A hydrophile , from the Greek language Greek hydros , meaning water , and philia , meaning love , is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to, and tends to be dissolved by, water. A hydrophilic molecule or portion of a molecule is one that has a tendency to interact with or be dissolved by water and other polar substances. ref definition of http goldbook.iupac.org H02906.html hydrophilic and http goldbook.iupac.org HT06963.html hydrophilicity from IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. the Gold Book . Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 1997 . XML on line corrected version http goldbook.iupac.org 2006 created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0 9678550 9 8. doi 10.1351 goldbook . ref ref http www.merriam webster.com dictionary hydrophilic Merriam Webster dictionary ref Hydrophilic substances can seem to attract water out of the air, the way salts which are hydrophilic do. Sugar, too, is hydrophilic, and like salt is sometimes used to draw water out of foods. This is Thermodynamics thermodynamic ally favorable, and makes these molecules soluble not only in water but also in other Solvent Solvent classifications polar solvents . There are hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of the cell membrane . A hydrophilic molecule or portion of a molecule is one that is typically charge polarized and capable of hydrogen bond ing, enabling it to dissolve more readily in water than in oil or other hydrophobic solvents. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules are also known as polar molecules and nonpolar molecule s, respectively. Some hydrophilic substances do not dissolve. This type ... Mass percentage fraction mass if there is at least one neutral hydrophile group per 5 carbons, or at least one electrically charged hydrophile group per 7 carbons. ref name Pedersen Medical Chemistry ... fa fr Hydrophile gl Hidr filo ko id Hidrofilik it Idrofilia he ka ... more details
lowercase Fluids Home is a computer simulation of two phase flow behavior in microgravity and microfluidics ref cite web url http news.uns.purdue.edu html4ever 2004 040107.Ladisch.chip.html title Purdue engineers develop quick, inexpensive method to prototype microchips publisher News.uns.purdue.edu date 2004 01 07 accessdate 2011 02 20 ref problems at Purdue University , using the Surface Evolver program. About The project s purpose is to develop better methods for the management of liquid rocket propellant s in microgravity, ref cite web url http news.uns.purdue.edu x 2007b 070905CollicottSatellites.html title Engineers rescue aging satellites, saving millions publisher News.uns.purdue.edu date 2007 09 05 accessdate 2011 02 20 ref ref cite web url http news.uns.purdue.edu insidepurdue 2009 090716 ResearchCollicott.html title Research focuses on fuel injection in rockets publisher News.uns.purdue.edu date 2009 07 16 accessdate 2011 02 20 ref and to investigate two phase flow in microelectromechanical systems , taking into account factors like surface tension . Systems can then be designed that use electrowetting , channel geometry , and Hydrophobe hydrophobic or Hydrophile hydrophilic coating s to allow the smooth passage of fluids. Such systems would include compact medical device s, biosensor s, ref cite web url http news.uns.purdue.edu x 2009a 090421WereleyChips.html title Innovation could make lab on a chip devices easier to use, cheaper to make publisher News.uns.purdue.edu date 2009 04 21 accessdate 2011 02 20 ref and fuel cell s, to name a few. Computing platform It uses the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing BOINC distributed computing platform. Application notes There is no screen saver. Work unit Central processing unit CPU times are generally less than 20 hours. Work units average in size around 500 Kilobyte kB . You have to run many work units to get levels of credit comparable to SETI Home or Climateprediction.net distributed programs. ... more details
