details
Hydrocarbon economy is a term referencing the global hydrocarbon industry and its relationship to world markets. world energy resources and consumption energy used mostly comes from three hydrocarbon s petroleum , coal , and natural gas . Hydrocarbon economy is often used when talking about possible alternatives like the hydrogen economy . ref http scholar.google.com scholar?q 22hydrocarbon economy 22&hl en&lr &start 30&sa N ref ref http www.google.com search?tab sw&sa N&q 22hydrocarbon economy 22&hl en&lr &sa N ref References reflist Category Energy economics Category Economies ... more details
A hydrocarbon keratosis also known as Pitch keratosis, Tar keratosis, and Tar wart is a Precancerous condition precancerous Keratosis keratotic skin lesion that occurs in people who have been occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon s. ref name Fitz2 Freedberg, et. al. 2003 . Fitzpatrick s Dermatology in General Medicine . 6th ed. . McGraw Hill. ISBN 0071380760. ref rp 728 References reflist Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue Category Dermatologic terminology Category Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, cysts Epidermal growth stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Unburned hydrocarbons UHCs are the hydrocarbon s emitted after petroleum is burned in an engine. Any fuel entering a flame will be reacted. Dubious Running rich date July 2010 Thus, when unburned fuel is emitted from a combustor , the emission is caused by fuel avoiding the flame zones. For Category Fossil fuels Category Hydrocarbons ... more details
Hydrocarbon plants or petroleum plants are plants which produce terpenoid s as secondary metabolite s in sufficient quantities to make it economically feasible to convert their dry mass to gasoline like fuels. Nobel laureate Melvin Calvin has studied the terpenoid terpene biosynthetic pathway s of a number of species of plants to study and quantify this property in various species. Species include latex producing members of the Euphorbiaceae family that cannot be tapped for their liquid latex such as Euphorbia lathyris and Euphorbia tirucalli E. tirucalli . ref name Kalita2008 cite journal last1 Kalita first1 D title Hydrocarbon plant New source of energy for future journal Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews volume 12 issue 2 year 2008 pages 455 471 issn 13640321 doi 10.1016 j.rser.2006.07.008 ref ref name Ramawat2010 cite book author K. G. Ramawat title Desert Plants Biology and Biotechnology url http books.google.com books?id UNaNWN4zkqQC&pg PA37 accessdate 23 August 2010 year 2010 publisher Springer isbn 9783642025495 pages 37 ref See also Biogasoline Energy crop Asclepias References reflist bioenergy Category Biofuels material stub ... more details
of smaller companies search for onshore hydrocarbon deposits worldwide, with some wells costing ... investigation must first be completed to redefine the potential hydrocarbon drill location from ... or cap rock The hydrocarbon trap has to be covered by an impermeable rock known as a seal or cap rock ... to surface during production. Exploration risk Hydrocarbon exploration is a high risk investment ... spot An oil water contact on a seismic section flat due to gravity. Hydrocarbon in place amount of hydrocarbon ... GRV x N G x Porosity x Sh x FVF GRV Gross rock volume amount of rock in the trap above the hydrocarbon ... to 1 Porosity percentage of the net reservoir rock occupied by pores typically 5 35 Sh hydrocarbon saturation ... with proven hydrocarbon accumulations Prospect a lead which has been fully evaluated and is ready to drill Recoverable hydrocarbons amount of hydrocarbon likely to be recovered during production. This is typically ... hydrocarbon reserves authorities for example, Russia s State Commission on Mineral Reserves ... References Reflist External links http www.energyglobal.com sectors exploration.aspx Hydrocarbon Exploration ... more details
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute is on the campus of the University of Southern California . Nobel Laureate George A. Olah serves as Director and G. K. Surya Prakash serves as Scientific Co Director and holds the George A. and Judith A. Olah Nobel Laureate Chair of Chemistry. The institute conducts research in Polymer science Polymer Materials Chemistry as well as Hydrocarbon Chemistry. ref http www.usc.edu dept chemistry loker page7.html ref External links http www.usc.edu dept chemistry loker Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute University of Southern California References reflist coord missing Los Angeles County, California Category Chemical research institutes Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute Category Research institutes in the United States Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute Category Institutes of the University of Southern California Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute edu stub ... more details
