cleanup section date May 2009 A hydrograph is a graph showing the rate of flow discharge versus time ... systems and combined sewer s. Image Stream hydrograph.gif thumb 250px Stream hydrograph. Increases ... diminishing supply from groundwater . Image Raster hydrograph.png thumb 250px Raster hydrograph. The entire ... limb of hydrograph, also known as concentration curve, reflects a prolonged increase in discharge ... in the basin during the earlier phases of the hydrograph. Peak discharge the highest point on the hydrograph ... of rainfall excess to the peak of the resulting hydrograph Time to peak time interval from the start of the resulting hydrograph Discharge the rate of flow volume per unit time passing a specific location in a river or other channel Types of hydrograph can include Storm hydrographs Flood hydrographs Annual hydrographs aka River regime regimes Direct Runoff Hydrograph Effective Runoff Hydrograph Raster Hydrograph Surface water hydrography In surface water hydrology, a hydrograph is a time record ... and or snowmelt is typically the main driver of watershed discharge a hydrograph records how a watershed ... to rainfall depends on a variety of factors which affect the shape of a hydrograph Watershed topography ..., wetlands, channel and bank storage capacity Baseflow Separation A stream hydrograph is commonly ... event. The separation of baseflow from direct runoff in a hydrograph is often of interest ... outlet. Therefore separation of a purely baseflow component in a hydrograph is a somewhat arbitrary ... these hydrograph separations. The separation of base flow from direct runoff can be an important ... and applying unit hydrographs as described below. Unit Hydrograph A unit hydrograph UH is the hypothetical .... It can be defined as the direct runoff hydrograph DRH resulting from one unit e.g., one cm or one ... period of time. As a UH is applicable only to the direct runoff component of a hydrograph i.e., surface ... the resulting cumulative hydrograph. This allows for a relatively straightforward calculation ... more details
orphan date June 2010 Baseflow residence time often mean baseflow residence time is a parameter useful in describing the mixing of waters from the infiltration of Precipitation meteorology precipitation and pre event groundwater in a Drainage basin watershed . It describes the average amount of time that water within the transient water supply resides in a watershed. Many methods of determining baseflow residence time have been developed, mostly involving mathematical models using a convolution integral approach with isotopic or chemical data as the input. ref name V Vitvar et al., 2002. Estimation of baseflow residence times in watersheds from the runoff hydrograph recession method and application in the Neversink watershed, Catskill Mountains, New York. Hydrol. Processes 16 1871 1877 http www.cof.orst.edu cof fe watershd pdf 2002 Vitvar et al 2002.pdf ref Other methods that do not require such extensive and expensive data collection include Brutsaert and Nieber ref Brutsaert and Nieber, 1977. Regionalized Drought Flow Hydrographs from a Mature Glaciated Plateau. Water Resources Research . Vol. 13, No. 11 ref , which uses aquifer parameters as inputs, and Vitvar et al. ref name V , which uses the hydrograph stream flow hydrograph to determine baseflow recession parameters. References reflist See also Baseflow Hydrograph Time of Concentration Category Hydrology ... more details
Baseflow also called drought flow , groundwater recession flow , low flow , low water flow , low water discharge and sustained or fair weather runoff is the portion of streamflow that comes from the sum of deep subsurface flow and delayed shallow subsurface flow . It should not be confused with groundwater flow . ref cite journal author Kendall and McDonnell year 1998 title Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology url http www.cof.orst.edu cof fe watershd research publications book.php publisher Elsevier accessdate July 10, 2009 ref Certain parameters of baseflow, such as the mean baseflow residence time mean residence time and the baseflow recession curve, can be useful in describing the mixing of waters such as from precipitation and groundwater and the level of groundwater contribution to streamflow in catchments. ref cite journal author Vitvar et al year 2002 title Estimation of baseflow residence times in watersheds from the runoff hydrograph recession method and application in the Neversink watershed, Catskill Mountains, New York url http www.cof.orst.edu cof fe watershd pdf 2002 Vitvar et al 2002.pdf journal Hydrol. Processes volume 16 pages 1871 1877 ref Hydrograph separation Baseflow separation is often used to determine what portion of a streamflow hydrograph occurs from baseflow, and what portion occurs from overland flow . Common methods include using isotope hydrology isotope tracing and the software program http water.usgs.gov software HYSEP HYSEP , among others. References references Category Hydrology Category Limnology ... more details
