Infobox disease Name Hypoparathyroidism Image Caption DiseasesDB 6490 ICD10 ICD10 E 20 e 20 , ICD10 E ... 1131 eMedicine mult eMedicine2 emerg 276 eMedicine2 ped 1125 MeshID D007011 Hypoparathyroidism ... such as genetic testing depending on the results. The treatment of hypoparathyroidism is limited ... symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are the result of the hypocalcemia low blood calcium level , which ..., people with hypoparathyroidism can experience paresthesia , an unpleasant tingling sensation around ... the hands and feet. ref name Shoback cite journal author Shoback D title Hypoparathyroidism ... A, Potts JT, et al. title Hypoparathyroidism in the adult epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology ... causing respiratory failure . ref name Bilezikian In hypoparathyroidism, urinary calcium excretion is increased ... specific but include fatigue, nausea . ref name Bilezikian Causes Hypoparathyroidism can have a number ... in which hypoparathyroidism can occur due to a total absence of the parathyroid glands at birth. Familial hypoparathyroidism occurs with other endocrine diseases, such as adrenal insufficiency ... in the urine after an intravenous dose of PTH can help in the distinction between hypoparathyroidism ... as often as four times a day. citation needed date November 2011 Long term treatment of hypoparathyroidism ... 1 34 vs calcitriol and calcium in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism Results of a randomized crossover ... in the treatment of chronic hypoparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Nov.2011. ref Teriparatide ... for PTH supplementation. ref Winer KK, Ko CW, Reynolds JC, et al. Long term treatment of hypoparathyroidism .... J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 88 4214 4220 ref Currently, hypoparathyroidism is the only ... can occur in hypoparathyroidism citation needed date November 2011 Tetany can lead to a blocked ... N, Reynolds J, et al. Long term treatment of 12 children with chronic hypoparathyroidism a randomized ... high blood calcium and kidney calcifications or nephrocalcinosis . A congenital form of hypoparathyroidism ... more details
The prominent knobs of bone at the costochondral joint s of rickets patients are known as a rachitic rosary or beading of the ribs . The knobs create the appearance of large beads under the skin of the rib cage, hence the name by analogy with the beads of a rosary . Pathophysiology Rachitic rosary is due to a deficiency of calcium resulting in lack of mineralization and an overgrowth of costochondral joint cartilage. The calcium deficiency may be caused by Rickets or other causes of calcium deficiency such as hypoparathyroidism . External links http www.gpnotebook.co.uk simplepage.cfm?ID 1966079952 Nervous and musculoskeletal system symptoms and signs Category Pediatrics Category Skeletal disorders Category Malnutrition Category Symptoms and signs musculoskeletal system pl R aniec krzywiczy ... more details
unreferenced date September 2010 Infobox Disease Name Disorders of calcium metabolism Image Ca TableImage.png Caption Calcium DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 E 83 5 e 70 ICD9 ICD9 275.4 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D002128 Disorders of calcium metabolism occur when the body has too little or too much calcium . The serum level of calcium is closely regulated within a fairly limited range in the human body. In a healthy physiology, extracellular calcium levels are maintained within a tight range through the actions of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and the calcium sensing receptor ref name Murphy cite journal last Murphy first E coauthors Williams title Hypocalcemia journal Medicine year 2009 volume 37 issue 9 pages 465 468 ref . Disorders in calcium metabolism can lead to hypocalcemia, decreased plasma levels of calcium or hypercalcemia, elevated plasma calcium levels. Hypocalcemia Hypocalcemia is common and can occur unnoticed with no symptoms or, in severe cases, can have dramatic symptoms and be life threatening ref name Murphy . Hypocalcemia can be parathyroid related or vitamin D related. Parathyroid related hypocalcemia includes post surgical hypoparathyroidism , inherited hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism , and pseudo pseudohypoparathyroidism ref name Murphy . Post surgical hypoparathyroidism is the most common form, and can be temporary due to suppression of tissue after removal of a malfunctioning gland or permanent, if all parathyroid tissue has been removed ref name Murphy . Inherited hypoparathyroidism is rare and is due to a mutation in the calcium sensing receptor. Pseudohypoparathyroidism is maternally inherited and is categorized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia . Finally, pseudo pseudohypoparathyroidism is paternally inherited. Patients display normal parathyroid hormone action in the kidney, but exhibit altered parathyroid hormone action in the bone ref name Murphy . Vitamin D related hypocalcemia may be associate ... more details
Refimprove date December 2008 Infobox disease Name Hyperphosphatemia Image Phosphate Group.PNG Caption Phosphate group chemical structure DiseasesDB 20722 ICD10 ICD9 ICD9 275.3 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 1097 MeshID D054559 Hyperphosphatemia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally elevated level of phosphate in the blood . ref DorlandsDict four 000051179 hyperphosphatemia ref Often, calcium in biology calcium levels are lowered hypocalcemia due to precipitation of phosphate with the calcium in tissues. Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms include ectopic calcification , secondary hyperparathyroidism , and renal osteodystrophy . Causes Hypoparathyroidism In this situation, there are low levels of Parathyroid hormone PTH . PTH normally inhibits renal reabsorption of phosphate, and so without enough PTH there is more reabsorption of the phosphate. Chronic renal failure When the kidneys aren t working well, there will be increased phosphate retention. Osteomalacia , which may be caused by the insufficient content of vitamin D in the diet, the lack of sunlight, malabsorption or renal disorders. Drugs hyperphosphatemia can also be caused by taking oral sodium phosphate solutions prescribed for bowel preparation for colonoscopy in children.It can also be cured by drinking a lot of water at regular intervals. Treatment High phosphate levels can be avoided with phosphate binders and dietary restriction of phosphate. See also Hypophosphatemia Hypophosphatasia References reflist Mineral metabolic pathology Category Electrolyte disturbances med stub es Hiperfosfatemia he pl Hiperfosfatemia pt Hiperfosfatemia sl Hiperfosfatemija ... more details
orphan date April 2010 Jean Baptiste Hippolyte Dance 22 February 1797, Saint Pal en Chalencon 18 April 1832, Paris was a French pathologist remembered for Dance s sign . He was the son of a physician, and studied medicine in Paris, gaining his Doctor of Medicine M.D. in 1826. He worked as physician to the H pital Cochin, and had just been employed as a teacher at the clinic at H tel Dieu de Paris l H tel Dieu when he died of cholera aged 35. Despite his early death he left a number of publications, including his eponymous sign and an early description of parathyroid tetany which occurs in hypoparathyroidism . ref Observations sur une esp ce de t tanos intermittent. Archives g n rales de m decine , 1831, 26 190 205. ref External links WhoNamedIt doctor 2785 Jean Baptiste Hippolyte Dance References reflist Persondata NAME Dance, Jean Baptiste Hippolyte ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION French pathologist DATE OF BIRTH 22 February 1797 PLACE OF BIRTH Saint Pal en Chalencon DATE OF DEATH 18 April 1832 PLACE OF DEATH Paris DEFAULTSORT Dance, Jean Baptiste Hippolyte Category French physicians Category French pathologists Category 1797 births Category 1832 deaths Category Deaths from cholera France med bio stub ar vi Jean Baptiste Hippolyte Dance ... more details