Total petroleum hydrocarbon TPH is a term used for any mixture of hydrocarbons that are found in crude oil . There are several hundred of these compounds, but not all occur in any one sample. Crude oil is used to make petroleum products which can contaminate the Natural environment environment . Because there are so many different chemicals in crude oil and in other petroleum products, it is not practical to measure each one separately. However, it is useful to measure the total amount of TPH at a site. Chemicals that occur in TPH include hexane , benzene , toluene , xylenes , naphthalene , and fluorene , other constituents of gasoline , of jet fuel s, of mineral oil s, and of other petroleum products. ref http www.atsdr.cdc.gov toxfaqs tf.asp?id 423&tid 75 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons at Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry,. CDC ref Petroleum Hydrocarbon Ranges are monitored at various levels depending on the state and testing site. ref http www.caslab.com Petroleum Hydrocarbon Ranges Petroleum Hydrocarbon Ranges ref Various methods to analyze the components of TPH are introduced in a Nordic report. ref http www.norden.org pub ebook 2003 516.pdf Use of Ozone Depleting Substances in Laboratories. TemaNord 516 2003 ref The report evaluates critically various new methods replacing the old ones using banned Ozone depletion ozone depleting substances . References references Category Analytical chemistry External links http www.cheiron resources.com glossary.php Glossary of Technical Terms for Oil and Other Hydrocarbon Leak Detection and Site Remediation ... more details
protein Name aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor caption image width HGNCid 346 Symbol AHRR AltSymbols AHH, AHHR EntrezGene 57491 OMIM 606517 RefSeq NM 020731 UniProt Q9ULI6 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 5 Arm p Band 15.33 LocusSupplementaryData The aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor also known as AHRR is a human gene . ref name pmid11423533 cite journal author Baba T, Mimura J, Gradin K, Kuroiwa A, Watanabe T, Matsuda Y, Inazawa J, Sogawa K, Fujii Kuriyama Y title Structure and expression of the Ah receptor repressor gene journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 276 issue 35 pages 33101 10 year 2001 month August pmid 11423533 doi 10.1074 jbc.M011497200 url ref Function Dioxin chemical Dioxin is a Teratogenesis teratogen that exerts its effects through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor AhR in conjunction with the Receptor biochemistry receptor s binding partner, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator ARNT . The protein encoded by this gene represses signal transduction by the AhR by competing with the ARNT for binding to the arylhydrocarbon receptor. ref name pmid18000031 cite journal author Evans BR, Karchner SI, Allan LL, Pollenz RS, Tanguay RL, Jenny MJ, Sherr DH, Hahn ME title Repression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor AHR signaling by AHR repressor role of DNA binding and competition for AHR nuclear translocator journal Mol. Pharmacol. volume 73 issue 2 pages 387 98 year 2008 month February pmid 18000031 doi 10.1124 mol.107.040204 url ref Expression of the repressor is stimulated by the receptor translocator protein dimer heterodimer , thereby regulating receptor function through a negative feedback mechanism. In addition, the encoded protein can bind to nuclear factor kappa B . The AhRR ..., Birrer M, Cuttitta F title The aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor is a putative tumor suppressor gene ... author Kanno Y, Takane Y, Izawa T, Nakahama T, Inouye Y title The Inhibitory Effect of Aryl Hydrocarbon ... expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor gene in human tissues organ specific distribution ... more details
The hydrocarbon dew point is the temperature at a given pressure at which the hydrocarbon components of any hydrocarbon rich gas mixture, such as natural gas , will start to Condensation condense out of the gaseous phase. It is often also referred to as the HDP or the HCDP . The maximum temperature at which such condensation takes place is called the cricondentherm . ref http www.effectech.co.uk downloads applicationnotes.php Hydrocarbon Dew Point ref The hydrocarbon dew point is a function of the gas composition as well as the pressure. The hydrocarbon dew point is universally used in the natural gas industry as an important quality parameter, stipulated in contractual specifications and enforced throughout the natural gas supply chain, from producers through natural gas processing processing , transmission and distribution companies to final end users. The hydrocarbon dew point of a gas is a different concept from the water dewpoint, the latter being the temperature at a given pressure ... to the hydrocarbon dew point In the United States , the hydrocarbon dewpoint of processed, pipelined ... Paper on Liquid Hydrocarbon Drop Out in Natural Gas Infrastructure NGC Liquid Hydrocarbon Dropout Task ... Paper.pdf White Paper on Liquid Hydrocarbon Drop Out in Natural Gas Infrastructure NGC Liquid Hydrocarbon ... title Comparison of Methods for the Measurement of Hydrocarbon Dew Point of natural gas year 2007 ... TM Hydrocarbon Dewpoint Analyzer ref See also Natural gas processing Natural gas condensate References ... GC AppNote Natural Gas Analysis with Hydrocarbon Dewpoint Calculation on a GC Model 591TechWpaper.pdf Using a C9 Gas Chromatograph to determine Hydrocarbon Dew Point http www.eia.doe.gov pub oil gas ... Natural Gas Production and Its Transportation http www.iceweb.com.au Analyzer MoistMeas Hydrocarbon 20Dew 20Point 20article 20 20Oct 202004.doc Hydrocarbon Dew point A Key Natural Gas Quality Parameter ... &scopelist ALL ISO 6570 2001 Natural gas Determination of potential hydrocarbon liquid content Category ... more details