Drainage density is the total length of all the stream s and river s in a drainage basin divided by the total area of the drainage basin. It is a measure of how well or how poorly a watershed is drained by stream channels. It is equal to the reciprocal of the constant of channel maintenance and equal to the reciprocal of two times the length of overland flow. Drainage density depends upon both climate and physical characteristics of the drainage basin. Soil Permeability earth sciences permeability infiltration difficulty and underlying rock type affect the runoff in a watershed impermeable ground or exposed bedrock will lead to an increase in Surface runoff surface water runoff and therefore to more frequent streams. Rugged regions or those with high relief will also have a higher drainage density than other drainage basins if the other characteristics of the basin are the same. Drainage density can affect the shape of a river s hydrograph during a rain storm. Rivers that have a high drainage density will often have a more flashy hydrograph with a steep falling limb . High densities can also indicate a greater flood risk. High drainage densities also mean a high bifurcation ratio . External links http www.learn.co.za content grade12 Geography geomorphology density Unit1 Drainage Basin at the Learning Channel Category Geomorphology Category Density Category Rivers Category Hydrology hydrology stub et J ev rgu tihedus ... more details
refimprove date February 2008 Surface water hydrology is a field that encompasses all surface waters of the globe overland flows, rivers, lakes, wetlands, estuaries, oceans, etc. . This a subset of the hydrologic cycle that does not include atmospheric, and ground waters. Surface water hydrology relates the dynamics of flow in surface water systems river s, canal s, stream s, lake s, pond s, wetland s, marsh es, arroyo creek arroyo s, oceans , etc. . This includes the field measurement of hydrograph flow discharge the statistical variability at each setting floods drought susceptibility and the development of the levels of risk and the fluid mechanics of surface waters. In depth analysis of surface water components of the hydrologic cycle hydrometeorology, evaporation transpiration, hydrograph rainfall runoff relationships , open channel flow, flood hydrology, fluid mechanics, and statistical and probabilistic methods in hydrology. Surface water hydrology includes the relation between rainfall and surface runoff this relationship is an important aspect of water resources for combination sewer sewerage wastewater or sewage , drinking water , agriculture irrigation environmental protection, and for flood control . The relationships between groundwater and surface water includes baseflow needs for instream flow, and subsurface water levels in water well well s. A stormwater engineer is a civil engineer who manages the flow, filtering, and release of stormwater . ref http www.townofchapelhill.org index.asp?NID 74 Town of Chapel Hill s Stormwater Management Division has such a position. ref References Reflist See also Hydrological transport model Runoff model reservoir Moisture recycling Surface water Category Hydrology Category Hydraulic engineering science stub fr Hydrologie de surface ka ru fi Pintavesien hydrologia uk ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The cumec is a measure of flow rate. One cumec is shorthand for cubic metres per second cu bic me tre per se c ond also cms or m sup 3 sup s m sup 3 sup s sup 1 sup . Continuing the informal usage, the plural form cumecs is also common in speech. The cumec is a slang term commonly used between workers in the measurement of water flow through natural streams and civil works, but rarely used in writing. Data in units of cumec are used along the y axis or vertical axis of the a flow hydrograph , which describes the time variation of discharge of a river the mean velocity multiplied by cross sectional area . A moderately sized river discharges in the order of 100 cumecs. One cumec is equivalent to 35.3147 cubic feet per second in the United States customary units . See also Cusec , shorthand for cubic feet per second Category Units of measure Standard stub ... more details
