121 ImageName Stick model of the hydroxylradical with molecular orbitals IUPACName Hydroxylradical SystematicName Oxidanyl ref name Hydroxyl CHEBI 29191 Cite web title Hydroxyl CHEBI 29191 url http ... 2D skeletal.png thumb Skeletal formula e of 1 hydroxy 2 1H pyridinethione and its tautomer The hydroxylradical , sup sup OH , is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion OH sup sup . Hydroxyl radicals are highly reactive and consequently short lived however, they form an important part of Radical chemistry radical chemistry . Most notably hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of organic ... mediated oxidations of organic compounds. In organic synthesis hydroxyl radicals are most commonly generated by photolysis of 1 Hydroxy 2 1H pyridinethione . The hydroxylradical is often referred ... assessment report ref The rate of reaction with the hydroxylradical often determines how long many ... methane, which reacts relatively slowly with hydroxylradical, has an average lifetime of 5 years ... Lecture notes on Atmospheric chemistry Biological significance The hydroxylradical can damage virtually ... and amino acids e.g. conversion of Phe to m Tyrosine and o Tyrosine . PMID 7776173. The hydroxylradical ... , the hydroxylradical cannot be eliminated by an enzyme enzymatic reaction. Mechanisms for scavenging ......52.3428H issn 1520 0469 ref Global average hydroxylradical concentrations have been measured indirectly ... of 18 cm absorption lines of the hydroxyl sup sup OH radical in the radio absorption spectrum ... of Colorado on Atmospheric Chemistry. DEFAULTSORT HydroxylRadical Category Alcohols Category ... name Hydroxyl CHEBI 29191 additive OtherNames Hydroxy br Hydroxyl br sup 1 sup Oxidanyl Section1 Chembox ... atomic oxygen with water. It is also an important radical formed in radiation chemistry, since ... cracking SCC in coolant systems subjected to radioactive environments. Hydroxyl radicals are also ... organic compounds VOCs is the removal of an hydrogen atom, forming water and an alkyl radical ... more details
about the hydroxyl functional group the HydroxylradicalHydroxylradical multiple issues expert Chemistry date December 2011 cleanup December 2011 refimprove December 2011 File Hydroxyl3D.png thumb right 200px Representation of an organic compound organic hydroxyl group, where R represents a hydrocarbon or other organic moiety, the red and grey spheres represent oxygen and hydrogen atoms, respectively, and the rod like connections between these, covalent chemical bond s. A hydroxyl is a chemistry chemical functional group containing an oxygen atom connected by a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom , a pairing that can be simply understood as a substructure of the water molecule . When it appears, it imparts to chemical structures some of the reactive and interactive properties of the OH of water ionizability , hydrogen bonding , etc. . The neutral form of the hydroxyl group is a hydroxylradical . The anion form, OH sup sup is called the hydroxide anion it bears a single negative charge largely residing on the more electronegative oxygen. Hydroxyl group The hydroxyl group is prevalent in organic chemistry , where it is the defining functional group in alcohol s ethanol , methanol , etc ... water solubility and internal structural stability to macromolecules , etc. Hydroxylradical main HydroxylradicalHydroxyl radicals are highly reactive and undergo Radical chemistry chemistry that makes ... spacecraft and the Deep Impact probe have each detected the presence of water by evidence of hydroxyl ... an ultraviolet emission spectrum consistent with hydroxyl presence. ref name nasa cite web url ... of hydroxyl in the atmosphere. See also Wiktionary Commons category Hydroxyl group Hydroxide ... Category Alcohols ar bg bs Hidroksil grupa ca Grup hidroxil cs Hydroxyl da ... la Hydroxydatum mk nl Hydroxylgroep ja no Hydroksyl nds Hydroxyl Grupp pl Grupa hydroksylowa pt Hidroxila ro Grup hidroxil ru sk Hydroxyl sr Hidroksil ... more details
