Wall stress relaxation refers to the reduction in tensile stress force per unit area in cell wall s of plants, fungi and bacteria, as a result of movement or rearrangement of the polymeric network that gives the wall its tensile strength . Wall stress usually comes from cell hydrostatic pressure or turgor pressure , which stretches the cell wall. The wall s resistance to stretching simultaneously creates wall stress and its counter force, turgor pressure. In plant cells, the wall loosening protein named expansin causes wall stress relaxation by loosening the connections between cellulose microfibrils. The resulting decrease in cell turgor pressure and cell water potential creates the necessary water potential gradient that allows water uptake and expansion of the cell. botany stub Category Plant anatomy ... more details
The Vogt Russell theorem states that the structure of a star, in hydrostatic and thermal equilibrium with all energy derived from nuclear reactions, is uniquely determined by its mass and the distribution of chemical elements throughout its interior. ref cite book author Carroll, Bradley W. & Ostlie, Dale A. title An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics publisher Addison Wesley year 2007 pages 333 ref Although referred to as a theorem, the Vogt Russell theorem has never been formally proved. The theorem is named after astronomers Heinrich Vogt and Henry Norris Russell , who devised it independently. References reflist Category Stellar astronomy astronomy stub de Vogt Russell Theorem it Teorema Vogt Russell zh ... more details
The ascus is a diagnostic Morphology biology morphological feature of the bryozoa n suborder Ascophora hence the name of the suborder . It is a water filled sac of frontal membrane opening ascopore at or near the zooid orifice. It functions as a hydrostatic system by allowing water into the space below the inflexible, calcified frontal wall covering their whole frontal surface apart from the orifice when the zooid everts its polypide feeding tentacles by muscles pulling the frontal membrane inwards non ascophoran Cheilostomata cheilostomes do not need this structure as their frontal wall is not calcified and thus flexible . Category Bryozoans bryozoan stub ... more details
Piriform , sometimes spelled pyriform , means pear shaped from Latin pirum pear and forma shape or flame shaped from Greek language Greek fire . Piriform may refer to Piriform company Piriform , a software company Piriform, in hydrostatic equilibrium In anatomy Piriform aperture , more commonly known as anterior nasal aperture Piriform cortex , a region in the brain Piriformis muscle , a gluteal muscle. Piriformis syndrome is a neuromuscular disorder which piriformis muscle compresses the sciatic nerve. Piriform sinus , piriform recess and piriform fossa are synonyms, referring to one of the four sites of the hypopharynx . disambig ... more details
Edema blisters also known as Edema bulla , Hydrostatic bulla, and Stasis blister are a cutaneous condition that develop in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic edema , particularly of the lower extremities, and in the setting of anasarca . ref name Bolognia cite book author Rapini, Ronald P. Bolognia, Jean L. Jorizzo, Joseph L. title Dermatology 2 Volume Set publisher Mosby location St. Louis year 2007 pages 472 isbn 1 4160 2999 0 oclc doi accessdate ref See also Delayed blister List of cutaneous conditions References reflist Dermatology stub Category Skin conditions resulting from physical factors ... more details
File Communicating vessels.png thumb Communicating vessels File ANIMvasicomunicanti.gif thumb Animation showing the filling of communicating vessels Communicating vessels is a name given to a set of containers containing a homogeneous fluid when the liquid settles, it balances out to the same level in all of the containers regardless of the shape and volume of the containers. If additional liquid is added to one vessel, the liquid will again find a new equal level in all the connected vessels.This process is part of Simon Stevin Discoveries and inventions Stevin s Law ref name handbook cite book last Spellman first Frank R. coauthors Whiting, Nancy E. title Environmental engineer s mathematics handbook year 2005 publisher CRC Press isbn 978 1566706810 ref and occurs because gravity and pressure are constant in each vessel Hydrostatic paradox Hydrostatic pressure hydrostatic pressure . ref name euro cite journal last Fontana first Fabrizio coauthors DiCapua Roberto date year 2005 month August title Role of hydrostatic paradoxes towards the formation of the scientific thought of students at academic level journal European Journal of Physics volume issue 6 series pages 1017 1030 doi 10.1088 0143 0807 26 6 009 bibcode 2005EJPh...26.1017F ref Blaise Pascal proved in the seventeenth century that the pressure exerted on a molecule of a liquid is transmitted in full and with the same intensity in all directions. Applications Since the days of ancient Rome , the concept of communicating vessels has been used for indoor plumbing, via aquifer s and lead pipes. Water will reach the same level in all parts of the system, which acts as communicating vessels, regardless of what the lowest point is of the pipes &ndash although in practical terms the lowest point of the system depends on the ability of the plumbing to withstand the pressure of the liquid. In cities, water towers are frequently used so that city plumbing will function as communicating vessels, distributing water to h ... more details