A tetanic contraction or tetanized state occurs when a motor unit has been maximally stimulated by its motor neuron . This occurs when a muscle s motor unit is stimulated at a sufficiently high frequency of multiple impulses. Each stimulus causes a twitch. If stimuli are delivered slow enough, the tension in the muscle will relax between successive twitches. If stimuli is delivered at high frequency, then the twitches will add up, resulting in tetanic contraction. When tetanized, the contracting tension in the muscle remains constant in a steady state . This is the maximal contraction. Tetanic contraction may also occur as part of an extrapyramidal adverse drug reaction of some typical antipsychotic drugs, specifically the opisthotonos effect of acute dystonic reaction in which tetanic heightening of entire body, head and belly up occurs. Tetanic contraction may be observed following the use of a device intended to apply transcutaneous electrical muscle stimulation EMS through skin contact electrodes for the purpose of improving abdominal muscle tone. Diseases Tetanic contractions are a symptom of hypoparathyroidism , due to an underdeveloped parathyroid, or injury to the Parathyroid gland parathyroid . ref cite book last Shier first David first2 Jackie last2 Butler first3 Ricki last3 Lewis title Hole s essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology location Boston publisher McGraw Hill Higher Education page 301 edition Tenth year 2009 isbn 9780072965636 ref See also Muscle contraction Muscle fatigue Tetanus Tetanospasmin References reflist Category Electrophysiology Category Symptoms and signs Nervous and musculoskeletal systems symptom stub it Contrazione tetanica ja ... more details
The Chvostek sign also Weiss sign is one of the sign medicine signs of tetany medical sign tetany seen in hypocalcemia . It refers to an abnormal reaction to the stimulation of the facial nerve . When the facial nerve is tapped at the angle of the jaw i.e. masseter muscle , the facial muscles on the same side of the face will contract momentarily typically a twitch of the nose or lips because of hypocalcemia i.e. from hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypovitaminosis D with resultant hyperexcitability of nerves. Though classically described in hypocalcemia , this sign may also be encountered in respiratory alkalosis , such as that seen in hyperventilation , which actually causes decreased serum Ca sup 2 sup with a normal calcium level due to a shift of Ca sup 2 sup from the blood to albumin which has become more negative in the alkalotic state. It was first described by Franti ek Chvostek , a Austrian Empire Czecho Austrian physician in 1876, and later independently by Nathan Weiss in 1883. The Trousseau sign of latent tetany is also often used to detect early tetany. Chvostek s sign may also be present in hypomagnesemia, frequently seen in alcoholics, persons with diarrhea, patients taking aminoglycosides or diuretics, because hypomagnesemia can cause hypocalcemia. Magnesium is a cofactor for Adenylate cyclase . The reaction that Adenylate Cyclase catalyzes is the conversion of ATP to 3 ,5 cyclic AMP. The 3 ,5 cyclic AMP cAMP is required for Parathyroid hormone activation. References Chvostek F. Beitrag zur Tetanie. Wien Med Press 1876 17 1201 3, 1225 7, 1253 8, 1313 16. Weiss N. Centralbl Gesammt Ther 1883 1 9. cite pmid 9717944 Goljan, EF. Rapid Review Pathology. Mosby, Elsevier, 2007 pp. 504. External links http www.whonamedit.com doctor.cfm 2586.html Franti ek Chvostek http www.whonamedit.com doctor.cfm 2585.html Nathan Weiss Eponymous medical signs for endocrinology Category Symptoms and signs Endocrinology, nutrition, and metabolism med sign ... more details
Orphan date December 2010 Infobox disease Name Bangstad syndrome Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 210740 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Bangstad syndrome is a severe, inherited congenital disorder associated with abnormalities of the cell membrane . It was characterized in 1989. ref name pmid2662702 cite journal author Bangstad HJ title Primordial birdheaded nanism associated with progressive ataxia, early onset insulin resistant diabetes, goiter and primary gonadal insufficiency. A new syndrome journal Acta Paediatr Scand volume 78 issue 3 pages 488 93 year 1989 month May pmid 2662702 doi 10.1111 j.1651 2227.1989.tb11119.x url author separator , author2 Beck Nielsen H author3 Hother Nielsen O display authors 3 last4 Nystad first4 ROY last5 Trygstad first5 Olav last6 Pedersen first6 Oluf last7 Aagenaes first7 ystein ref Presentation Presenting at birth, ref name BissonnetteLuginbuehl2006 cite book author1 Bruno Bissonnette author2 Igor Luginbuehl author3 Bernard J. Dalens title Syndromes rapid recognition and perioperative