In chemistry , the hydroxyl value is a measure of the content of free hydroxyl groups in a compound, typically a fat, oil, or natural or synthetic ester . This value is a useful measure of the degree of Esterification Esterification of carboxylic acids esterification in ester synthesis. The method involves acetylation of the free hydroxyl groups of the compound with acetic anhydride in pyridine solvent http www.astm.org Standards D1957.htm . After completion of the reaction, water is added, the remaining acetic anhydride is converted to acetic acid , and measured by titration with potassium hydroxide. Other functional groups, such as primary or secondary Amine amines , will be reported as hydroxyl. It is expressed as the mass of potassium hydroxide KOH in milligrams equivalent to the hydroxyl content of one gram of the chemical substance , corrected for carboxyl hydroxyl groups by titration of an unacetylated sample of the same material. math HV V B W acet V av W av V acet W acet N56.1 math Where V sub B sub is the amount of titration titrant ml consumed by the blank, at the equivalent point, W sub acet sub is the weight of sample in grams used for acetylation, V sub av sub is the amount of titrant used for determining the acid value, W sub av sub is the weight of sample used for determining the acid value, V sub acet sub is the amount of titrant used for the acetylated sample, N is the normality of the titrant, and 56.1 is the molecular weight of Potassium hydroxide KOH . The standard method for determining the hydroxyl value is ASTM D 1957 See also Saponification value Iodine value Acid value DEFAULTSORT Hydroxyl value Category Analytical chemistry Category Lipids ... more details
Wiktionary radicalRadical , from Late Latin radicalis of roots and from Latin radix root , may refer to In chemistry A radical chemistry is an atom, molecule, or ion, that is likely to take part in chemical reactions In mathematics Radical symbol , a symbol used to indicate the square root or nth root Radical of an algebraic group , a concept in algebraic group theory Radical of an ideal , an important concept in abstract algebra Radical of a ring , in ring theory, a branch of mathematics, a radical of a ring is an ideal of bad elements of the ring Radical of a module , in the theory of modules, the radical of a module is a component in the theory of structure and classification Jacobson radical , the Jacobson radical of a ring, R, consists of those elements in R that annihilate all simple ... ideal, which is as large as possible Radical of an integer , a concept in number theory Symmetric bilinear form , a concept in linear algebra Radical of a Lie algebra , a concept in Lie theory In medicine Radical surgery , surgery carried out in extreme circumstances and or with extensive treatment In linguistics In an inflected language such as English or Spanish, the radical verbs also called radical changing are strong inflection exceptions to the standard patterns of word change e.g., Indo European copula to be is in most Indo European languages . Root linguistics , also called a radical , the form of a word after any prefixes and suffixes are removed Radical Chinese character , part of a Chinese character under which it is indexed in a dictionary also called b sh u Radical, one of the three consonants in a Semitic root Radical consonant , a consonant articulated with the root of the tongue In politics Political radicalism Radicalism historical , the Radical Movement that began ... Radical left disambiguation Radical left , another term for the far left Radical right , another term for the far right Radical Whigs , influential early writers on Radicalism Radical Republicans ... more details
Hydroxyl ion absorption is the Absorption optics absorption in optical fiber s of electromagnetic wave s, including the near infrared , due to the presence of trapped hydroxyl ions remaining from water as a contaminant. The hydroxyl OH sup sup ion can penetrate glass during or after product fabrication, resulting in significant attenuation of discrete optical wavelengths, e.g. , centred at 1.383 m, used for telecommunication communications via optical fibres. See also Water absorption References FS1037C Category Fiber optics Category Glass engineering and science analytical chemistry stub optics stub ... more details
enzyme Name ATP dependent polydeoxyribonucleotide 5 hydroxyl kinase EC number 2.7.1.78 CAS number 37211 65 7 IUBMB EC number 2 7 1 78 GO code 0046404 image width caption In enzymology , a polynucleotide 5 hydroxyl kinase EC number 2.7.1.78 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP 5 dephospho DNA math rightleftharpoons math ADP 5 phospho DNA Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP and 5 dephospho DNA , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine diphosphate ADP and 5 phospho DNA . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP 5 dephosphopolynucleotide 5 phosphotransferase . Other names in common use include ATP 5 dephosphopolynucleotide 5 phosphatase , PNK , polynucleotide 5 hydroxyl kinase phosphorylating , 5 hydroxyl polynucleotide kinase , 5 hydroxyl polyribonucleotide kinase , 5 hydroxyl RNA kinase , DNA 5 hydroxyl kinase , DNA kinase , polynucleotide kinase , and polynucleotide 5 hydroxy kinase . Structural studies As of late 2007, 10 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1LTQ , PDB link 1LY1 , PDB link 1RC8 , PDB link 1RPZ , PDB link 1RRC , PDB link 1UJX , PDB link 1YJ5 , PDB link 1YJM , PDB link 2BRF , and PDB link 2IA5 . References reflist 1 cite journal author Novogrodsky A, Hurwitz J date 1966 title The enzymatic phosphorylation of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid. I. Phosphorylation at 5 hydroxyl termini journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 241 pages 2923&ndash 32 pmid 4287929 issue 12 cite journal author Novogrodsky A, Tal M, Traub A, Hurwitz J date 1966 title The enzymatic phosphorylation of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid. II. Further properties of the 5 hydroxyl polynucleotide kinase journal J. Biol ... more details
A chloride hydroxyl exchanger is a purported membrane transport protein , responsible for the exchange of chloride and hydroxyl in the renal proximal tubule , functioning in renal chloride reabsorption . However, little is known about the protein responsible for this action. ref http www.nature.com ki journal v50 n6 abs ki1996513a.html Functional identity of a purified proximal tubule anion exchanger protein Mediation of chloride formate and chloride bicarbonate exchange ref . References reflist membrane transport proteins Carrier proteins Ion channels Ion pumps Neurotransmitter transporters Category Transport proteins Category Transmembrane transporters membrane protein stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Hydroxyl tagging velocimetry HTV is a velocimetry method used in humid air flows. The method is often used in high speed combusting flows because the high velocity and temperature accentuate its advantages over similar methods. HTV uses a laser often an argon fluoride excimer laser operating at 193 nm to dissociate the water in the flow into H OH. Before entering the flow optics are used to create a grid of laser beams. The water in the flow is dissociated only where beams of sufficient energy pass through the flow, thus creating a grid in the flow where the concentrations of hydroxyl OH are higher than in the surrounding flow. Another laser beam at either 248 nm or 308 nm in the form of a sheet is also passed through the flow in the same plane as the grid. This laser beam is tuned to a wavelength that causes the hydroxyl molecules to fluoresce in the UV spectrum . The fluorescence is then captured by a charge coupled device CCD camera. Using electronic timing methods the picture of the grid can be captured at nearly the same instant that the grid is created. By delaying the pulse of the fluorescence laser and the camera shot an image of the grid that has now displaced downstream can be captured. Computer programs are then used to compare the two images and determine the displacement of the grid. By dividing the displacement by the known ... instead of hydroxyl. In the case of ozone the method is known as Ozone tagging velocimetry or OTV ... Pitz title Hydroxyl tagging velocimetry method optimization signal intensity and spectroscopy ..., J.A. Wehrmeyer, S. Hu, and R.W. Pitz title Multiline hydroxyl tagging velocimetry measurements ... title Hydroxyl tagging velocimetry HTV in experimental air flows journal Applied Physics B year ... tagging in cold and not flows using ozone and hydroxyl tagging velocimetry journal Measurement Science ... AIAAJ 1999 PVJAIMP799.pdf DEFAULTSORT Hydroxyl Tagging Velocimetry Category Measuring instruments ... more details
Chembox verifiedrevid 428822964 ImageFile Hydroxyl aluminium bis 2 ethylhexanoate .png ImageSize 200px IUPACName OtherNames Hydroxyl aluminum bis 2 ethylhexanoate Aluminium 2 ethylhexanoate Aluminium 2 ethylcaproate Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 30745 55 2 PubChem SMILES Section2 Chembox Properties C 16 H 31 Al 1 O 5 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Hydroxyl aluminium bis 2 ethylhexanoate is a chemical substance derived from 2 Ethylhexanoic acid 2 ethylhexanoic acid and aluminium III . ref cite journal author Hershey, Harry C. McCauley, Victoria S. Kuo, Jeffrey T. McMillan, Michael L. title Solution properties of association colloids of twelve aluminum monohydroxy disoaps in nonaqueous solutions journal Journal of Colloid and Interface Science year 1984 volume 101 issue 2 pages 424 35 ref Nominally it is the coordination complex with the formula Al OH O sub 2 sub CCHEt CH sub 2 sub sub 3 sub CH sub 3 sub sub 2 sub where Et ethyl group ethyl . The composition is not a homogeneous compound. It is used as a thickening agent in various products, including in napalm . It is slightly hygroscopic. References reflist Category Aluminium compounds organic compound stub ja 2 ... more details
Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene HTPB is a polymer of butadiene terminated at each end with a hydroxyl functional group . It reacts with isocyanate diisocyanate to form polyurethane , a stable and easily stored synthetic material. HTPB is a translucent liquid with a very similar color to wax paper, it is highly viscous. The properties cannot be precisely stated, because HTPB is manufactured in various grades to meet specific requirements. HTPB is thus a generic name for a class of compounds. It consists of many butadiene molecules linked together into a polymer forming polybutadiene. Both ends of the chain are terminated with a hydroxide ion OH , thus giving it the name Hydroxyl Terminated Polybutadiene. It is used in model rocketry as a high power fuel known commonly as RBS. It has also found its way into the pyrotechnics industry with a use as mortar tubes for aerial shell fireworks. It is insoluble in water making it a good sealant. Although it is used in rocket fuel it does not ignite easily it requires temperatures in excess of 773K to combust. The curing agent for it is usually a polyisocyanate compound. File 1,3 Butadiene Polymerization.PNG center Uses HTPB is used in many solid rocket motors to bind the fuel and oxidizing agent into a solid mass. It is also used as a hybrid rocket fuel. Together with N sub 2 sub O nitrous oxide , or laughing gas as the oxidizer, it is used to power the SpaceShipOne hybrid rocket motor developed by SpaceDev . ref cite web url http www.spacedev.com hybrid detail.php?id 1 title SpaceDev Hybrid Propulsion publisher SpaceDev ref It also powers all 3 4 stages of the Japanese M 5 rocket satellite launchers. JAXA describe the fuel as HTPB AP Al 12 68 20 which means, proportioned by mass, HTPB 12 binder and fuel , Ammonium perchlorate 68 oxidizer , and Aluminium powder, 20 fuel . References reflist External links http www.sartomer.com ... US Patent 5159123 synthesis of hydroxyl terminated polybutadienes using glycol ether Page ... more details
Chembox Watchedfields changed ImageFile Radical metilo methyl radical.png ImageFile Ref Chemboximage correct ?? ImageSize 121 IUPACName Methyl SystematicName sup 3 sup Methyl OtherNames Hydrogen carbide III br Methyl radical Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 2229 07 4 CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? PubChem 3034819 PubChem Ref Pubchemcite correct PubChem ChemSpiderID 2299212 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider MeSHName Methyl radical ChEBI 293 09 Beilstein 1696831 Gmelin 57 SMILES CH3 StdInChI 1S CH3 h1H3 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey WCYWZMWISLQXQU UHFFFAOYSA N StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider Section2 Chembox Properties C 1 H 3 ExactMass 15.023475096 g mol sup 1 sup Methyl radical is a trivalent Radical chemistry radical derived from methane , produced by the ultraviolet disassociation of halomethane s. It can also be produced by the reaction of methane with the hydroxylradical OH sup sup CH sub 4 sub CH sub 3 sub sup sup H sub 2 sub O DEFAULTSORT Methyl Radical Category Free radicals Hydrocarbon stub fa ... more details
In organic chemistry , a radical substitution reaction is a substitution reaction involving radical chemistry free radical s as a reactive intermediate . ref March Jerry 1985 . Advanced Organic Chemistry reactions, mechanisms and structure 3rd ed. . New York John Wiley & Sons, inc. ISBN 0 471 85472 7 ref The reaction always involves at least two steps, and possibly a third. File FreeRadicalSubstitutionGeneralDescr 1 .svg Free radical substitution general description In the first step called initiation 2 , 3 a free radical is created by homolysis . Homolysis can be brought about by heat or light but also by radical initiator s such as organic peroxide s or azo compound s. Light is used to create ... the radical Recombination chemistry recombines with another radical species. If the reaction is not terminated, but instead the radical group s go on to react further, the