A hydrodynamic seal is a type of Seal mechanical mechanical seal . A hydrodynamic seals uses a dynamic rotor with grooves that act as a pump and create an air film that the opposing sealing surface will ride on. A hydrodynamic seal performs better than hydrostatic seals by providing greater film stiffness, lower leakage and lower lift off speeds. Hydrodynamic seals have a verity of applications in multiple industries. there are a large number of various groove designs that have been proposed and tested. Types of Hydrodynamic Grooves Spiral Groove Wave V Grooves U Grooves Double V Grooves Category Seals mechanical ... more details
wikify date March 2012 L1488 IRS2E is an object located in the Perseus star forming region. A clump of dense gas and dust, L1488 IRS2E is one tenth as luminous as our sun and thus is unlikely to be a true protostar at this time. However, its density is high enough that it is ejecting streams of matter from itself, and so it is a likely candidate for the first discovered core in hydrostatic quasi equilibrium. This would mean that L1488 IRS2E represents an early phase in stellar development which has so far remained unobserved due to the short time that a star spends in this phase and the low luminosity which comes from a star not yet developed past it. External Links http arxiv.org abs 1004.2443 http www.spacedaily.com reports Astronomers Witness A Star Being Born 999.html Category Protostars star stub ... more details
hydrostatic pressure and formation pressure to prevent influx of formation fluids into the wellbore ... in Metric system. Hydrostatic pressure Hydro means water, or fluid, that exerts pressure and static means not moving or at rest. Therefore, hydrostatic pressure is the total fluid pressure created ... mathematically as Hydrostatic pressure pressure gradient true vertical depth or Hydrostatic ... has measured depth of 10380ft and its true vertical depth is 9800ft.To calculate the hydrostatic pressure ..., abnormal or subnormal. Normal pore pressure or formation pressure is equal to the hydrostatic pressure ... pressure. Abnormal pore pressure is defined as any pore pressure that is greater than the hydrostatic ... pressure that is less than the corresponding fluid hydrostatic pressure at a given depth. ref cite ..., capillary action and dilution produces hydrostatic gradients below 0.433 psi ft 0.0979 bar m ... called reservoir pressure Pressure is imposed on the walls of the hole. The hydrostatic of the fluid ... to the hydrostatic pressure HP on the annular side. If shut in on a kick, bottomhole pressure is equal to the hydrostatic pressure in the annulus plus the casing wellhead or surface pressure pressure. Normal circulation During circulation, the bottomhole pressure is equal to the hydrostatic pressure ... head the bottomhole pressure is equal to the hydrostatic pressure on the annular side, plus ... is equal to hydrostatic pressure on the annular side, plus annular pressure loss, plus choke ... the bottom of the well. In most cases, there are fluids creating hydrostatic pressures in both ... in both the pipe and annulus are of the same density, hydrostatic pressures would be equal ... pressures. When there is a difference in the hydrostatic pressures, the fluid will try to reach ... control,it is defined as the difference between the formation pressure and the bottomhole hydrostatic ... as overbalanced, underbalanced and balanced. Overbalanced differential pressure It means the hydrostatic ... more details
later be known as Pascal s law . This law has many important applications in hydraulics . Hydrostatic pressure This section is linked from Water tower See also vertical pressure variation . Hydrostatic ... dictionary.reference.com browse hydrostatic pressure ref A fluid in this condition is known as a hydrostatic fluid . The hydrostatic pressure can be determined from a control volume analysis of an infinitesimally ... cube of fluid is the weight of the fluid column above it, hydrostatic pressure can be calculated ... int z 0 z dz , rho z g z math , where p is the hydrostatic pressure Pa , is the fluid density kg m ... to infinity. Hydrostatic pressure has been used in the preservation of foods in a process called pascalization ... from assuming the pressure is Hydrostatic pressure hydrostatic . If there are multiple types of molecules ... . Hydrostatic force on submerged surfaces The horizontal and vertical components of the hydrostatic ... of the fluid. See also Communicating vessels Hydrostatic test References reflist Physics footer DEFAULTSORT ... more details