Image Zlatno, Zlat Moravce pohlad.JPG thumb right Overall view of Zlatno Image Okres zlate.png thumb right 300px Zlat Moravce District in the Nitra region Zlatno lang hu Kisaranyos is a village and municipality in Zlat Moravce District of the Nitra Region , in western central Slovakia . Notable people Emil Ben k , Slovak writer and journalist Michal Lukni , Slovak geographer and university teacher Michal Za ko, Slovak hydrograph and university teacher Nitra geo stub External links http www.statistics.sk mosmis eng run.html Zlat Moravce District coord 48 27 46 N 18 19 00 E source huwiki region SK type city display title DEFAULTSORT Zlatno, Zlate Moravce District Category Villages and municipalities in Zlat Moravce District cs Zlatno okres Zlat Moravce eo Zlatno distrikto Zlat Moravce fr Zlatno district Zlat Moravce it Zlatno Nitra hu Kisaranyos nl Zlatno okres Zlat Moravce sk Zlatno okres Zlat Moravce war Zlatno, Distrito han Zlat Moravce ... more details
unreferenced date August 2011 Lomba Grande is a rural district in the city of Novo Hamburgo in Rio Grande do Sul state. Its population is 4.204 2002 it is located 12 km from the urban center and occupies an area of 143.67 km, which represents 60 of the total area of the municipality. The district is divided 10 villages Sao jaco, Morro dos Bois, Taimbe, Santa maria do Butia, Sao Joao do Deserto, Wallahay, Integracao, Passo do Peao, Passo dos Corvos e Travessao. History Since 1945, Lomba Grande has ceased to be a district of Sao Leopoldo to be attached to the municipality of Novo Hamburgo. Hydrograph Lomba Grande is part of the River Sinos basin. The district is formed by Peao creek, Quilombo creek, Passo dos Corvos creek, Lomba Grande creek, Taimbe creek, Guari creek, Sao Jaco creek e Butia creek. References references Category Novo Hamburgo ... more details
. Hydrograph analysis for areas with mainly groundwater runoff . In Drainage Principle and Applications ... time step during which the recharge can be assumed constant. Computing the total hydrograph br Provided the value of A is known, the total hydrograph can be obtained using a successive number ... the runoff at the end of the previous time step. Unit hydrograph br The discharge may also be expressed ... to equation 1 , it is obtained that Q A exp &minus A.t . This is called the hydrograph instantaneous unit hydrograph IUH because the Q herein equals Q2 of the foregoing runoff equation using R 0 ... runoff equation eliminates the necessity of calculating the total hydrograph by the summation ... Aq instead of A. br The non linear reservoir has no usable unit hydrograph . During periods without ... discharge hydrograph of the watercourse at the downstream end of the same valley. ref ... reservoir. The program also contains an example of the hydrograph of an agricultural subsurface drainage ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In water related science and engineering there are two similar but distinct definitions in use for drawdown . In subsurface hydrogeology , drawdown is the change in hydraulic head observed at a water well well in an aquifer , typically due to pumping a well as part of an aquifer test or well test . In surface water hydrology and civil engineering , drawdown refers to the lowering of the water level in a man made reservoir water reservoir or tank. In either case, drawdown is the change in head or water level relative to background condition, indicating the difference in head which has occurred at a given location relative an initial time at the same location. A record of hydraulic head through time is more generally called a hydrograph in both groundwater and surface water . Effects Aquifer drawdown or overdrafting and the pumping of fossil water may be a contributing factor to sea level rise. ref cite web url http www.uu.nl EN Current Pages Wereldwijdonttrekkenvangrondwaterleidttotzeespiegelstijging.aspx title Rising sea levels attributed to global groundwater extraction publisher University of Utrecht accessdate February 8, 2011 ref References reflist DEFAULTSORT Drawdown Hydrology Category Hydrology Category Aquifers Category Water Category Water wells Category Hydraulic engineering ht Rabatman ... more details
direct runoff or infiltration from rainfall excess. It can be used with a Hydrograph Unit Hydrograph unit hydrograph to derive the runoff rate from the direct runoff by convolution . Runoff model ... more details
