Image Tinkerhypoalert.jpg thumb right Deceased hypo alert dog Tinker and his diabetic owner Paul Jackson from Durham, UK A hypo alert dog is a type of assistance dog trained to provide alerts to their diabetic owners when their blood sugar levels start to become hypoglycemic and sometimes hyperglycemic also. ref http www.usatoday.com yourlife pets dogs 2010 10 14 diabetesdogs14 ST N.htm?loc interstitialskip Dogs alert diabetes patients when blood sugar is off ref Description Hypo alert dogs are trained to alert diabetic owners in advance of low hypoglycemia or high hyperglycemia blood sugar events before they become dangerous, so their owners can take steps to return their blood sugar to normal, such as using glucose sweets or taking insulin. The dogs are trained to accompany their owners wherever they travel in the manner as guide dog s and assistance dog s. In the UK the scheme is overseen by Cancer & Bio Detection Dogs. In 2009 a dog named Tinker from Durham City, now deceased, became the first British assistance dog to be officially registered for a type 2 diabetic owner. He was able to give his owner Paul Jackson up to half an hour warning before an attack occurred. The training process is done much like that of a termite detection dog. The dog is rewarded for finding a high blood sugar it is supposed to smell like tutty fruity gum or the low blood sugar that is supposed to smell like rusty water or nail polish remover. The dogs will alert on other diabetics beyond their handler. See also assistance dog guide dog medical response dog References reflist http www.cancerdogs.org.uk diabetes detection Cancer & Bio Detection Dogs section on Hypo Alert Dogs http www.reuters.com article lifestyleMolt idUSTRE55L2B020090622 Reuters article http www.thefreelibrary.com British dogs trained to sniff out diabetes a01611906966 Freelibrary.com reference External links http cancerdogs.co.uk ?page id 8 Cancer & Bio Detection Dogs section on hypo alert dogs http puptky.giving.of ... more details
An intravenous sugar solution is a solution with a sugar usually glucose , a.k.a. dextrose, with water as the solvent used for intravenous therapy , where it may function both as a volume expander and a means of parenteral nutrition . Types Types of glucose dextrose include D5W 5 dextrose in water , which consists of 278 mmol L dextrose D5NS 5 dextrose in normal saline , which, in addition, contains normal saline 0.90 percentage solution w v of sodium chloride NaCl . D5 1 2NS 5 dextrose in half amount of normal saline 0.45 w v of NaCl . ref http emedicine.medscape.com article 241094 treatment eMedicine Hypernatremia Treatment & Medication By Ivo Lukitsch and Trung Q Pham. Updated Apr 19, 2010 ref The percentage is a Mass fraction chemistry mass percentage , so a 5 glucose dextrose solution contains 50 milligram mg milliliter ml of glucose dextrose. Glucose provides energy 4 kcal gram, so a 5 glucose solution provides 0.2 kilocalories kcal ml. If prepared from dextrose monohydrate , which provides 3.4 kcal gram, a 5 solution provides 0.17 kcal ml. ref http health.csusb.edu dchen 368 20stuff TPN 20calculation.htm Calculating Parenteral Feedings D. Chen Maynard at California State University, San Bernardino . Retrieved September 2010. HSCI 368 ref Indications Administering a 5 sugar solution peri and postoperatively usually achieves a good balance between starvation reactions and hyperglycemia caused by sympathetic nervous system sympathetic activation . A 10 solution may be more appropriate when the stress response from the reaction has decreased, after approximately one day after surgery. After more than approximately 2 days, a more complete regimen of total parenteral nutrition is indicated. See also Parenteral nutrition References reflist Intravenous therapy Category Therapy it Soluzione glucosata ... more details
Diabetes detection dogs are assistance dog assistance dogs trained to detect high or low levels of blood sugar levels, known as hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia in humans with diabetes . History The first dog trained to detect hypoglycemia was a Californian dog called Armstrong in 2003. The success of Armstrong led to the foundation of Dogs for Diabetics , a charity that trains diabetes detection dogs. ref name dogs4diabetics cite web url http www.dogs4diabetics.com about d4d.html title About Dogs4Diabetics work dogs4diabetics.com publisher Dogs for Diabetics accessdate 25 May 2011 ref Medical Detection Dogs, a charity in England also trains detection dogs. ref name telegraph cite news title Amazing dog smells diabetic emergencies author url http www.telegraph.co.uk news newstopics howaboutthat 8309298 Amazing dog smells diabetic emergencies.html newspaper The Telegraph date 7 February 2011 accessdate 25 May 2011 ref ref name medalertdogs cite web url http assistance.medicaldetectiondogs.org.uk title Medical Alert Dogs author date work publisher Medical Detection Dogs accessdate 25 May 2011 ref Detection When owners with type 1 diabetes begin to experience hypoglycemia, the detection dogs bark to inform the person. ref name reuters cite news title British dogs trained to sniff out diabetes author Cooper, Georgina url http www.reuters.com article 2009 06 22 us diabetes dogs idUSTRE55L2B020090622 newspaper Reuters date 22 June 2009 accessdate 25 May 2011 ref References reflist Category Assistance dogs Category Diabetes ... more details
