in the United States, hypodescent was the basis of the one drop theory one drop rule , meaning that if a individual ... African Americans. Other states applied the hypodescent rule without carrying it to the one ... in 1963. Other examples of application In the United States , hypodescent is used to define the race ... any African American ancestry. In the US, people less consistently apply hypodescent in intermarriage ... Hypodescent Discovering You Are Not Black A Memoir the author, an adoptee, describes how he was classified ... Sinclair Lewis s novel Kingsblood Royal uses hypodescent and the one drop principle as principal ... University Press 1996 David A. Hollinger, Amalgamation and Hypodescent The Question of Ethnoracial ... more details
States of America . However, while for African American black Americans , hypodescent became the dominant ... of the Americas American Indian . This is also apparent in the United States , where the practice of hypodescent ... more details
other uses Amalgamation disambiguation Amalgamation is a now largely archaic term for the interfaith marriage intermarriage and interbreeding of different Ethnic group ethnicities or Race classification of human beings races . In the English speaking world, the term was in use into the twentieth century. In the United States, it was partly replaced after 1863 by the term miscegenation . While the term amalgamation could refer to the interbreeding of different white as well as non white ethnicities, the term miscegenation referred specifically to the interbreeding of whites and non whites, especially African Americans ref cite journal last Hollinger first David A. date December 2003 title Amalgamation and Hypodescent The Question of Ethnoracial Mixture in the History of the United States journal The American Historical Review publisher Indiana University volume 108 issue 5 pages 1363 90 url http www.historycooperative.org journals ahr 108.5 hollinger.html accessdate 2008 07 15 doi 10.1086 529971 ref . The term amalgamation was derived from metallurgy see amalgam chemistry amalgam . It has been linked to the metaphor of the melting pot , which also originated in the US, and which described the cultural assimilation and intermarriage of different ethnicities. The intermarriage of whites with African Americans and, to a lesser degree, other non whites was until recently in social disfavor in the United States, despite the long history of informal liaisons between white men and nonwhite women during the long years of slavery and after emancipation. Until 1967, interracial marriages were prohibited in many US states through anti miscegenation laws . See also Immigration to the United States Interracial marriage References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Amalgamation History Category History of racial segregation in the United States Category Marriage Category Multiracial affairs Category Political theories Category Race Ethno stub id Amalgamasi uk ... more details
of their identity. The action contributed to a binary culture of hypodescent , in which ... rule Hypodescent Racial Integrity Act of 1924 References references Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia ... more details
Effa L. Manley March 27, 1897 April 16, 1981 was an United States American sports executive, and the first woman inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame . She co owned the Newark Eagles baseball franchise in the Negro league baseball Negro leagues with her husband Abe Manley Abe from 1935 to 1946 and was sole owner through 1948 after his death. Throughout that time, she served as the team s business manager and fulfilled many of her husband s duties as treasurer of the Negro National League the second Negro National League . Manley was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Some say her biological parents were white, but she was raised by her African American black stepfather and white mother, leading most to assume her stepfather was her biological father and therefore to Hypodescent classify her as black . ref http entertainment.howstuffworks.com effa manley hof.htm How Stuff Works website ref According to the book The Most Famous Woman in Baseball by Bob Luke, Effie was born through an extramarital union between her African American seamstress mother, Bertha Ford Brooks, and Bertha s white employer, Philadelphia stockbroker John Marcus Bishop therefore she may actually have been of mixed heritage. She married Abe Manley in 1935 after meeting him at a New York Yankees game, and he involved her extensively in the operation of his own club, the Eagles. She displayed particular skill in the area of marketing and often scheduled promotions that advanced the civil rights movement. Her most noteworthy success was the Eagles victory in the Negro League World Series in 1946. She worked to improve the condition of the players in the entire league. She advocated better scheduling, pay, and accommodations. Her players traveled in an air conditioned Flxible Flxible Clipper bus, considered extravagant for the Negro leagues. She took over day to day business operations of the team, arranged playing schedules, planned the team s travel, managed and met the payroll, bought the equ ... more details
Native American descent as Native American, in a similar example of hypodescent. In the early years ... man if he had a white father, which was their application of hypodescent. Half breeds could belong ... laws reached their greatest influence during the decades from 1910 to 1930. Among them were hypodescent ... descent and inheritance, used hypodescent to classify the children of white men and Native American ... more details