, and hydraulic channel characteristics. Because it is physics based, it produces hydrograph s based ... volume peak hydrograph s to observed hydrographs. Elevation data are taken from a digital elevation ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Green tree reservoirs GTR s consist of bottomland hardwood forest land which is shallowly flooded in the fall and winter. Studies have shown that the availability of flooded bottomland hardwood timber from late fall through early spring is critical to the breeding success of birds such as the mallard duck . The ducks are attracted to green tree reservoirs to feed on Mast botany mast such as acorn s under the water, and invertebrates that live in there also. Many of these were founded in Arkansas, USA in the 1930s. Initially when these GTRs were first established it was thought that the flooding would enhance the trees growth. However, recent information indicates these GTRs are increasing the mortality of trees and decreasing the trees health there. Citation needed date April 2010 The hydrograph of flooding in the GTRs now shows a pattern that does not fully mimic nature. Floods in these areas where GTRs are made were typically flooded more in the late winter and spring. However, the timing of the floods are now developed around waterfowl migrations in the fall and winter. Also these flood events are frequently too long in duration and too deep. Water is also not removed in a timely manner, allowing the water to possibly become stagnant. Floods do not naturally occur each year. Flooding these GTRs repeatedly year after year may be one of the more deleterious management methods used. At least in one case at Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge located at the lower end of Arkansas near the Louisiana border, flooding is brought about by damming the Ouachita river. Water is impounded behind the lock and dam and is held at a minimum of 65 feet mean sea level msl . Of course Citation needed date April 2010 impounding water and holding it at the 65 feet msl has permanently killed thousands of acres of bottomland forest. The bottomland forest above 65 feet is subject to still subject Clarify date April 2010 of man induced flooding alm ... more details
The Little River is a convert 22.6 mi km adj mid long ref name NHD U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high resolution flowline data. http viewer.nationalmap.gov viewer The National Map , accessed May 19, 2011 ref stream in Allen County, Indiana Allen and Huntington County, Indiana Huntington counties in northeastern Indiana . A tributary of the Wabash River , it is sometimes called the Little Wabash , which may cause it to be confused with the Little Wabash River of Illinois . The Little River follows the Wabash Erie Channel or sluiceway, a remnant of the Maumee Torrent that drained ancient Glacial Lake Maumee at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation , and joins the Wabash just west of Huntington, Indiana Huntington . The Little River is part of the Wabash River Heritage Corridor, created by the Indiana General Assembly in 1991 to commemorate the historic portage that linked the Wabash River watershed with that of Lake Erie . References Reflist External links Gnis 438131 Little River http www.crh.noaa.gov ahps2 hydrograph.php?wfo iwx&gage lrhi3&view 1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1 National Weather Service Little River Hydrograph http lrwp.org Little River Wetlands Project http www.webcitation.org query?url http www.geocities.com Heartland Valley 7029 portage.html&date 2009 10 25 07 53 11 Maumee Wabash Portage The Glorious Gate http www.in.gov legislative ic code title14 ar13 ch6.html Indiana Code Wabash River Heritage Corridor http www.in.gov wrhcc Wabash River Heritage Corridor Commission http www.topoquest.com map.asp?lat 40.8718&lon 85.5202&symshow n&datum nad83 Little River confluence with Wabash River Topographic Map from TopoQuest coord missing Indiana Category Geography of Allen County, Indiana Category Geography of Huntington County, Indiana Category Rivers of Indiana Category Wabash River Watershed Indiana geo stub ... more details
The Hydrologic Modeling System HEC HMS is designed to simulate the precipitation meteorology precipitation surface runoff runoff processes of dendritic drainage basin s. It is designed to be applicable in a wide range of geographic areas for solving the widest possible range of problems. This includes large river basin water supply and flood hydrology, and small urban or natural watershed runoff. Hydrograph s produced by the program are used directly or in conjunction with other software for studies of water availability, urban drainage, flow forecasting , future urbanization impact, reservoir spillway design, flood damage reduction, floodplain regulation, and systems operation. The program is a generalized modeling system capable of representing many different watersheds. A model of the watershed is constructed by separating the water cycle into manageable pieces and constructing boundaries around the watershed of interest. Any mass or energy flux in the cycle can then be represented with a mathematical model . In most cases, several model choices are available for representing each flux. Each mathematical model included in the program is suitable in different environments and under different conditions. Making the correct choice requires knowledge of the watershed, the goals of the hydrologic study, and engineering judgement. HEC HMS is a product of the Hydrologic Engineering Center within the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . The program was developed beginning in 1992 as a replacement for HEC 1 which has long been considered a standard for hydrologic simulation. The new HEC HMS provides almost all of the same simulation capabilities, but has modernized them with advances in numerical analysis that take advantage of the significantly faster desktop computer s available today. It also includes a number of features that were not included in HEC 1, such as continuous simulation and grid cell surface hydrology. It also provides a graphical user interface to make it easi ... more details