is used to generate hydrostatic pressures for movement. ref name rob Robert E. Shadwick. Foundations ... , and flatworms . Hydrostatic skeleton A hydrostatic skeleton uses hydrostatic pressure generated ... to as the hydrostatic body. The liquid within the hydrostatic body acts as an incompressible fluid and the body wall of the hydrostatic body provides a passive elastic antagonist to muscle contraction ... of the hydrostatic skeleton is a called a muscular hydrostat , which consists of a tightly packed array of three dimensional muscle fibers surrounding a hydrostatic body. ref name a William M. Kier ... create the skeletal support of a soft bodied animal. The arrangement of the fibers around a hydrostatic body limits the range of movement of the hydrostatic body the body of a soft bodied animal and defines the way the hydrostatic body moves. Muscle fibers Typically muscle fibers surround the hydrostatic ... of a hydrostatic body, resulting in an increase in the length of the body, whereas longitudinal muscles shortens the length of a hydrostatic body, resulting in an increase in the diameter of the body. There are four categories of movements of a hydrostatic skeleton elongation, shortening, bending and torsion. Elongation , which involves an increase in the length of a hydrostatic body requires either ... of a hydrostatic body. For a Radial muscle radial muscle arrangement , radial muscles radiate from ... motion, muscles are arranged in helical layers around a hydrostatic body. The fiber angle ... arrangement allows for the connective tissue layers to evenly distribute force throughout the hydrostatic ... to the fact that the fat bodies embedded within cutis and fascia act similar to the hydrostatic bodies within a hydrostatic skeleton. However the functional role of the fat bodies within the hydraulic ... function properly. ref name as See also Fish locomotion Bird flight Hydrostatic skeleton Muscular ... more details
Liquid water path in units of kg m is a measure of the total amount of liquid water present between two points in the atmosphere. ref cite web title National Science Digital Library url http education.arm.gov nsdl Library glossary.shtml anchorL publisher United States Department of Energy accessdate 2008 10 15 ref LWP is an important quantity in understanding radiative transfer in the atmosphere. It is defined as the integral of liquid water content between two points in the atmosphere. For nadir observations and whole atmospheric column we have math LWP int z 0 infty rho air r L dz math where math r L math is the liquid water mixing ratio and math rho air , math is the density of air including water loading . ref cite web title AMS Glossary url http amsglossary.allenpress.com glossary search?p 1&query liquid water path&submit Search publisher American Meteorological Society accessdate 2009 04 03 ref The atmosphere is in approximate hydrostatic equilibrium and hydrostatic equation for atmospheric pressure is given by math frac dp dz rho air g math which gives math LWP int 0 p p 0 r L dp g math where g gravity constant , dp is pressure incremet between two layer in the atmosphere and integration is between surface and top of the atmosphere. Liquid water path can also be defined between any two selected points. The liquid water path can be approximately retrieved from passive and active remote sensing such as microwave radiometer instruments, for example SSM I . Typical values of liquid water path in marine stratocumulus can be of the order of 20 80 g m . See also Liquid water content References reflist Category Atmospheric thermodynamics Climate stub ... more details
Pore water pressure refers to the pressure of groundwater held within a soil or Rock geology rock , in gaps between particles pores . Pore water pressures in below the phreatic level see also groundwater are measured in piezometer s. The vertical pore water pressure distribution in aquifer s can generally be assumed to be close to Hydrostatic pressure hydrostatic . In the unsaturated zone the pore pressure is determined by capillary action capillarity and is also referred to as tension , suction or matric pressure. Pore water pressures under unsaturated conditions vadose zone are measured in with tensiometers. Tensiometers operate by allowing the pore water to come into equlibrium with a reference pressure indicator through a permeable ceramic cup placed in contact with the soil Pore water pressure sometimes abbreviated to pwp is vital in calculating the stress state in the ground soil mechanics , from Karl von Terzaghi Terzaghi