steps where new radicals are formed and then react is collectively known as propagation 4 , 5 because a new radical is created available for secondary reactions. Radical substitution reactions In free radical halogenation reactions radical substitution takes place with halogen reagents and alkane substrates. Another important class of radical substitutions involve aryl radical s. One example is the hydroxylation of benzene by Fenton s reagent . Many oxidation and reduction reactions in organic chemistry have free radical reactive ... acid . Coupling reaction s can also be considered radical substitutions. Certain aromatic substitutions takes place by radical nucleophilic aromatic substitution . Auto oxidation is a process ... radical substitutions are listed below The Barton McCombie deoxygenation is a way to substitute a hydroxyl group for a proton. The Wohl Ziegler reaction involves the allylic bromination of alkenes ... generation of an alkyl radical from a carboxylic acid and a silver salt and subsequent substitution at an aromatic compound References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Radical Substitution Category Free radical ... more details
A radical ion is a Radical chemistry free radical species that carries a charge chemistry charge . ref GoldBookRef title radical ion file R05073 ref Radical ion s are encountered in organic chemistry as reactive intermediates and in mass spectrometry as gas phase ions. Positive radical ions are called radical cations whereas negative radical ions are called radical anions. Notation In organic chemistry, a radical ion is typically indicated by a superscript dot followed by the sign of the charge math ... Pittsburgh year 2000 isbn 0 9660813 2 3 oclc doi page 53 ref Radical anions Many aromatic compounds ... with sodium in an aprotic solvent yields the naphthalene radical anion sodium ion salt. In a ESR spectrum ... proton source the radical anion is protonated and effectively hydrogenated like in the Birch reduction ... THF dimethoxyethane 1,2 dimethoxyethane HMPA . In principle any unsaturated molecule can form a radical ... distribution of the radical anion. For instance, the anthracene radical anion forms mainly but not exclusively 9,10 dihydroanthracene. An example of a non carbon radical anion is the superoxide anion ... . Benzophenone is reduced to the ketyl radical anion by sodium which gives the THF solution an intense ... ref This treatment also effectively removes any peroxides in the THF. Radical ... is reduced to a semiquinone radical anion. Semidione s are derived from the reduction of dicarbonyl compounds. Radical cations Cationic radical species do also exist but are much less stable. They appear ... one electron is abstracted by an electron in the electron beam to create a radical cation M sup sup ... mixture of ions and uncharged radical species. For example the methanol radical cation fragments into a methyl cation CH sub 3 sub sup sup and a hydroxylradical. In naphthalene the unfragmented radical cation is by far the most prominent peak in the mass spectrum. Secondary species are generated from hydrogen ion proton gain M 1 and proton loss M 1 . Polaron s and bipolaron s are radical ... more details
Radical Youth may refer to Radikal Ungdom literally Radical Youth , the Danish political youth group Radical Youth Aotearoa New Zealand Disambig ... more details
Radical Party may refer to a number of parties worldwide TOCright Worldwide Transnational Radical Party 1989 present Europe Bulgaria Radical Democratic Party Bulgaria Radical Democratic Party 1902 present Denmark Danish Social Liberal Party Radical Left 1905 present France Radical Party France Radical Party 1901 present Radical Party of the Left 1971 present Italy Radical Party Italy, 1877 Radical Party 1877 1925 Radical Party Italy Radical Party 1955 1989 Italian Radicals 2001 present Radicals of the Left 2004 2010 Luxembourg Radical Party Luxembourg Radical Party 19?? 1932 Radical Socialist Party Luxembourg Radical Socialist Party 1925 1932 Radical Liberal Party Luxembourg Radical Liberal Party 1932 1945 Netherlands Radical League 1892 1901 Political Party of Radicals 1968 1991 Romania Radical Party Romania Radical Party 1884 19?? Serbia People s Radical Party 1881 1926 Serbian Radical Party 1991 present Spain Radical Republican Party 1908 1934 Radical Socialist Republican Party 1929 1934 Switzerland Radical Party 1830s&ndash 1894 , see Regeneration Switzerland Free Democratic Party of Switzerland 1894 2009 FDP.The Liberals lang fr PLR.Les Lib raux Radicaux 2009 present United Kingdom Radicals UK Radicals 17?? 