In chemistry, protonation is the addition of a Proton Hydrogen ion proton H sup sup to an atom , molecule , or ion . ref Zumdahl, S. S. Chemistry Heath, 1986 Lexington, MA. ISBN 0 669 04529 2. ref Some classic examples include the protonation of water by sulfuric acid H sub 2 sub SO sub 4 sub H sub 2 sub O H sub 3 sub O sup sup HSO sub 4 sub sup sup the protonation of isobutene in the formation of a carbocation CH sub 3 sub sub 2 sub C CH sub 2 sub HBF sub 4 sub CH sub 3 sub sub 3 sub C sup sup BF sub 4 sub sup sup the protonation of ammonia in the formation of ammonium chloride from ammonia and hydrogen chloride NH sub 3 sub HCl NH sub 4 sub sup sup Cl sup sup Protonation is a fundamental chemical reaction and is a step in many stoichiometry stoichiometric and catalysis catalytic processes . Some ions and molecules can undergo more than one protonation and are labeled polybasic, which is true of many biological macromolecule s. Protonation and deprotonation occur in most acid base reaction s they are the core of most acid base reaction theories. A Br nsted Lowry acid base theory Bronsted Lowry acid is defined as a chemical substance that protonates another substance. Upon protonating a substrate, the mass and the charge of the species each increase by one unit. Protonating or deprotonating a molecule or ion alters many chemical properties beyond the change in the charge and mass hydrophile hydrophilicity , reduction potential , Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy optical properties , among others. Protonation is also an essential step in certain analytical procedures such as electrospray mass spectrometry . Rates of protonation and deprotonation Protonations are often rapid, in part because of the high mobility of protons in water. The reaction rate rate of protonation is related to the acidity of the protonated species, in that weak acids deprotonate more slowly than strong acids. The rates of protonation and deprotonation can be especially slow when protonation indu ... more details
Poloxamer 407 is a hydrophile hydrophilic non ion ic surfactant of the more general class of copolymers known as poloxamer s. Poloxamer 407 is a triblock copolymer consisting of a central hydrophobic block of polypropylene glycol flanked by two hydrophilic blocks of polyethylene glycol . The approximate lengths of the two PEG blocks is 101 repeat units while the approximate length of the propylene gycol block is 56 repeat units. ref cite book author1 Tania Betancourt author2 The University of Texas at Austin. Biomedical Engineering title Targetable biodegradable nanoparticles for delivery of chemotherapeutic and imaging agents to ovarian cancer url http books.google.com books?id qglb G7LNm4C&pg PA130 accessdate 16 August 2011 year 2007 publisher ProQuest isbn 978 0 549 34761 3 pages 130 ref This particular compound is also known by the BASF trade name Pluronic F127. Uses of poloxamer 407 Most of the common uses of poloxamer 407 are related to its surfactant properties. For example, it is widely used in cosmetics for dissolving oily ingredients in water. It can also be found in multi purpose contact lens cleaning solutions, where its purpose there is to help remove lipid films from the lens. It can also be found in some mouthwashes. There is a research ongoing for using poloxamer 407 for aligning severed blood vessels before gluing them surgically. ref cite web author Stanford University Medical Center title Sutureless method for joining blood vessels invented publisher ScienceDaily date 28 August 2011 accessdate 30 August 2011 ref Reports of adverse effects It was reported in The Australian newspaper 18 November 2006 that this common ingredient in toothpaste and mouthwash can cause high cholesterol. ref cite news url http www.theaustralian.com.au news health science dental hygiene gives you a brush with cholesterol story e6frg8y6 1111112544182 title Dental hygiene gives you a brush with cholesterol newspaper The Australian date 18 November 2006 first Craig last O Neill ... more details
chembox Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 424737780 ImageFile Butanetriol.png ImageSize IUPACName Butane 1,2,4 triol OtherNames 1,2,4 Butanetriol br 1,2,4 Trihydroxybutane br Triol 124 br 2 Deoxyerthritol Section1 Chembox Identifiers Abbreviations ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 17287 SMILES1 OCCC O CO InChIKey ARXKVVRQIIOZGF UHFFFAOYAQ StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C4H10O3 c5 2 1 4 7 3 6 h4 7H,1 3H2 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey ARXKVVRQIIOZGF UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 3068 00 6 EINECS 221 323 5 PubChem SMILES OCC O CCO InChI 1 C4H10O3 c5 2 1 4 7 3 6 h4 7H,1 3H2 RTECS EK7176000 MeSHName ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG ATCCode prefix ATCCode suffix ATC Supplemental Section2 Chembox Properties C 4 H 10 O 3 Appearance Density 1.19 MeltingPt Melting notes BoilingPt 190 191 C Boiling notes 18 torr Solubility SolubleOther Solvent pKa pKb Section7 Chembox Hazards ExternalMSDS EUClass EUIndex MainHazards NFPA H 2 NFPA F 1 NFPA R 0 NFPA O RPhrases R36 SPhrases S24 25 RSPhrases FlashPt 112 C Autoignition ExploLimits PEL 1,2,4 Butanetriol is a clear or slightly yellow, odorless, hygroscopic , flammable, viscosity viscous liquid. It is an alcohol with three Hydrophile hydrophilic alcohol ic hydroxyl group s. It is similar to glycerol and erythritol . It is Chirality chemistry chiral , with two possible enantiomer s. 1,2,4 Butanetriol is used in the manufacture of 1,2,4 Butanetriol trinitrate butanetriol trinitrate BTTN , an important military propellant . 