s expression for the effective stress of a soil . ISO 11276 1995 British Standards BS 7755 5.1 1996 Soil quality Determination of pore water pressure Tensiometer method , which is identical with ISO 11276 1995, defines pore water pressure as the sum of matric and pneumatic pressures Matric pressure The amount of work that must be done in order to transport reversibly and isothermally an infinitesimal quantity of water, identical in composition to the soil water, from a pool at the elevation and the external gas pressure of the point under consideration, to the soil water at the point under consideration, divided by the volume of water transported. ref name BS 7755 1996 Part 5.1 BS 7755 1996 Part 5.1 ref Pneumatic pressure The amount of work that must be done in order to transport reversibly and isothermally an infinitesimal quantity of water, identical in composition to the soil water, from a pool at atmospheric pressure and at the elevation of the point under consideration, to a similar pool at an external gas pressure of the point under co ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2008 Infobox DMU name font color FFFFFF British Rail Class 129 font image imagesize 240px background 0033cc caption manufacturer Cravens operator British Rail formation numberbuilt 3 lines service 1955 1973 carlength convert 57 ft 6 in abbr on width convert 9 ft 3 in abbr on height convert 12 ft 9 in abbr on weight convert 30 LT abbr on capacity maxspeed convert 70 mph abbr on gauge traction engine safety The Class 129 was a class of single car Diesel Multiple Unit built in 1955 for British Rail . Only three were built by Cravens and were introduced in 1958. The class was built for parcels traffic like the British Rail Class 128 Class 128 . One unit 55997 survived into departmental service being named Hydra . The driving ends of a Class 129 car bore a visible similarity to that of the British Rail Class 105 . Departmental Usage Single car unit No RDB 975385 formerly a Cravens parcels car No M55997 was converted as a test bed for hydrostatic drive in 1980 and was known as Laboratory 9 Hydra . It was fitted hydrostatic transmission having the normal Leyland 680 six cylinder engine driving two Rexroth Hydromatic axial piston pumps. Each pump supplied fluid to a Volvo fixed displacement compact axle end motor which drove the axle directly. The maximum system pressure was in the order of 400 bar. This arrangement was only fitted to one bogie, the other one retaining its normal drive but with the cardan shaft disconnected. The unit was finally scrapped by Vic Berry at Leicester. British Rail DMU Category British Rail diesel multiple units 129 Category Cravens multiple units UK rail transport stub simple British Rail Class 129 ... more details
Multiple issues wikify February 2012 cleanup March 2010 refimprove August 2010 File International Harvester 1066 Turbo.jpg thumb right 300px International Harvester 1066 Turbo The International Harvester 1066 was a popular farm tractor model made by International Harvester from 1971 to 1976. The 1066 has a six cylinder diesel engine and about 105 drawbar and 125 Power take off PTO horsepower. The 1066 is significant for its popularity, with over 50,000 units having been built in its six year run. ref http www.tractordata.com farm tractors 000 3 6 366 international harvester 1066.html ref Specifications 108 drawbar horsepower Pre 74 . 125 PTO horsepower Pre 74 . 113 drawbar horsepower post 73 . 133 PTO horsepower post 73 . DT 414 engine. Features Turbocharged six cylinder direct start diesel engine. Hydrostatic power steering. Wet disc brakes. Hydraulic assist clutch. Dual pto s 540 1000 . Synchronized 8 speed transmission, 16 when equipped with Ta. Dual hydraulics. Cabs When introduced on 1971 two cabs were available, the Custom cab carried over from the previous series and the Deluxe cab. Both cabs could be equipped with air conditioning, heat and AM radio. Updates In 1973 after the introduction of the 30 series John Deere, IH decided rather than replacing the 66 series they would give the line a tune up starting with horsepower increases by about 5 horsepower, Also IH changed the Deluxe cab, it now had just one window on the doors instead of two, the rear window now opened farther and the lower rear window was enlarged the cab was now painted all red with the roof still being white. Also in 1973 the custom cab was dropped along with the optional Hydrostatic transmission version. References reflist Category Tractors Category International Harvester vehicles ... more details