File Shkot n y.jpg thumb right 200px Nikolay Shkot Nikolay Yakovlevich Shkot lang ru 1829, Kostroma Governorate 1870, St. Peterburg , was a war veteran of Siege of Sevastopol 1854 1855 Siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War . He was badly wounded in the battle. After the War he commanded corvette America corvette America and troopship Yaponets ship Yaponets on Far East . The expedition made geographic discoveries at a coast of modern Primorsky Krai Peter the Great Gulf , Nakhodka Bay e t.c. and Sakhalin Moneron Island . ref http www.pgpb.ru cd primor first shkot.htm ref He was one of founders of Vladivostok and hydrograph ic post on a place of modern Nakhodka . Nikolay Shkot became Captain First Rank in 1868 . ref http www.navy.su persons 26 nya shkot.htm Navy.su ref He died in Saint Petersberg after a long illness. An Shkot Island island in Sea of Japan , a Shkotovo village and a Shkotovka River river in Primorsky Krai South Primorye , and a cape in Olga Bay are named after him. See also Pavel Shkot , a brother of Nikolay Shkot, a vice admiral . Notes Reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Shkot, Nikolay ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1829 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1870 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Shkot, Nikolay Category 1829 births Category 1870 deaths Category Russian explorers Category Primorsky Krai russia bio stub pl Niko aj Szkot ru , ... more details
Multiple issues expert subject August 2009 refimprove August 2009 context August 2009 Catchment hydrology , is the study of the hydrology regarding drainage basin catchments . Water balance Catchment hydrology is based on the principal of continuity, which is used to perform a water balance on a catchment math I O dS dt math , where math I math inputs P, precipitation meteorology precipitation OW, occult water , math O math outputs ET, evapotranspiration R, Surface runoff runoff , and math dS dt math the change in catchment storage over time. Neglecting the minor inputs of occult water, the water balance can be revised to math P R ET dS dt math . Finally, considering a catchment on a long time scale, typically a year or more, removes the storage component from the equation math P R ET math . ref Kendall and McDonnell, 1998. Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology. Elsevier ref For more information see water balance Terminology There are many terms involved with and related to catchment hydrology. These basic ones are taken from the glossary of terms in Kendall and McDonnell, 1998 aquifer baseflow drainage basin catchment drainage divide evaporation evapotranspiration event water groundwater flow Horton flow hydrograph infiltration hydrology infiltration intensity rainfall intensity interception water interception overland flow pre event water subsurface runoff subsurface stormflow surface runoff time of concentration transpiration References reflist See also hydrology isotope hydrology hydrogeology groundwater hydrology agriculture agricultural hydrology Category Hydrology ... more details
of catchment hydrology i.e. a method of hydrograph separation . Since precipitation in each rain ... poisoning of a population in history has been investigated using this technique. See also Baseflow Hydrograph ... more details
hydrology an important consideration is the stream s discharge hydrograph , a record of how ... is mmm by the concept of the unit hydrograph which represents the response of stream discharge over ... more details
