Hypervariable may refer to Hypervariable sequence , a segment of a chromosome characterised by considerable variation in the number of tandem repeat s at one or more loci Hypervariable locus , a locus with many allele s especially those whose variation is due to variable numbers of tandem repeats Hypervariable region HVR , a chromosomal segment characterized by multiple alleles within a population for a single genetic locus disambig Category Genetics ... more details
A hypervariable region HVR is a location within nuclear DNA or the D loop of mitochondrial DNA in which base pair s of nucleotide s repeat in the case of nuclear DNA or have substitutions in the case of mitochondrial DNA . Changes or repeats in the hypervariable region are highly Polymorphism biology polymorphic . Nuclear Expand section date September 2011 Mitochondrial There are two mitochondrial hypervariable regions used in human mitochondrial genealogical DNA test ing. HVR1 is considered a low resolution region and HVR2 is considered a high resolution region. Getting HVR1 and HVR2 DNA tests can help determine one s Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup haplogroup . HVR1 locations are numbered 16001 16568. HVR2 locations are numbered 001 574. In some bony fish es, for example certain Protacanthopterygii and Gadidae , the mtDNA control region mitochondrial control region evolves remarkably slowly. Even functional mitochondrial gene s accumulate mutations faster and more freely. It is not known whether such hypovariable control regions are more widespread. In the Ayu Plecoglossus altivelis , an East Asia n protacanthopterygian, control region mutation rate is not markedly lowered, but sequence differences between subspecies are far lower in the control region than elsewhere. This phenomenon completely defies explanation at present. ref Takeshima, Hirohiko Iguchi, Kei ichiro & Nishida ... region Framework region In antibodies , hypervariable regions form the antigen binding site ... url http books.google.com books?id U4TZd8jgSIkC&pg RA1 PA245&dq Hypervariable region antibody&hl en&ei ESRlTvjSCqnn0QGoyImOCg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CDEQ6AEwAA v onepage&q Hypervariable ..., thanks to hypervariable regions in both light and heavy chains. The hyperbariable regions for the antigen ... region References Reflist External links MeshName Hypervariable region http books.google.com books?id 5JFFNbsq25cC&printsec frontcover PPA120,M1 DNA Forensic and Legal Applications, Explanation of Hypervariable ... more details
HVR may refer to HVR Consulting Services Ltd. , a British company doing operational research or operational analysis now part of Qinetiq Hypervariable region , a location within nuclear or mitochondiral DNA Havre City County Airport in Havre, Montana IATA Code HVR disambig de HVR it HVR ... more details
multiple issues confusing April 2009 context April 2009 intromissing April 2009 A region in the variable domain of a protein which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, and which is less variable than the Complementarity determining region CDR . As an example, each chain alpha or beta of the T cell receptor TCR is composed of 4 framework regions, separated by 3 Complementarity determining region CDR . The nomenclature framework region comes from the fact that they would roll back at the moment of recognition of the antigen , making the 3 Complementarity determining region CDR closer to each other. See also Hypervariable region Category Proteins biology stub ... more details
Genetic saturation is the reduced appearance, which occurs over time, of Divergence sequence sequence divergence rate that results from reverse mutation s, homoplasies and other multiple changes occurring at single sites along two lineage genetic lineages . Genetic saturation occurs most rapidly on fast evolving sequences, such as the hypervariable region of mitochondrial DNA, or in Short tandem repeat such as on the Y chromosome. See also Molecular clock Human mitochondrial molecular clock Convergent evolution External links cite journal url http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 26 3 713 a title Characterizing the Time Dependency of Human Mitochondrial DNA Mutation Rate Estimates year 2009 last Henn et al. doi 10.1093 molbev msn304 first1 B. M. last2 Gignoux first2 C. R. last3 Feldman first3 M. W. last4 Mountain first4 J. L. journal Molecular Biology and Evolution volume 26 issue 3 pages 713 713 cite journal url http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 22 7 1561 year 2005 last Ho et al. doi 10.1093 molbev msi145 pmid 15814826 volume 22 issue 7 pages 1561 8 title Time Dependency of Molecular Rate Estimates and Systematic Overestimation of Recent Divergence Times first1 S. Y. W. journal Molecular Biology and Evolution last2 Phillips first2 MJ last3 Cooper first3 A last4 Drummond first4 AJ Category Phylogenetics Category Mitochondrial genetics Category Genetic genealogy ... more details
Phylotree ref name vanOven defines K1a1b1a by the highly polymorphic 114 in the second hypervariable region , 10978 and 12954 in the coding region, and 16234 in the first hypervariable region. This is supported ... U N U N Behar, D. It may be recognized in hypervariable only samples by essential mutations Hypervariable region 1 16224C, 16234T, 16311C, 16519C Hypervariable region 2 073G, 263G, 315.1C, 497T Subclades ... more details
Hypervariable region References reflist 2 Further reading refbegin cite journal author Stoneking M title Hypervariable Sites in the mtDNA Control Region Are Mutational Hotspots journal Am. J. Hum ... more details