The Nested Grid Model usually known as NGM for short was a numerical weather prediction model run by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction , a division of the National Weather Service , in the United States. The NGM was, as its name suggested, derived from two levels of grids a hemispheric scale grid and a synoptic scale grid, the latter of which had a resolution of approximately 90 kilometers. Its most notable feature was that it assumed the hydrostatic equation . ref name srh http www.srh.noaa.gov ssd nwpmodel html ngmover.htm NCEP Nested Grid Model Overview . National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters. Retrieved 2010 05 15. ref The NGM debuted in 1987 and was also used to create model output statistics . ref name mdl http www.weather.gov mdl synop currngm.htm Explanation of Current NGM MOS . National Weather Service Meteorological Development Lab 1999 . Retrieved 2010 05 15. ref By 2000, the model was seen as obsolete, particularly for mesoscale meteorology mesoscale features that were not hydrostatic, and was scheduled to be superseded by the Global Forecast System GFS in 2001. However, though the NGM ceased widespread use in the early 2000s due to the GFS and improvements in the Eta model later the North American Mesoscale Model , and the NGM s short range LAMP products were phased out in 2006, NGM MOS products continued to be in significant general use alongside the Eta NAM and GFS until March 3, 2009, when the NGM MOS products were finally discontinued. References reflist Atmospheric, Oceanographic and Climate Models Category Numerical climate and weather models climate stub ... more details
peritubular capillary pressure. This causes a smaller capillary hydrostatic pressure which ... and thus offsetting the decrease in glomerular hydrostatic pressure caused by the drop in blood pressure ... increase hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus . References reflist External links UCDavisOrganology ... more details
HSE may mean Health Survey for England Higher Speed Ethernet technology term Health and Safety Executive , United Kingdom Health Service Executive , Republic of Ireland Ireland Health, Safety and Environment business term Helsinki School of Economics , Finland business university Helsinki Stock Exchange , Finland financial exchange State University Higher School of Economics based in Moscow, Russia Hamilton Southeastern Schools a public school district in Fishers, Indiana Hamilton Southeastern High School one of the school district s two high schools Hybrid search engine computer science Hydrostatic equilibrium Physics term A trim level for the Land Rover brand vehicles Holding Slovenske elektrarne , a power generation company in Slovenia Herpes simplex encephalitis , medical term Harmony School of Excellence , a charter school found in Houston, Texas that is part of the Cosmos Foundation disambig de HSE fr HSE ... more details
In fluid mechanics , the force density is the negative gradient of pressure. It has the physical dimensions of force physics force per unit volume . Force density is a vector field representing the flux density of the hydrostatic force within the bulk of a fluid . Force density is represented by the symbol f , and given by the following equation, where P is the pressure math mathbf f nabla P math . The net force on a differental volume element dV of the fluid is math d mathbf F mathbf f dV math Thus, the force density at a point in a fluid, divided by the density , is the acceleration of the fluid at that point. DEFAULTSORT Force Density Category Density ref http scienceworld.wolfram.com physics ForceDensity.html Force Density . Eric Weisstein s World of Physics. Accessed March 8th, 2012. ref References references Fluiddynamics stub es Densidad de fuerza ar ... more details
Image Myxobolus spinacurvatura.jpg thumb 250px Alataspora solomoni , a myxosporea n parasite of Atlantic Horse Mackerel, showing the arrangement of the polar capsules on either side of the sutural line. Polar capsules are structures found in the valves of Myxosporea n parasites, which contain the polar filament . The polar capsule is constructed of a protein aceous and a polysaccharide layer, both layers of which continue into the polar filament. The mouth of the capsule is covered with a cap like structure. This structure may function as a stopper plug stopper , its digestion in the alimentary tract possibly triggering the discharge of the polar filaments. Two ideas have been proposed to explain the eversion of the polar filaments. Firstly, that the hydrostatic pressure in the polar capsule pushes the filament out, rather like the cnidocyst of coelenterate s. The second is that extrusion is an active process involving contractile proteins and is calcium dependent Uspenskaya, 1982 . References Uspenskaya, A.V. 1984 . Cytology of myxosporidia . Nauka publisher Nauka , Leningrad. 