1,2,4 Butanetriol is also used as a precursor for two cholesterol lowering drugs, Crestor and Zetia , which are derived from D 3,4 dihydroxybutanoic acid, by using 3 hydroxy gamma butyrolactone as a chiral synthon cite journal last1 Niu first1 W title Microbial synthesis of the energetic material precursor 1,2,4 butanetriol journal Am. Chem. Soc. year 2003 vol ... more details
and retain water. An ultradeformable and highly hydrophile hydrophilic vesicle always seeks to avoid ... usage in drug delivery consequently relies on the carrier s ability to widen and overcome the hydrophile ... more details
Refimprove date March 2009 File PinkBathrobe.JPG thumb right A pink bathrobe consensus agree with this img A bathrobe , dressing gown or housecoat is a robe . A bathrobe is usually made from towelling or other absorbent textile, and may be donned while the wearer s body is wet, serving both as a towel and an informal garment . A dressing gown for men or a housecoat for women is a loose, open fronted gown closed with a fabric belt that is put on over nightwear on rising from bed, or, less commonly today, worn over some day clothes when partially dressed or undressed in the morning or evening for example, over a man s shirt and trousers without jacket and tie . The regular wearing of a dressing gown by men about the house is derived from the 18th century wearing of the banyan clothing banyan in orientalism orientalist imitation. ref In 1888, Coffignon describes it an Armenian clothing which started to be worn under Louis XV , costume arm nien qui commen a tre port sous le r gne de Louis XV Les coulisses de la mode. Paris vivant , p.123. A la librairie illustr e ref The Japanese clothing Japanese yukata is an unlined, cotton kimono worn as a bathrobe or as summer outdoor clothing. Several styles of bathrobes are marketed to consumers, categorised by textile material and type of weave. Styles of fabrics Bathrobes are generally made of four different fabrics. ref http www.bathrobes.net ?p 23 Why Terry Cotton Bathrobes? Best Choices of Bathrobes Bot generated title ref Cotton Cotton is a natural fibre consisting primarily of cellulose and is one of the most commonly used fibres in textile manufacturing. Due to the hydrophile hydrophilic nature of cellulose, cotton absorbs water easily and is frequently used by the beach, pool, or following a shower. Cotton robes are especially suited to use in hot climates because cotton tends to absorb perspiration . Silk Another common fabric used in robes is silk . Silk is a fine lustrous fibre composed mainly of fibroin and produc ... more details
File Water drop animation.gif thumb Faucet dripping water. File Water molecule 1 .svg thumb 200px Structure of the water molecule water molecule H sub 2 sub O This outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to water Water &ndash chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O H sub 2 sub O . A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at Standard conditions for temperature and pressure ambient conditions , but it often co exists on Earth with its solid state, ice , and gaseous state water vapor or steam . Water also exists in a liquid crystal state near Hydrophile hydrophilic surfaces. ref Cite journal last Henniker first J. C. title The Depth of the Surface Zone of a Liquid year 1949 publisher Reviews of Modern Physics doi 10.1103 RevModPhys.21.322 journal Reviews of Modern Physics volume 21 issue 2 pages 322 341 ref ref cite web url http faculty.washington.edu ghp researcthemes water science title Water Science author Pollack, Gerald publisher University of Washington , Pollack Laboratory accessdate 2011 02 05 quote Water has three phases gas, liquid, and solid but recent findings from our laboratory imply the presence of a surprisingly extensive fourth phase that occurs at interfaces. ref Under nomenclature used to name chemical compounds , Dihydrogen monoxide is the scientific name for water, though it is almost never used. ref cite web last Bramer first Scott title Chemical Nomenclature url http science.widener.edu svb pset nomen b.html publisher Widener University, Department of Chemistry accessdate 20 September 2011 ref Chemical properties and use File Sea water Virgo.jpg thumb 200px Seawater . File Boiling water.jpg thumb 200px Boiling Boiling water . Water molecule Electrolysis of water Water of crystallization Dealkalization of water Drinking water quality standards Self ionization of water Water in water emulsion Water purification Water data page Hard water Soft water Water soft ... more details