Streamflow , or channel runoff , is the flow of water in stream s, river s, and other channel geography channel s, and is a major element of the water cycle . It is one component of the runoff hydrology runoff of water from the land to waterbody waterbodies , the other component being surface runoff . Water flowing in channels comes from surface runoff from adjacent hillslopes, from groundwater flow out of the ground, and from water discharged from pipes. The discharge hydrology discharge of water flowing in a channel is measured using stream gauge s or can be estimated by the Manning equation . The record of flow over time is called a hydrograph . Flood ing occurs when the volume of water exceeds the capacity of the channel. Role in the water cycle Streamflow is the main mechanism by which water moves from the land to the oceans or to endorheic basin basins of interior drainage . Measurement There are a variety of ways to measure the discharge of a stream or canal. A Stream gauge provides continuous flow over time at one location for water resource and environmental management or other purposes. For purposes that do not require a continuous measurement of stream flow over time, current meters or acoustic Doppler velocity profilers can be used. For small streams &mdash a few meters wide or smaller &mdash weir s may be installed. One informal method that provides an approximation of the stream flow termed the Orange Method or Float Method is Measure a length of stream, and mark the start and finish points. The longest length without changing stream conditions is desired to obtain the most accurate measurement. Place an orange at the starting point and measure the time for it to reach the finish point with a stopwatch. Repeat this at least three times and average the measurement times. Express velocity in meters per second. If the measurements were made at midstream maximum velocity , the mean stream velocity is approximately 0.8 of the measured velocity for rough roc ... more details
Distinguish Murdoch McKenzie Wood wikify date April 2012 refimprove date December 2010 Murdoch Mackenzie , Fellow of the Royal Society FRS 1712 1797 was a hydrograph er and cartographer of Scottish descent. He is known for his methods of surveying the Orkney Islands, the subsequent maps are known as the Mackenzie Charts are still referred to as the best guides for that area and are still in use. He is also credited with the invention of the station pointer, a navigational tool that preceded the marine sexton and Marine chronometer chronometer . ref cite web title Triangulation adopted by the British url http www.encyclopedia.com doc 1O225 chartmaking.html publisher encyclopedia.com accessdate 18 April 2012 ref Biography Born in Orkney and employed by the Royal Navy , he became the first person to accurately chart the coastline around North Ronaldsay where many vessels had come to grief. He created a measured baseline and established station points along the shore to perform the triangulation equations for the survey. His calculations of latitute were very accurate despite the use o primitive methods compared to today. ref cite web title Orcades A hydrographical survey of the Orkney Islands url http odinstone orkney.co.uk history.html publisher odinstone orkney.co accessdate 18 April 2012 ref His work led to the construction of a lighthouse at Dennis Head. North Ronaldsay and his charts are still in use by shipping today. He invented the station pointer, a tool used for surveying landscapes and making maps after his retirement, and once his nephew took over the coastal surveys. The instrument calculated the position of ships in respect to three stationary points on shore. Two crewmembers on the ship used Hadley s quadrant to determine their location in accordance with the charts. This method was used to navigate shore lines until the 20th century, but remain as a safety precaution in big maritime vessels. ref cite web title Triangulation Adopted by the British. url h ... more details
River regime can describe one of two characteristics of a reach of an alluvial river The variability in its discharge hydrology discharge throughout the course of a year in response to precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration, and drainage basin characteristics Beckinsale, 1969 A series of characteristic power law relationships between discharge and width, depth, and slope ref name lwm cite book isbn 0 486 68588 8 author Luna B. Leopold, M. Gordon Wolman, John P. Miller. year 1995 publisher Dover Publications location New York title Fluvial processes in geomorphology ref The latter is described by the fact that the discharge through a river of an approximate rectangular cross section must, through conservation of mass , equal math Q bar u b h math where math Q math is the volumetric discharge, math bar u math is the mean flow velocity, math b math is the channel width breadth and math h math is the channel depth. Because of this relationship, as discharge increases, depth, width, and or mean velocity must increase as well. Empirically derived relationships between depth, slope, and velocity are ref name lwm math b propto Q 0.5 math math h propto Q 0.4 math math u propto Q 0.1 math math Q math refers to a dominant discharge or channel forming discharge , which is typically the 1 2 year flood, though there is a large amount of scatter around this mean. This is the event that causes significant erosion and deposition and determines the channel morphology. The variability in discharge over the course of a year is commonly represented by a hydrograph with mean monthly discharge variations plotted over the annual time scale. When interpreting such records of discharge, it is important to factor in the time scale over which the average monthly values were calculated. It is particularly difficult to establish a typical annual river regime for rivers with high interannual variability in monthly discharge and or significant changes in the catchment s characteristics e.g ... more details