1859 South America Argentina Radical Civic Union 1891 present People s Radical Civic Union 1957 1972 Intransigent Radical Civic Union 1957 1972 Chile Radical Party Chile Radical Party 1863 1994 Social Democrat Radical Party 1994 present Ecuador Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party 182? present Alfarista Radical Front 1972 present Paraguay Authentic Radical Liberal Party 1978 present Asia India Radical Democratic Party India Radical Democratic Party 1940 1948 Oceania New Zealand Radical Party New Zealand Radical Party 1896 19?? See also Political radicalism Radicalism historical Italian Radicals disambiguation disambig political ca Partit Radical es Partido Radical ko id Partai Radikal it Partito Radicale ja pt Partido Radical sr sh ... more details
Radical surgery , also called radical dissection , refers to the removal of blood supply , lymph node s and sometimes adjacent structures of a diseased organ anatomy organ or tumor during surgery . In surgical oncology , radical surgery typically describes the removal of a tumor or mass and ancillary lymph nodes that may drain the mass for diagnostic and or treatment purposes, as in radical mastectomy . http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com radical dissection DEFAULTSORT Radical Surgery Category Surgery Surgery stub ... more details
Free radical polymerization is a method of polymerization by which a polymer forms by the successive addition of free radical building blocks. Free radicals can be formed via a number of different mechanisms ... radical adds nonradical monomer units, thereby growing the polymer chain. Free radical polymerization ... material composites . The relatively non specific nature of free radical chemical interactions makes ... free radical chain ends and other chemicals or substrates. In 2001, 40 billion of the 110 billion pounds of polymers produced in the United States were produced by free radical polymerization ... Interscience location New York year 2004 edition 4th isbn 9780471274001 ref Free radical polymerization ... are susceptible to all types of initiators. Radical initiation works best on the carbon carbon double ... Initiation has two steps. In the first step, one or two Radical chemistry radicals are created from ... title Free Radical Vinyl Polymerization year 2005 publisher University of Southern Mississippi ... the radical is in its lowest triplet excited state. ref name h1985 An acceptable photoinitiator system ... 1985 title Photoinitiators for Free Radical Polymerization journal Progress in Organic Coatings ... is useful in emulsion polymerization s in which the radical diffuses into a hydrophobic ... and electron capture to produce a radical Figure 5 . ref name ca2008 Image Initiation ionizing ... to become a radical anion, and a monomer molecule will give up an electron at the anode to form a radical cation Figure 6 . The radical ions then initiate free radical and or ionic polymerization ... thumb 200px center Figure 6 Top Formation of radical anion at the cathode bottom formation of radical ... lead to bond breakage and radical formation. ref name o2004 Ternary Initiators A Ternary compound ... System for Free Radical Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate journal Polymer Science volume 48 pages ... Initiator Efficiency Due to side reactions and inefficient synthesis of the radical species, chain ... more details
The term radical center can refer to Radical center politics , a political movement a mathematical construct also called the power center geometry disambig ... more details
Image Radical SR8.jpg thumb right 300px The Radical SR8 The Radical SR8 is a British sports car made by Radical Sportscars that holds the N rburgring lap time of 6 55. The LM edition holds the N rburgring lap record for the fastest production car in the world with a time of 6 48. ref Top Gear, http www.topgear.com uk car news radical sr8lm 2009 08 21 Radical razes Ring , 21 August 2009 ref A prototype is being made, with the help of Radical Sportscars, into an all electric version by Racing Green Endurance , a student led project of Imperial College London . References reflist External links http www.radicalsportscars.com http www.racinggreenendurance.com the car.php Racing Green Endurance website Category Sports cars sportscar autoracing stub fr Radical SR8 ... more details