Hydrocarbon oil duty also fuel duty and fuel tax is fuel tax levied on some fuels used by road vehicle s in the United Kingdom . Between 1993 and 1999 the Government s Fuel Price Escalator led to significant rises in the cost of fuel which led to Fuel protests in the United Kingdom fuel tax protests in 2000, 2005 and 2007 . In May 2008, UK fuel tax rates were one of the highest in Europe. Some vehicles including local bus services, some farm and construction vehicles and aviation pay reduced or no fuel duty. With the exception of gas, rates don t vary by fuel type. Rates and receipts The rates as of 23rd March 2011 are as follows class wikitable Fuel rate note Petrol 0.5795 ref name hmrc cite web url http www.hmrc.gov.uk budget2011 tiin6330.pdf title Hydrocarbon Oils Duty Rates publisher HMRC ref per litre Diesel fuel diesel 0.5795 ref name hmrc per litre biodiesel 0.5795 ref name hmrc per litre bioethanol 0.5795 ref name hmrc per litre Road fuel gas other than natural gas 0.3304 ref name hmrc per kg Natural gas used as road fuel inc biogas 0.2615 ref name hmrc per kg Value added tax VAT at the current rate is then added to the total price. ref Cite news title Fury as fuel duty lifted 2p to offset VAT cut date 2008 11 24 publisher Times Newspapers url http business.timesonline.co.uk tol business economics pbr article5225998.ece accessdate 2009 04 03 location London first Marcus last Leroux ref In the 2012 Budget it was announced that the 57.95p litre duty would rise by 3.02p litre to 60.97p litre on 1 August 2012. ref cite web url http www.bbc.co.uk news business 17458423 title ... bn66.pdf Hydrocarbon Oils Duty Rates UK HM Revenue & Customs website http customs.hmrc.gov.uk ... CL 000856&propertyType document Hydrocarbon Oils Customs Duty UK HM Revenue & Customs website http www.hmrc.gov.uk budget updates march2011 fuel duty.pdf 2011 Hydrocarbon Oil Duty Rates UK HM Revenue & Customs website Energy in the United Kingdom sources DEFAULTSORT Hydrocarbon Oil Duty Category ... more details
Hydrocarbons for Induction of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Mediated Responses. Environ. Sci. Technol ... polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can exert their toxic effects is via the function of the aryl hydrocarbon ... systems. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor AhR is a cytosolic, ligand activated transcription receptor ... Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Category Organochlorides Category Incineration Category ... more details
or a forest fire, making the compounds potentially useful as indicators of the burning history. Hydrocarbon ... prenatal pah exposure child behavior problems title Prenatal Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon PAH Exposure ... first4 Julia year 2012 title Prenatal Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon PAH Exposure and Child .... The name comes from benzene , an aromatic hydrocarbon with a single, six membered ring. These can ... aromatic hydrocarbon. By formal convention, it is not a true PAH, though is referred to as a bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Aqueous solubility decreases approximately one order of magnitude for each ... than in the inner rings. Another relevant Clar hydrocarbon is zethrene . Image Polycyclic Aromatic ... profiles 74.html National Pollutant Inventory Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Fact Sheet http www.spitzer.caltech.edu ... of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAHs PAHs Consumer Food Safety DEFAULTSORT Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon ... more details
PBB geneid 405 The ARNT gene encodes the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein that forms a complex with ligand bound aryl hydrocarbon receptor AhR , and is required for receptor function. The encoded protein has also been identified as the beta subunit of a heterodimeric transcription factor, hypoxia inducible factor 1 HIF1 . A t 1 12 q21 p13 translocation, which results in a TEL ... spliced variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. The aryl hydrocarbon .... The ligand free, cytosolic form of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor is complexed to Hsp90 heat shock ... aromatic hydrocarbon s, results in translocation of the ligand binding subunit only to the nucleus ... Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact ... coactivators by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator complex ... interaction of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor with a novel immunophilin homolog in vivo journal J. Biol ... of the Drosophila single minded protein that interact with the mouse aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear ... laysource laydate quote ref Aryl hydrocarbon receptor , ref name pmid7628454 cite journal last Lindebro ... of aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator interactions with aryl hydrocarbon receptor ... Y, Kuo MT title Functional analysis of aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator interactions with aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the yeast two hybrid system. journal Biochem. Pharmacol. volume ... MR, Fukunaga BN, Hankinson O title Identification of functional domains of the aryl hydrocarbon ... aryl hydrocarbon receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator proteins direct ... minded protein that interact with the mouse aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein ... hydrocarbon receptor with a novel immunophilin homolog in vivo. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume ... pmc 232345 Refend PDB Gallery geneid 405 External links MeshName Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator ... more details
Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. Benzene or related words may also refer to Benzene data page Benzene and benzine are alternate names for gasoline in many countries Benzine can refer to petroleum ether Benzin is a song by Rammstein Benzene Convention, 1971 Benzyne , the hydrocarbon 1,2 Didehydrobenzene disambig ... more details
The rotanes are a class of hydrocarbon consisting of spiro linked cyclopropane units having a common n membered ring in the middle. They are named n rotane s depending on the number of carbon atoms in the middle ring. The simplest of them, 3 rotane , is a branched triangulane . References http www.iupac.org publications pac 2003 pdf 7505x0549.pdf IUPAC document Category Hydrocarbons hydrocarbon stub ... more details
Catagenesis can refer to Catagenesis geology The cracking chemistry cracking process in which organic kerogen s are broken down into hydrocarbon s Catagenesis biology Retrogressive evolution, as contrasted with anagenesis . disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 orphan date November 2009 Stemarene is a diterpene hydrocarbon created by the biosynthesis of enzyme extracts from rice. Category diterpenes Organic compound stub ... more details
File Seismic bright spot.png thumb The diagram above shows the acoustic impedance relationship that results in a bright spot. In reflection seismology , a bright spot is a local high amplitude seismic attribute anomaly that can indicate the presence of hydrocarbons and is therefore known as a direct hydrocarbon indicator . It is used by geophysicists in hydrocarbon exploration . History Bright spots were not commonly identified until the early 1970s because of the extensive and industry wide use of automatic gain control , which obscured the amplitude effects of hydrocarbon accumulations. ref name SheriffGeldart Sheriff, R. E., Geldart, L. P., 1995 , 2nd Edition. Exploration Seismology. Cambridge University Press. ref Theory A bright spot primarily results from the increase in acoustic impedance contrast when a hydrocarbon with a lower acoustic impedance replaces the brine saturated zone with a higher acoustic impedance that underlies a shale with a higher acoustic impedance still , increasing the reflection coefficient . The effect decreases with depth because compaction for sands and shales occurs at different rates and the acoustic impedance relationship stated above will not hold after a certain depth age. Below this depth, there will be a crossover of shale and sand acoustic impedances and a dim spot is more useful to hydrocarbon exploration. Caution The relationship between hydrocarbons and direct hydrocarbon indicators, such as bright spots, is not straightforward and not all bright spots are caused by the presence of hydrocarbons and therefore they should not be treated as conclusive evidence of Petroleum reservoir hydrocarbon accumulations . See Also Direct hydrocarbon indicator Dim spot Polarity reversal References Reflist http www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com Display.cfm?Term bright 20spot Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary Brown, Alistar. R., 2010 , Dim Spots in Seismic Images as Hydrocarbon Indicators , AAPG Search and Discovery Article 40514. Online http www. ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2009 In petroleum geology , the maturity of a Rock geology rock is a measure of its state in terms of hydrocarbon generation. Maturity is established using a combination of geochemistry geochemical and basin modelling techniques. Organic rich rocks termed source rock s will alter under increasing temperature such that the organic molecule s slowly mature into hydrocarbon s see diagenesis . Source rocks are therefore broadly categorised as immature no hydrocarbon generation , sub mature limited hydrocarbon generation , mature extensive hydrocarbon generation and overmature most hydrocarbons have been generated . The maturity of a source rock can also be used as an indicator of its hydrocarbon potential . That is, if a rock is sub mature, then it has a much higher potential to generate further hydrocarbons than one that is overmature. See also Van Krevelen diagram References references van Krevelen, D.W. 1950 . Graphical statistical method for the study of structure and reaction processes of coal , Fuel , 29 , 269 84. van Krevelen, D.W. and Schuyer, J. 1957 Coal science . Elsevier publishing company. http books.google.com books?id ztj2aqgh9 4C&pg PA129&dq Van Krevelen diagram&lr &as brr 3&sig ACfU3U1EemKYLWdzkM1Sr3q61ZhTAcsSXg The chemistry and technology of petroleum Category Geochemistry Category Petroleum geology geology stub ... more details
Eupione , or eupion , is a hydrocarbon of the paraffin series, probably a pentane , C5H12, discovered by Carl Reichenbach in wood tar . It is also formed in the destructive distillation of many substances, as wood, coal, caoutchouc, bones, resin and the fixed oils. It is a colorless, highly volatile and inflammable liquid, having at 20 C a specific gravity of 0.65. References 1911 External links Category Hydrocarbons hydrocarbon stub ... more details
Pay is an expression used in hydrocarbon mining . It denotes a portion of a reservoir that contains economically recoverable hydrocarbons. The term derives from the possibility of paying an income surpassing the costs. Equivalent terms are pay sand or pay zone . Overall interval in which pay volumes occur is the gross pay smaller portions of the reservoir that meet further criteria for pay such as permeability and hydrocarbon saturation are net pay . Category Petroleum geology ... more details
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