Taxobox regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Asterids ordo Asterales familia Asteraceae genus Pluchea species P. indica binomial Pluchea indica binomial authority Carl Linnaeus L. Christian Friedrich Lessing Less. synonyms Baccharis indica small L. small basionym Pluchea indica , known as Indian camphorweed , ref cite web url http plants.usda.gov java profile?symbol PLIN4 title Pluchea indica L. Less. work PLANTS Profile publisher United States Department of Agriculture accessdate March 30, 2012 ref is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae . It contains the compounds sitosterol and stigmasterol , which are both anti diabetic s. ref cite journal author Rajnish Gupta, Anil K. Sharma, M. P. Dobhal, M. C. Sharma & R. S. Gupta year 2011 title Antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of sitosterol in streptozotocin induced experimental hyperglycemia journal Journal of Diabetes volume 3 issue 1 pages 29 37 doi 10.1111 j.1753 0407.2010.00107.x ref The venom s of the snakes Daboia russelii and Naja kaouthia are neutralised by sitosterol and stigmasterol isolated from the root extract of Pluchea indica . ref cite journal author A. Gomes, Archita Saha, Ipshita Chatterjee & A. K. Chakravarty yaer 2007 title Viper and cobra venom neutralization by b sitosterol and stigmasterol isolated from the root extract of Pluchea indica Less. Asteraceae journal Phytomedicine volume 14 issue 9 pages 637 643 doi 10.1016 j.phymed.2006.12.020 pmid 17293096 ref References reflist Category Pluchea indica Category Plants described in 1753 Asteroideae stub ... more details
in hyperglycemia, which increases insulin requirements in diabetic patients. The passage of beta agonists ... or hyperglycemia at birth. Patients with type 2 diabetes , high blood pressure or migraines ... more details
rats, monkeys, hamsters show that acidic guanidine derivatives such as GPA can ameliorate hyperglycemia ... Action of Guanidinoalkanoic Acids 3 Guanidinopropionic Acid Ameliorates Hyperglycemia ... more details
hyperglycemia , was able to differentiate two patients who had similar, near goal, Hemoglobin ... S title 1,5 anhydroglucitol and postprandial hyperglycemia as measured by continuous glucose monitoring ... until glucose values go below 180 mg dL. Once hyperglycemia is corrected, 1,5 AG begins to be re ... more details
time that the complications seen in diabetes are related to the hyperglycemia associated to it, several ... that the extracellular hyperglycemia leads to an intracellular hyperglycemia in cells unable ..., Edelstein D, Rossetti L, et al. title Hyperglycemia induced mitochondrial superoxide overproduction ... that hyperglycemia causes an increase in the flux through aldose reductase and the polyol pathway ... Third, hyperglycemia causes an increase in diacylglycerol , which is also an activator of the Protein ..., diabetes leads to a persistent hyperglycemia very often accompanied by a hyperlipidemia. This alters ... associated with hyperglycemia that plague endothelial cells. In order to protect themselves from the extracellular hyperglycemia, cardiac cells can internalize their insulin dependent glucose transporter ... precedes the appearance of hyperglycemia in type II diabetes. It is likely due to the increased ..., Hu P, et al. title Reduced cardiac efficiency and altered substrate metabolism precedes the onset of hyperglycemia ... and are related to a decrease in the chem Na chem H pump activity due to hyperglycemia. ref cite journal ... more details
2. MODY was originally applied to any child or young adult who had persistent, asymptomatic hyperglycemia ... even rarer types of hyperglycemia e.g., mitochondrial diabetes or mutant insulin . Many of these patients ... forms of MODY produce significant hyperglycemia and the typical signs and http diabetesdirectory.org ... of relatives of a person discovered to have diabetes. Discovery of mild hyperglycemia during ... in hyperglycemic and diabetic patients Mild to moderate hyperglycemia typically 130 250 mg ... in a viable child. Management Unfortunately, chronic hyperglycemia of any cause can eventually ... more details