In ring theory , a branch of mathematics , a radical of a ring is an ideal ring theory ideal of bad elements of the ring mathematics ring . The first example of a radical was the nilradical of a ring nilradical ... radical . The general theory of radicals was defined independently by harvs last Amitsur year1 1952 .... In particular, every ideal in a ring is also a ring. A radical class also called radical property or just radical is a class of rings possibly without identities, such that 1 the homomorphic image ... ideal in 3 S R S R 0. The ideal S R is called the radical, or radical, of R . The study of such radicals is called torsion theory . For any class &delta of rings, there is a smallest radical class L &delta containing it, called the lower radical of &delta . The operator L is called the lower radical operator . A class of rings is called regular if every non zero ideal of a ring in the class ... radical class U &delta , called the upper radical of &delta , having zero intersection with &delta . The operator U is called the upper radical operator . A class of rings is called hereditary if every ideal of a ring in the class also belongs to the class. Examples The Jacobson radical main Jacobson radical Let R be any ring, not necessarily commutative. The Jacobson radical of R is the intersection ... characterizations of the Jacobson radical, such as J R is the intersection of the regular maximal ... of J R I under the projection map R &rarr R I . If R is commutative, the Jacobson radical always contains ... to the Jacobson radical, and more generally the radical of any ideal I will always be equal to the intersection ... radical The Baer radical of a ring is the intersection of the prime ideal s of the ring R . Equivalently it is the smallest semiprime ideal in R . The Baer radical is the lower radical of the class of nilpotent rings. Also called the lower nilradical and denoted Nil sub sub R , the prime radical , and the Baer McCoy radical . Every element of the Baer radical is nilpotent , so it is a nil ideal ... more details
Radical left is a term for the far left politics farthest left of left wing politics . It is also present in the names of several political movements Det Radikale Venstre , a social liberal party in Denmark Radical Party of the Left French Parti Radical de Gauche , a social liberal party in France Radical Left France , a liberal parliamentary group during the French Third Republic Radical Left Front , an alliance of political parties in Greece See also Far left politics Radicalism historical Ultra leftism fr Gauche radicale it Sinistra radicale he nl Extreemlinks pl Skrajna lewica sv V nsterradikalism disambig ... more details
. Citation needed date March 2008 Many radical cheerleaders some of whom are male, transgender or non ... places radical cheerleading within a tradition of playful feminist comment on popular culture. ref ... accessdate 2012 01 24 year 2004 url http www.msmagazine.com winter2004 thirdwave.asp ref Radical ... and other radical festivals and events. Radical cheerleading is used at demonstrations to promote a radical message in a media friendly, people friendly way. It is also used to support the actions .... Citation needed date March 2008 Radical cheerleaders may also perform on stage at music venues, to bring ... frequently used this tactic. One of the most notable radical cheerleading appearances was at the March ... awareness about the lack of access low income women have to abortion clinics. Radical cheerleaders ... are usually written from scratch or by rewriting the words of popular and historic songs. Radical cheerleaders dress in diverse ways but often wear a combination of red or pink and black . Some radical ... band and then cutting strips from the other end. See also Commons category Radical cheerleading Anarchism Mary Christmas , one of the founding members of New York City s Radical Cheerleaders ... reading cite news title Radical Cheerleaders Raise Ruckus date November 14, 2003 accessdate September ... main583821.shtml work CBS News External links http theorem.ca mvcorks radicalcheers start.html Radical ... Feminism and the arts es Radical cheerleading he sv Radical cheerleading ... more details