File Pimmit bank erosion.JPG thumb right Stream bank erosion along Pimmit Run in McLean, Virginia , the result of upstream development. Bank erosion is natural, but can be accelerated by humans. Bank erosion is the wearing away of the banks of a stream or river . This is distinguished from erosion of the bed of the watercourse, which is referred to as scour . The root s of tree s growing by a stream are undercut by such erosion. As the roots bind the soil tightly, they form abutments which jut out over the water. These have a significant effect upon the rate and progress of the erosion. ref citation title Riparian vegetation and fluvial geomorphology chapter The Influence of Trees on Stream Bank Erosion author Ian Rutherford, James Grove url http books.google.com books?id mPLnOjGXUf0C&pg PA141 year 2004 isbn 9780875903576 ref Measurement Erosion and changes in the form of river banks may be measured by inserting metal rods into the bank and marking the position of the bank surface along the rods at different times. ref citation url http books.google.co.uk books?id PJHw hSKGgC&pg PA113 date 2004 06 01 title Stream hydrology an introduction for ecologists isbn 9780470843574 author Nancy D. Gordon chapter Erosion and Scour ref This simple measurement technique can be enhanced with the use of a data logger attached to a rod of photoreceptors the logger records the voltage, which is an indication of how much of the rod is exposed. ref Citation last1 Lawler first1 D. M. title Design and installation of a novel automatic erosion monitoring system journal Earth Surface Processes and Landforms volume 17 pages 455 year 1992 doi 10.1002 esp.3290170505 postscript . issue 5 ref Control File Esk bank erosion.jpg thumb left Gabion s used to stabilize the bank of the River Esk, Lothian River Esk , Lothian , Scotland Bank erosion is a natural process without it, rivers would not meander and change course. However, land management patterns that change the hydrograph and or vegetation ... more details
Infobox Seamount Name Sedlo Seamount Depth convert 660 m ft 0 abbr on ref name ocea sedlo Height convert 2340 m ft 0 abbr on ref name ocea sedlo Map Map caption Photo Photo alt Photo caption Photo size Summit area convert 75 by 30 km mi 0 abbr on ref name ocea sedlo Translation Language Pronunciation Location Group Coordinates coord 40 12.8 N 26 15.8 W display inline, title ref name ocea sedlo cite journal coauthors Ricardo S. Santos, Fernando Tempera, Gui Menezes, Filipe Porteiro, and Telmo Morato title Spotlight 12 Sedlo Seamount journal Oceanography journal Oceanography volume 23 series Seamounts Special Issue issue 1 url http www.tos.org oceanography issues issue archive issue pdfs 23 1 23 1 santos2.pdf accessdate 28 July 2010 publisher Oceanography Society ref Country Azores Exclusive Economic Zone EEZ Type Seamount underwater volcano and tablemount Volcanic group Isolated ref name ocea sedlo Range Age Last activity Last eruption Discovered Discovered by First visit Sedlo Seamount is an isolated seamount and underwater volcano located in the North Atlantic Northeast Atlantic , convert 180 mi km 0 abbr on northeast of Graciosa Island . It has an elongate structure, roughly convert 75 by 30 km mi 0 abbr on . The summit is flat with three peaks. Sedlo Seamount sits on the ocean floor convert 3000 m ft 0 abbr on deep, and rises to within convert 660 m ft 0 abbr on of the surface. Sedlo seamount has a tablemount structure, indicating that the peak of the seamount had once been above the water, but has since been ground down by persistent erosion to its current height. The seamount stands within the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Azores . ref name ocea sedlo From 2002 to 2005, Sedlo Seamount was the target of a focused multidisciplinary study by the European Union EU titled OASIS , much of the research of which was published in 2009. Complex Hydrograph hydrographical patterns with anticyclone s and Taylor column s cause water flow around the summit. Eddy fluid dynami ... more details
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