hemiballismus. File Hemichorea and dystonia.ogv thumb Hyperglycemia induced involuntary movements ... bilateral dystonia in a 62 year old Japanese woman with type 1 diabetes . Nonketotic Hyperglycemia br Patients with nonketotic hyperglycemia can develop hemiballismus as a complication to the disease ... hyperglycemia induced hemiballism journal American Journal of Neuroradiology volume 29 pages 526 ... of hemiballismus as a result of hyperglycemia. Hemiballistic movements appear when blood glucose ... . While the hyperglycemia itself is not the cause of the hemiballistic movements, it has been suggested ... to the hyperglycemia. One of these issues could be responsible for the hemiballistic movements ... of this disorder. This could be hyperglycemia , infections, or neoplastic lesions . Some patients ... more details
Multiple issues expert subject June 2008 orphan February 2009 confusing February 2009 GSK716155 Albugon is a recombinant Human Glucagon like Peptide GLP 1 Albumin Protein created using Human Genome Sciences proprietary albumin fusion technology, which involves fusing the gene that expresses human albumin to the gene that expresses a therapeutically active protein GLP 1 sup 1 sup . It is an agonist of the Glucagon like Peptide 1 Receptor GLP1R and is currently undergoing clinical drug trials for treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The fusing of therapeutic proteins to human albumin decreases clearance and prolongs the half life of therapeutically active proteins in the body sup 1 sup . GSK716155 and other GLP 1 agonists effects GSK716155 mimics the effects of GLP 1 which activates GLP 1 receptors on beta cells in the pancreas sup 2 sup . GLP 1 is a 30 amino acid peptide hormone from a family called incretins secreted from gut endocrine cells that acts throughout the body to help maintain healthy blood sugar levels and to control appetite. Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, relative insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. Normally GLP 1 levels rise during a meal to help the body utilize and control the elevation in blood sugar levels, but this response is hindered in Type 2 diabetics sup 3 sup . If injected to treat hyperglycemia it stimulates insulin production and inhibits glucagon secretion in the pancreas. GLP 1 itself can be used to treat diabetes, but it only has a half life of around 5 minutes by attaching the albumin this half life is significantly increased, so that there are detectable levels 11 15 hours after administration sup 2 sup . GLP 1 also contributes to the health and survival of the insulin producing cells in the body. Studies in rodents and humans illustrate that the incretin hormones play a central role in the homeostasis of pancreatic cell mass as well as function. Chronic treatment of both normal and ... more details
Pediatric endocrinology British English British Paediatric is a medical subspecialty dealing with variations of physical human development biology growth and sexual development in childhood, as well as diabetes and other disorders of the endocrine gland s. By age, pediatric endocrinologists, depending upon the age range of the patients they treat, care for patients from infancy to late adolescence and young adulthood. By disease, the most common disease of the specialty is type 1 diabetes , which usually accounts for at least 50 of a typical clinical practice. The next most common problem is growth disorders, especially those amenable to growth hormone treatment . Pediatric endocrinologists are usually the primary physicians involved in the medical care of infants and children with intersex disorders. The specialty also deals with hypoglycemia and other forms of hyperglycemia in childhood, variations of puberty , as well other adrenal , thyroid , and pituitary problems. Many pediatric endocrinologists have interests and expertise in bone metabolism, lipid metabolism, adolescent gynecology, or inborn errors of metabolism. In the United States and Canada, pediatric endocrinology is a subspecialty of the American Board of Pediatrics, with board certification following fellowship training. It is a relatively small and primarily cognitive specialty, with few procedures and an emphasis on diagnostic evaluation. Most pediatric endocrinologists in North America and many from around the world can trace their professional genealogy to Lawson Wilkins , who pioneered the specialty in the pediatrics department of Johns Hopkins Medical School and the Harriet Lane Home in Baltimore in between the late 1940s and the mid 1960s. The principal North American professional association was originally named the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society http www.lwpes.org , now renamed the Pediatruic Endocrine Society. Other longstanding pediatric endocrine associations include the Europe ... more details