In mathematics , in the realm of abstract algebra , a radical polynomial is a multivariate polynomial over a field that can be expressed as a polynomial in the sum of squares of the variables. That is, if math k x 1, x 2, ldots, x n math is a polynomial ring , the ring of radical polynomials is the subring generated by the polynomial math sum i 1 n x i 2. math Radical polynomials are characterized as precisely those polynomials that are invariant mathematics invariant under the action of the orthogonal group . The ring of radical polynomials is a graded algebra graded subalgebra of the ring of all polynomials. The standard separation of variables theorem asserts that every polynomial can be expressed as a finite sum of terms, each term being a product of a radical polynomial and a harmonic polynomial . This is equivalent to the statement that the ring of all polynomials is a free module over the ring of radical polynomials. References unreferenced date June 2008 Category Abstract algebra Category Polynomials Category Invariant theory Abstract algebra stub ... more details
Radical Society the full name is Radical Society A Review of Culture and Politics is a quarterly journal published by Radical Society, Ltd. It continues the journal Socialist Review US . Timothy Don is the current editor of Radical Society . The journal is currently on an indefinite hiatus, due to editorial departures and academic commitments of writers it is unclear at this stage whether another issue will be published. History Radical Society was launched in April 2002 with the 29th volume of journal. The founding editors of Radical Society were Kira Brunner, Gina Neff, Rachel Neumann, and Greg Smithsimon. Lisa M. Brown, an illustrator and wife of Daniel Handler , designed the layout. Volumes 29 and 30 were published by Routledge. Beginning with volume 31 the journal was independently published by Radical Society, Ltd. of New York. Purpose and Mission In the first issue, the editors wrote that the inspirations for the journal were both old and new from The Masses and Emma Goldman s Mother Earth magazine Mother Earth to the Harlem Renaissance and the Paris Commune , from the end of the cold war to the beginnings of a new global justice movement . ref From the Editor, Radical Society , 29, 1, April 2002. ref Authors and Artists Radical Society has published an interviews of filmmaker John Sayles and historian Howard Zinn , New Yorker writer George Packer , and sociologist Stanley Aronowitz . They have also printed essays by gnes Heller , Daraka Larimore Hall , Stephen Duncombe , Doug Henwood , Liza Featherstone , Christian Parenti , William Thornton, Lisa Levy, Daniel Radosh , Jennifer Lena and Allen Shelton. References reflist Category Cultural journals Radical Society Category American political magazines Radical Society academic journal stub ... more details
In chemistry , a radical clock is a chemical compound that assists in the indirect methodology to determine the kinetics chemistry kinetics of a free radical reaction . The radical clock compound itself ... 115 pages 939 947 title Radical Clock Substrate Probes and Kinetic Isotope Effect Studies of the Hydroxylation ... s, carbanion s, and carbene s, interests in radical intermediates reactions have increased ... of radical reactions. The two possible ways to measure the reaction rates are direct and indirect ... or application to the wide variety of types of radical reactions of chemical interest ... Radical Clocks doi 10.1021 jo0601462 ref ref name Griller cite journal authors Griller, D. Ingold, K.U. journal Acc. Chem. Res. year 1980 volume 13 pages 317 323 title Free radical clocks doi 10.1021 ... Radical clock reactions involve a competition between a unimolecular Radical chemistry radical reaction with a known rate constant and a bimolecular radical reaction with an unknown rate constant to produce unrearranged and rearranged products. The rearrangement of an unrearranged radical, U , proceeds ..., the known rate constant of the radical clock, and the ratio of the products, the unknown rate constant ... year 1993 volume 49 issue 6 pages 1151 1176 title Competition Methods and Scales for Alkyl Radical ... The driving force behind radical clock reactions is their ability to rearrange. ref name Johnson Some common radical clocks are radical cyclizations, ring openings, and 1,2 migrations. ref name Griller ... ref name Johnson center class wikitable valign bottom File Radical Cyclization.svg 200px valign bottom File Ring Opening.svg 200px center 5 hexenyl radical undergoes cyclization to produce a five ... is 2.3× 10 sup 5 sup s sup 1 sup at 298 K. ref name Yao Cyclopropylmethyl radical undergoes ... of fast radical clocks . Ring opening rates for ring and alkyl substituted cyclopropylcarbinyl radicals and for the bicyclo 2.1.0 pent 2 yl radical doi 10.1021 ja00015a024 ref In order to determine ... more details
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