CDR may refer to Medicine and health care Clinical data repository , a medical database system designed to provide a realtime summary of a patient s condition Clinical Dementia Rating Complementarity determining region , one of six hypervariable loops which determine the antigen specificity of a given antibody CDR Computerized Assessment System Challenge dechallenge rechallenge , a medical testing protocol Crude Death Rate, a demographic measure of the mortality rate Cup Disc Ratio , relation from cup to disc of the optic disc the beginning of the optic nerve Complementarity determining region , the variable V domain of an antigen receptor. Organizations and groups Center for the Development of Recycling , a recycling service organization at San Jose State University Center for Decision Research , a research group at the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business Coalition for the Defence of the Republic , a Rwandan political party involved in the 1994 Genocide Committees for the Defense of the Revolution Comit s de Defensa de la Revoluci n in Cuba Committee of the Regions CoR in English , Comit des R gions CdR in French , an EU organization. Council on Disaster Reduction of the American Society of Civil Engineers Council for Democratic Reform , a military junta ruling Thailand, 2006 08 Centre for Drug Research , a research centre at Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland Romanian Democratic Convention , a former Romanian political alliance County Donegal Railway, a railway that was under the auspices of the County Donegal Railways Joint Committee Sports Copa del Rey , a football competition held every year in Spain Chris Douglas Roberts , an United States American basketball player for the Milwaukee Bucks Technology CD R , a recordable compact disc format Carbon dioxide removal , a form of geoengineering Call detail record , a record of a billing event produced by a telecommunication network element Charging Data Record , a record of a billing ... more details
A Trypanosomiasis vaccine is a vaccine against trypanosomiasis . No effective vaccine currently exists, but development of a vaccine is the subject of current research. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has been involved in funding research. ref name urlUS Fraunhofer Center receives Grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Intellectual Property cite web url http www.kooperation international.de en countries geistiges eigentum info detail data 6805 title US Fraunhofer Center receives Grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Intellectual Property format work accessdate 2009 01 15 ref There are many obstacles to development of such a vaccine. One obstacle is variant surface glycoprotein which makes it difficult for the immune system to recognize the infectious organism. ref name pmid18936180 cite journal author Dagenais TR, Demick KP, Bangs JD, Forest KT, Paulnock DM, Mansfield JM title T Cell Responses to the Trypanosome Variant Surface Glycoprotein Are Not Limited to Hypervariable Subregions journal Infect. Immun. volume 77 issue 1 pages 141 51 year 2009 month January pmid 18936180 doi 10.1128 IAI.00729 08 url http iai.asm.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 18936180 pmc 2612290 ref Also, Trypanosoma brucei has a direct inhibitory effect upon B cell s. ref name pmid18516300 cite journal author Radwanska M, Guirnalda P, De Trez C, Ryffel B, Black S, Magez S title Trypanosomiasis Induced B Cell Apoptosis Results in Loss of Protective Anti Parasite Antibody Responses and Abolishment of Vaccine Induced Memory Responses journal PLoS Pathog. volume 4 issue 5 pages e1000078 year 2008 month May pmid 18516300 pmc 2386555 doi 10.1371 journal.ppat.1000078 url http www.plospathogens.org article info doi 10.1371 journal.ppat.1000078 editor1 last Riley editor1 first Eleanor M. ref One strategy may involve a vaccine against the initial antigens. ref name urlTrypanosomiasis cite web url http pathmicro.med.sc.edu lecture trypanosomiasis.htm title Trypanosomiasis format wo ... more details
Taiwan and Korea . Scientists at TIGR examined two mitochondrial DNA D loop sequences and found that Hypervariable ... Native American gene groups. Hypervariable region 2 HV2 included a unique sequence not found in any ... more details
genetics Hypervariable region Molecular phylogeny Population Genetics Bio Informatics References ... A, Bamezai R title Human mtDNA hypervariable regions, HVR I and II, hint at deep common maternal ... more details
DaShHoAr2011 ref name DaShiAr2011 reveal conserved and hypervariable domains reminiscent of conserved and hypervariable sequences found in allorecognition molecules. ref Cite journal author Sherman ... more details
first David coauthors Howard J Cooke title Hypervariable ultra long telomeres in mice journal ... to be hypervariable, meaning that there is a high degree of polymorphism in the size and position ... first J coauthors J Maule, ND Hastie, RC Allshire title Extensive telomere repeat arrays in mouse are hypervariable ... more details