chembox Name small D small Psicose verifiedrevid 450939867 ImageFile Psicose.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName 3R,4R,5R 1,3,4,5,6 pentahydroxyhexan 2 one OtherNames Allulose Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 81254 InChI 1 C6H12O6 c7 1 3 9 5 11 6 12 4 10 2 8 h3,5 9,11 12H,1 2H2 t3 ,5 ,6 m1 s1 InChIKey BJHIKXHVCXFQLS PUFIMZNGBH StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C6H12O6 c7 1 3 9 5 11 6 12 4 10 2 8 h3,5 9,11 12H,1 2H2 t3 ,5 ,6 m1 s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey BJHIKXHVCXFQLS PUFIMZNGSA N CASNo 23140 52 5 PubChem 90008 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 27605 SMILES O C C H O C H O C H O CO CO MeSHName psicose Section2 Chembox Properties C 6 H 12 O 6 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition small D small Psicose small D small allulose, small D small ribo 2 hexulose, Carbon C sub 6 sub Hydrogen H sub 12 sub Oxygen O sub 6 sub is an ultralow energy monosaccharide sugar . It is a C 3 epimer of small D small fructose , and is present in small quantities in agricultural products and commercially prepared carbohydrate complex es. It is known as a rare sugar because it is rarely found in nature, and even when found, only in small amounts. small D small Psicose yields only 0.3 the metabolic energy of the equivalent amount of sucrose . Its name derives from the antibiotic psicofuranine , from which it can be isolated. Research is being conducted into how it can be used in diets to aid in combating hyperglycemia , hyperlipidemia , and obesity . External links http rare sugar.com Rare Sugar Research Center Carbohydrates Category Ketohexoses be bg ca Psicosa de Psicose es Psicosa fr Psicose fy Psikoaze gl Psicosa ja pt Psicose carboidrato ru sr Psikoza sv Psicos tr Psikoz karbonhidrat zh ... more details
expert Pharmacology date March 2010 Drugbox Verifiedfields changed Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 458271650 IUPAC name Clinical data tradename Apidra Drugs.com drugs.com monograph insulin glulisine MedlinePlus a607033 pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US C pregnancy category legal AU Unscheduled S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK POM legal US Rx only legal status routes of administration Subcutaneous Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID NA CAS number Ref cascite changed ?? CAS number 207748 29 6 ATC prefix A10 ATC suffix AB06 PubChem DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank DB01309 UNII Ref fdacite changed FDA UNII 7XIY785AZD KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D04540 Chemical data C 258 H 384 N 64 O 78 S 6 molecular weight 5823 g mol Insulin glulisine is a rapid acting insulin analogue that differs from human insulin in that the amino acid asparagine at position B3 is replaced by lysine and the lysine in position B29 is replaced by glutamic acid . ref DailyMed http dailymed.nlm.nih.gov dailymed archives fdaDrugInfo.cfm?archiveid 7137 apidra insulin glulisine injection, solution ref It was developed by Sanofi Aventis and sold under the trade name Apidra . ref cite book title Austria Codex editor Jasek, W publisher sterreichischer Apothekerverlag location Vienna year 2007 edition 2007 2008 isbn 3 85200 181 4 language German ref When injected subcutaneously, it appears in the blood earlier than human insulin. ref cite doi 10.2165 00003495 200969080 00006 ref When used as a meal time insulin, the dose is given within 15 minutes before a meal or within 20 minutes after starting a meal. ref Drugs.com http www.drugs.com monograph insulin glulisine.html Insulin Glulisine ref Intravenous injections may also be used for extreme hyperglycemia, but must be performed under the ... more details
wiktionary Postprandial noun form postprandium means after eating a meal ref MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary. http www2.merriam webster.com cgi bin mwmednlm?book Medical&va postprandial Postprandial. Last accessed July 13, 2007. ref while preprandial is before a meal. Usages of the term This term is used in many contexts but also in relation to blood sugar or blood glucose levels, which are normally measured 2 hours after and before eating in a postprandial glucose test . For example, the American Diabetes Association recommends a postprandial glucose level under 180 mg dl and a preprandial plasma glucose between 70 130 mg dl. ref American Diabetes Association. January 2006 Diabetes Care. Standards of Medical Care Table 6 and Table 7, Correlation between A1C level and Mean Plasma Glucose Levels on Multiple Testing over 2 3 months. Vol. 29 Supplement 1 Pages 51 580. ref However, this is not the only context in which this term is used. File Postprandial thermogenesis.png thumb Postprandial thermogenesis increases metabolic rate to different degree depending on food constituents. Postprandial hyperglycemia PPHG is high blood sugar following a meal. It can be evaluated in a postprandial glucose test . Postprandial dip is a mild decrease in blood sugar after eating a big meal. Postprandial hypotension is a drastic decline in blood pressure which happens after eating a meal. ref Merck Manual Home Health Handbook. http www.merckmanuals.com home heart and blood vessel disorders low blood pressure postprandial hypotension.html Postprandial Hypotension. Last revised February 2003. Last accessed July 13, 2007. ref Postprandial Regurgitation digestion regurgitation is a unique symptom of rumination syndrome . Postprandial thermogenesis is heat production due to metabolism after a meal, temporarily increasing the metabolic rate . Postprandial abdominal distension usually refers to bloating of the abdomen following a meal, especially a large one. It is generally harmless, but tend ... more details