Naomi M. Drake b.c. 1910 d. 1987 was an American who became notable in mid 20th century Louisiana as the Registrar of the Bureau of Vital Statistics for the City of New Orleans 1949 1965 , where she imposed strict racial classifications on people under a binary system that recognized only white and black or all other. She unilaterally changed records to classify mixed race individuals as black if she found they had any black or African ancestry, an application of hypodescent rules, and did not notify people of her actions. ref Virginia R. Dominguez, White by Definition Social Classification in Creole Louisiana , New Brunswick, NJ Rutgers University Press, 1986 ref In other cases, if people would not accept her racial classification, she refused to release the requested birth or death certificate. Her insistence on changing srecords to classify persons of any suspected African descent was similar to the racial zealotry demonstrated by Dr. Walter Ashby Plecker , state registrar of Virginia s Vital Statistics, and a major lobbyist for its Racial Integrity Act of 1924. Early life and education Empty section date June 2010 Career blockquote In 1938, in Sunseri v, Cassagne 191 La. 209, 185 So. 1 affirmed on rehearing in 1940, 195 La. 19, 196 So. 7 the Louisiana Supreme Court proclaimed traceability of African ancestry to be the only requirement for definition of colored. ref Virginia R. Dominguez, White by Definition Social Classification in Creole Louisiana , New Brunswick, NJ Rutgers University Press, 1986 ref blockquote Drake began with the office as deputy and eventually became director. She directed race flagging she would check birth certificates that bore surnames common to blacks. If the baby was listed as white, she directed workers to check the certificate against a race list maintained by the Vital Records Office. If the name appeared on the race list, the Vital Records Office conducted a further study of its genealogical records to reach its own assessment of ... more details
population, in part because whites had observed intermarriage between the groups. According to hypodescent ... The one drop rule was an example of hypodescent classification that often went against appearances ... more details
File Quadroon type at Ponce, Porto Rico.jpg right thumb 240px Image from 1899 book about Spanish American War Quadroon , and the associated words octoroon and quintroon are terms that, historically, were applied to define the ancestry of people of mixed race , generally of African and Caucasian race Caucasian ancestry , but also, within Australia , to those of Australian Aboriginal Aboriginal and Caucasian ancestry. The terms were used in law and government to provide a precise code of discrimination and the determination of rights. The use of such terminology is a characteristic of hypodescent , which is the practice within a society of assigning children of mixed union to the ethnic group which is perceived by the dominant group within the society as being subordinate . ref Kottak, Conrad Phillip. Chapter 11 Ethnicity and Race. Mirror for Humanity a Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology. New York, NY McGraw Hill, 2009. 238. Print. ref The racial designations refer specifically to the number of full blooded African ancestors , emphasizing the quantitative least, with quadroon signifying that a person has one quarter black ancestry, etc. Definitions The word quadroon was borrowed from the Spanish cuarter n which has its roots in the Latin quartus , which means fourth . The word octoroon is based on quadroon, and rooted in the Latin octo , which means eight . The term quadroon was used to designate a person of one quarter African Aboriginal ancestry, that is one biracial parent African Aboriginal and Caucasian and one Caucasian parent in other words, one African Aboriginal grandparent and three Caucasian grandparents. ref name WoodWes The term mulatto was used to designate a person who was biracial, with one black parent and one white parent. ref name WoodWes Carter G. Woodson and Charles H. Wesley, The Story of the Negro Retold , Wildside Press, LLC, 2008 , p. 44 The mulatto was the offspring of a white and a black person the sambo of a mulatto and a black. ... more details
white parent, reflecting historical hypodescent laws. Since the 1980s, the United States has ... children faced hypodescent laws that positioned them in the non white racial group, thus barring their entrance ... accessdate October 11, 2009 ref gallery center African Americans See Hypodescent Mulatto Black ... rule. Anthropologists called it the hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were ... more details
s ethnicity. See Hyperdescent and Hypodescent . Because of this, the term Mestizo was associated ... a caste based on hyperdescent or hypodescent. Even if mixes were common, the white population tried ... more details
Race Race is a classification system used to categorize human s into large and distinct population s or Group sociology group s by heritable Phenotype phenotypic characteristics , geographic ancestry, physical appearance, and ethnicity . In the early twentieth century the term was often used, in its Race biology taxonomic sense , to denote Genetic divergence genetically diverse human population s whose members possessed similar phenotypes. ref name lie This sense of race is still used within forensic anthropology when analyzing skeletal remains , biomedical research , and race based medicine . ref name gill In addition, Law enforcement agency law enforcement utilizes race in Offender profiling profiling suspects and to Forensic facial reconstruction reconstruct the faces of unidentified remains. Because in many societies, racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of social stratification , for social scientists studying social inequality, race can be a significant Dependent and independent variables variable . As Sociology sociological factors, racial categories may in part reflect Subjectivity subjective attributions, Self identity self identities , and social institution s. ref name King workforce2 ref name schaefer Accordingly, the racial paradigm s employed in different disciplines vary in their emphasis on Biological reductionism biological reduction as contrasted with Social constructivism societal construction . While biologists sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy set s of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race is often used ref name Graves01 in a naive ref name Lee Mountain or simplistic way. Among humans, race has no taxonomic significance all living humans belong to the same hominid subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens . ref name Keita2004 ref name AAPA Social conceptions and racial grouping groupings of races vary over time, involving folk taxonomy folk taxonomies ref name montagu See ha ... more details
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