protein Name Rab geranylgeranyltransferase, alpha subunit caption Crystallographic structure of rat RabGGTase rainbow colored, N terminus blue, C terminus red . ref name pmid18756270 image Rab geranylgeranyltransferase.png width HGNCid 9795 Symbol RABGGTA AltSymbols EntrezGene 5875 OMIM 601905 RefSeq NM 004581 UniProt Q92696 PDB ECnumber 2.5.1.60 Chromosome 14 Arm q Band 11.2 LocusSupplementaryData protein Name Rab geranylgeranyltransferase, beta subunit caption image width HGNCid 9796 Symbol RABGGTB AltSymbols EntrezGene 5876 OMIM 179080 RefSeq NM 004582 UniProt P53611 PDB ECnumber 2.5.1.60 Chromosome 1 Arm p Band 31 LocusSupplementaryData Rab geranylgeranyltransferase also known as geranylgeranyltransferase II is one of the three prenyltransferase s. It transfers usually two geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate geranylgeranyl groups to the cystein s at the C terminus of Rab G protein Rab proteins. ref name pmid12702202 cite journal author Maurer Stroh S, Washietl S, Eisenhaber F title Protein prenyltransferases journal Genome Biol. volume 4 issue 4 pages 212 year 2003 pmid 12702202 pmc 154572 doi 10.1186 gb 2003 4 4 212 url issn ref The C terminus of Rab proteins varies in length and sequence and is referred to as hypervariable. Thus Rab proteins do not have a consensus sequence, such as the CAAX box, which the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase can recognise. Instead Rab proteins are bound by the Rab escort protein REP over a more conserved region of the Rab protein and then presented to the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase. Once Rab proteins are prenylated, the lipid anchor s ensure that Rabs are no longer soluble. REP therefore plays an important role in binding and solubilising the geranylgeranyl groups and delivers the Rab protein to the relevant cell membrane. Reaction Rab geranylgeranyltransferase RabGGTase enzyme commission code EC 2.5.1.60 is classified as a transferase enzyme specifically, it is in the protein prenyltransferase family along with two other enzymes protei ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 84218 TBC1 domain family member 3E 3F is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBC1D3F gene . ref name pmid16863688 cite journal author Hodzic D, Kong C, Wainszelbaum MJ, Charron AJ, Su X, Stahl PD title TBC1D3, a hominoid oncoprotein, is encoded by a cluster of paralogues located on chromosome 17q12 journal Genomics volume 88 issue 6 pages 731 6 year 2006 month Nov pmid 16863688 pmc doi 10.1016 j.ygeno.2006.05.009 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene TBC1D3 TBC1 domain family, member 3 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 84218 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text This gene encodes a protein that is similar to TBC1 domain family, member 3. This protein contains a TBC Tre 2, Bub2p, and Cdc16p domain, which is found in proteins involved in RAB GTPase signaling and vesicle trafficking. There are two copies of this gene located within a cluster of chemokine genes on chromosome 17q this record represents the more centromeric copy. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene TBC1D3 TBC1 domain family, member 3 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 84218 accessdate ref References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Onno M, Nakamura T, Hillova J, Hill M title Identification of novel sequences in the repertoire of hypervariable TRE17 genes from immortalized nonmalignant and malignant human keratinocytes. journal Gene volume 131 issue 2 pages 209 15 year 1993 pmid 8406013 doi 10.1016 0378 1119 93 90295 E cite journal author Onno M, Nakamura T, Mariage Samson R, et al. title Human TRE17 oncogene is generated from a family of homologous polymorphic sequences by single base changes. journal DNA Cell Biol. volume 12 issue 2 pages 107 18 year 1993 pmid 8471161 d ... more details
Carbohydrate protein interactions form the basis of specific recognition of carbohydrates by lectins. Carbohydrates are important biopolymers and have a variety of functions. Often carbohydrates serve a function as a recognition element. That is, they are specifically recognized by other biomolecules. Proteins which bind carbohydrate structures are known as lectin s. Compared to the study of protein protein and protein DNA interaction, it is the recent even those scientists get to know the protein carbohydrate binding. ref Dwek, R. A. Chem. Rev. 1996 , 96 , 683 720. ref Many of these interactions involved carbohydrates found at the cell surface, as part of a membrane glycoprotein or glycolipid . These interactions can play a role in cellular adhesion and other cellular recognition events. Classification Generally, there are two types of protein carbohydrate binding important in biological processes Lectin and antibody. Lectin Main lectin Lectin is a kind of protein that can bind to carbohydrate with their carbohydrate recognition domains CRDs . We could use different CRD to classify them. ref Lis, H. Sharon, N. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 637 674. ref C type Ca sup 2 sup is required to activate the binding. Ca sup 2 sup binds to the protein and carbohydrate by non covalent bond. Mannose binding protein MBP contains the C type CRD. File Protein carbohydrate binding.png thumb 200px P type Two types mannose 6 phosphate can recognize phosphorylated saccharide. One is cation dependent and the other does not require cation to activate. I type I type lectin named from the immunoglobulin like domain. Sialoadhesin is one of the I type lectin, which binds specifically to sialic acid. Antibody Most antibodies have the similar structure except the hypervariable region which is called the antigen binding site. This region is constituted by the combination of various amino acids. When the antigen is a kind of carbohydrate Polysaccharide , the binding could be regard as carbohydrate and ... more details
the variable domains, which consist of three hypervariable dn date November 2011 amino acid domains ... murine hypervariable dn date November 2011 amino acid domains into human antibodies. This results ... of immunoglobulin hypervariable regions journal Nature volume 342 issue 6252 pages 877 83 year ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