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography MEKC , is a chromatography technique, used in analytical chemistry . It is a modification of capillary electrophoresis CE , where the samples are separated by differential partitioning between micelles pseudo stationary phase and a surrounding aqueous buffer solution mobile phase . ref Terabe, S. Otsuka, K. Ichikawa, K. Tsuchiya, A. Ando, T. Anal. Chem . 1984 , 56 , 111. ref The basic set up and detection methods used for MEKC are the same as those used in CE. The difference is that the solution contains a surfactant at a concentration that is greater than the critical micelle concentration CMC . Above this concentration, surfactant monomers are in chemical equilibrium equilibrium with micelles. In most applications, MEKC is performed in open capillaries under alkaline conditions to generate a strong electro osmosis electroosmotic flow . Sodium dodecyl sulfate SDS is the most commonly used surfactant in MEKC applications. The anionic character of the sulfate groups of SDS cause the surfactant and micelles to have electrophoresis electrophoretic mobility that is counter to the direction of the strong electroosmotic flow . As a result, the surfactant monomers and micelles migrate quite slowly, though their net movement is still toward the cathode . ref Baker, D.R. Capillary Electrophoresis John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 1995 . ref During a MEKC separation, analyte s distribute themselves between the hydrophobe hydrophobic interior of the micelle and hydrophile hydrophilic buffer solution as shown in figure 1 . Image MEKC.gif frame Figure 1 Depiction of the distribution of analytes A based on their hydrophobicity. Analytes that are soluble insoluble in the interior of micelles should migrate at the electroosmotic flow velocity, math u o math , and be detected at the retention time of the buffer, math t M math . Analytes that solubilize completely within the micelles analytes that are highly hydrophobic should migrate at the mic ... more details
Drugbox PAGENAME Lisinopril IPAc en icon l a s n p r l respell ly SIN pril is a drug of the ACE inhibitor angiotensin converting enzyme ACE inhibitor class primarily used in treatment of hypertension , congestive heart failure , and myocardial infarction heart attacks , and also in preventing kidney renal and retina l complications of diabetes mellitus diabetes . Its indications, contraindication s and side effects are as those for all ACE inhibitor s. Historically, lisinopril was the third ACE inhibitor after captopril and enalapril and was introduced into therapy in the early 1990s. ref cite journal author Patchett A, Harris E, Tristram E, Wyvratt M, Wu M, Taub D, Peterson E, Ikeler T, ten Broeke J, Payne L, Ondeyka D, Thorsett E, Greenlee W, Lohr N, Hoffsommer R, Joshua H, Ruyle W, Rothrock J, Aster S, Maycock A, Robinson F, Hirschmann R, Sweet C, Ulm E, Gross D, Vassil T, Stone C title A new class of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors journal Nature volume 288 issue 5788 pages 280 3 year 1980 pmid 6253826 doi 10.1038 288280a0 ref It has a number of properties that distinguish it from other ACE inhibitors It is Hydrophile hydrophilic , has a long half life and tissue penetration, and is not metabolism metabolized by the liver. Medical uses Lisinopril is typically used for the treatment of hypertension , congestive heart failure , acute myocardial infarction , and diabetic nephropathy . ref name AHFS cite web title Lisinopril url http www.drugs.com monograph lisinopril.html work The American Society of Health System Pharmacists accessdate 3 April 2011 ref In special populations The dose needs to be adjusted in those with poor kidney function. ref name url Lisinopril HealthDigest.org cite web url http www.healthdigest.org topics category 1373 lisinopril dosage interactions side effects how to use title Lisinopril Dosage, Interactions, Side Effects, How to Use author authorlink coauthors date format work publisher HealthDigest.org pages language arc ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