122pp. Category Animal anatomy Category Myxozoa Microbiology stub ja ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Context date October 2009 Stress Migration is a failure mechanism that often occurs in IC metallization aluminum , copper . Voids form as result of vacancy migration driven by the hydrostatic stress gradient. Large voids may lead to open circuit or unacceptable resistance increase that impededs the IC performance. Stress Migration is often referred as Stress Voiding , Stress Induced Voiding or SIV . High temperature processing of copper dual damascene structures leaves the copper with a large tensile stress due to a mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion of the materials involved. The stress can relax with time through the diffusion of vacancies leading to the formation of voids and ultimately open circuit failures. ref Stress Migration and the Mechanical Properties of Copper, G.B. Alers, et al ref References references Category Semiconductor device fabrication industry stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A pressure vacuum breaker PVB is a type of backflow prevention device , used to keep non potable or contaminated water from entering the water supply. A PVB is similar to an atmospheric vacuum breaker AVB , except that the PVB contains a spring loaded poppet. This makes it acceptable for applications that are high hazard or where valves are downstream. Pressure vacuum breakers must be protected from freezing when installed outdoors. PVBs usually have test cocks, to which specially calibrated gauges are attached, in order to ensure that they are functioning properly. PVBs are manufactured by Watts , Febco , Wilkins Zurn and other manufacturers. Backflow prevention devices such as PVBs are regulated by the Uniform Plumbing Code , but may also be required by government regulations. See also Air gap plumbing Air gap Atmospheric vacuum breaker Chemigation valve Double check valve Hydrostatic loop Reduced Pressure Principle BFP DEFAULTSORT Pressure Vacuum Breaker Category Plumbing valves Category Irrigation ... more details
Eha or EHA may refer to Education for All Handicapped Children Act , a U.S. government act Emotional Health Anonymous , a self help group European Heritage Alliance, a political organization European Hydrogen Association Egg hatch assay , a laboratory tool East Haven Academy , an American school Elkhart Morton County Airport , a U.S airport which has IATA airport code EHA East Hampton Aire , an airline which has ICAO airline designator E ICAO airline designator EHA Edward Hamilton Aitken 1851 1909 , naturalist and humorist who wrote under the pen name Eha Eicosapentaenoic acid , an omega 3 fatty acid omega 3 essential fatty acid Ethernet Hardware Address , an identifier attached to most network adapters Eha, Estonian language Estonian female given name meaning dusk Eha R nne , Estonian discus thrower and shot putter Electro hydrostatic actuator , a linear actuator where motion is controlled via hydraulic gearing by an electric motor EHA Emmanuel hospital Association, Christian Health agency in India. disambig ... more details
Level measurement refers to instrumentation techniques designed to measure the height of a fluid or solid within a containing vessel. Liquid fluid measurement techniques Radar Guided radar Electromechanical Ultrasound Ultrasonic Capacitance Hydrostatic pressure Differential pressure Weight Radiation RF Transmission line methods 3D Level Scanner 3D Level Scanner The device employs an array of low frequency transducers to measure and map the entire surface area, and a patented algorithm that processes the information and generates a 3d dimensional map. The 3DLlevelScanner can measure the level, volume and mass of bulk solids in any type of container. The device was first introduced in 2007 by http www.apm solutions.com APM Automation Solutions , an Israeli manufacturer. Solids measurement techniques Radar Guided radar Weight Differential pressure fluidized RF Transmission line methods References http www.sensorsmag.com articles 1000 55 main.shtml Sensor Magazine article on level http www.omega.com prodinfo levelmeasurement.html Omega level measurement article Category Measurement ... more details
Pressure tolerant electronics PTE are electronic components or assemblies that can operate satisfactorily under high pressure hyperbaric or hydrostatic , such as oil baths , without the need of a high pressure enclosure. ref cite web last Barnes first Howard title A review of Pressure Tolerant Electronics url http www.dtic.mil cgi bin GetTRDoc?AD ADA027967 publisher US Dept of the Navy ref Typical uses include submarines and oil wells . Components class wikitable Component PTE non PTE Connectors All None Resistors Carbon film, metal film, wire wound, tin oxide Carbon comp. Capacitors Ceramic, film, solid tantalum Aluminum electrolytic, wet slug tantalum, paper Relays and contactors Open operation is significantly slower Sealed Semiconductors Epoxy enclosed Metal can Crystals and resonators Surface mount Metal can References Reflist Category Electrical components Category Electronics manufacturing Electronics stub ... more details
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