Critical illness polyneuropathy CIP and critical illness myopathy CIM are overlapping syndrome s of widespread muscle weakness and neurology neurological dysfunction that can develop in intensive care medicine critically ill patients receiving intensive care . CIP and CIM have similar symptoms and presentations and are often distinguished largely on the basis of specialized electrophysiology electrophysiologic testing or muscle and nerve biopsy . ref name CCM cite journal author Maramattom BV, Wijdicks EF title Acute neuromuscular weakness in the intensive care unit journal Crit. Care Med. volume 34 issue 11 pages 2835 41 year 2006 pmid 16932235 doi 10.1097 01.CCM.0000239436.63452.81 ref The causes of CIP and CIM are unknown, though they are thought to be a possible neurological manifestation of systemic inflammatory response syndrome . ref name EJN cite journal author Visser LH title Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy clinical features, risk factors and prognosis journal Eur. J. Neurol. volume 13 issue 11 pages 1203 12 year 2006 pmid 17038033 doi 10.1111 j.1468 1331.2006.01498.x ref Corticosteroid s and neuromuscular blocking agents , which are widely used in intensive care, may contribute to the development of CIP and CIM, ref name Chest cite journal author Schweickert WD, Hall J title ICU acquired weakness journal Chest volume 131 issue 5 pages 1541 9 year 2007 pmid 17494803 doi 10.1378 chest.06 2065 ref as may hyperglycemia elevations in blood sugar , which frequently occur in critically ill patients. ref name hermans cite journal author Hermans G title Impact of intensive insulin therapy on neuromuscular complications and ventilator dependency in the medical intensive care unit journal Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. volume 175 issue 5 pages 480 9 year 2007 pmid 17138955 doi 10.1164 rccm.200605 665OC author separator , author2 Wilmer A author3 Meersseman W display authors 3 last4 Milants first4 I. last5 Wouters first5 P. J. last6 Bobbaers first6 H. las ... more details
Infobox Disease Name MODY 1 Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 125850 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID MODY 1 is a form of maturity onset diabetes of the young . MODY 1 is due to a loss of function mutation in the Gene HNF4A gene on chromosome 20 human chromosome 20 . This gene codes for hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 HNF4 protein also known as transcription factor 14 TCF14 . ref Stokes, A and Duda K. Comparison of Fatty Acid Ligands in Human HNF4 Activity and its Role in Diabetes Abstract . Ga. J. Sci. 2005, 63 1 , 57. ref ref cite journal author Duda K, Chi YI, Shoelson SE title Structural basis for HNF 4alpha activation by ligand and coactivator binding journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 279 issue 22 pages 23311 6 year 2004 pmid 14982928 doi 10.1074 jbc.M400864200 ref ref cite journal author Dhe Paganon S, Duda K, Iwamoto M, Chi YI, Shoelson SE title Crystal structure of the HNF4 alpha ligand binding domain in complex with endogenous fatty acid ligand journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 277 issue 41 pages 37973 6 year 2002 pmid 12193589 doi 10.1074 jbc.C200420200 ref HNF4 controls function of HNF1A HNF1 see MODY 3 Gene HNF1A and perhaps HNF1B HNF1 MODY 5 as well. This transcription network plays a role in the early development of the pancreas, liver , and intestine s. In the pancreas these genes influence expression of, among others, the genes for insulin, the principal glucose transporter GLUT2 , and several proteins involved in glucose and mitochondrial metabolism. Although pancreatic beta cells produce adequate insulin in infancy, the capacity for insulin production declines thereafter. Diabetes persistent hyperglycemia typically develops by early adult years, but may not appear until later decades. The degree of insulin deficiency is slowly progressive. Many patients with MODY 1 are treated with sulfonylureas for years before insulin is required. Liver effects are subtle and not clinically significant. Many people with this condition have l ... more details
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