implications url http books.google.com books?id uRR1MYa w5wC&pg PT92 accessdate 29 June 2010 date 20 July 2006 publisher McGraw Hill Professional isbn 9780071354554 pages 92 ref features of the disorder include moderately severe IUGR , microcephaly , craniosynostosis , moderately severe post uterine growth retardation , deafness, deep set eyes, cryptorchidism , truncal obesity and acanthosis nigricans , small teeth, prognathism , dislocated radial heads without generalized skeletal dysplasia, however, tall vertebrae, moderate mental retardation, hypothyroidism , insulin resistance , hypoparathyroidism . References reflist Category Congenital disorders Category Genetic disorders with OMIM but no gene Category Syndromes disease stub ... more details
Image Troussau s Sign of Latent Tetany.jpg thumb widthpx A hand being held similarly to Trousseau s sign. Trousseau sign of latent tetany is a medical sign observed in patients with low calcium . ref Kumar, Abbas, Fausto. Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th edition. Philadelphia Elsevier Saunders, 2005. 1188. ref This sign may become positive before other gross manifestations of hypocalcemia such as hyperreflexia and tetany , but is generally believed to be more sensitive 94 than the Chvostek sign 29 for hypocalcemia. ref Fonseca OA, Calverly JR. Neurologic manifestations of hypoparathyroidism. Arch Intern Med 1967 120 202. ref ref Schaat M, Payne CA. Effect of diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital on latent tetany ref To elicit the sign, a blood pressure cuff is placed around the arm and inflated to a pressure greater than the systolic blood pressure and held in place for 3 minutes. This will occlude the brachial artery . In the absence of blood flow, the patient s hypocalcemia and subsequent neuromuscular irritability will induce spasm of the muscles of the hand and forearm. The wrist and metacarpophalangeal joint s flex, the distal interphalangeal joint DIP and proximal interphalangeal joint PIP joints extend, and the fingers adduction adduct . The sign is also known as main d accoucheur French language French for hand of the obstetrician because it supposedly resembles the position of an obstetrician s hand in delivering a baby. The sign is named after French physician Armand Trousseau who described the phenomenon in 1861. ref Trousseau a. Clinique m dicale de l H tel Dieu de Paris. Paris, 1861. Volume 2 112 114. ref It is distinct from the Trousseau sign of malignancy . References reflist Eponymous medical signs for endocrinology Category Symptoms and signs Endocrinology, nutrition, and metabolism med sign stub es Signo de Trousseau fr Signe de Trousseau de Trousseau Zeichen it Segno di tetania latente di Trousseau pl Objaw Trousseau klasyczny pt Sinal de Trousseau ... more details
multiple issues notability November 2009 primarysources November 2009 self published November 2009 orphan February 2009 Amin J. Barakat born 2 November 1942 in Monsef, Byblos , Lebanon is a Lebanese American physician known for the diagnosis Barakat syndrome in the pediatric population. Deleted image removed Image Dr Barakat.JPG thumb He attended Tripoli Boys School in Tripoli and the International College in Beirut . He received his college and medical education at the American University of Beirut AUB . From 1967 to 1970, he did his pediatric residency at AUB and Johns Hopkins University Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland Baltimore , then obtained fellowship training in pediatric nephrology at Georgetown University from 1970 to 1972. He currently works at Northern Virginia Pediatric Associates. Barakat is certified by the American Board of Pediatrics and the American Board of Hospital Physicians. He is currently a clinical professor of pediatrics and pediatric nephrology at Georgetown University and clinical professor of pediatrics at the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences . He is married to Amal Nassar and has three children. Research Barakat s focus in research has been with children with rare kidney diseases, such as pheochromocytoma , Gitelman syndrome , In 1977, Barakat et al. described four siblings with Family familial nephrosis , nerve deafness , and hypoparathyroidism . This syndrome is now known as Barakat syndrome. ref cite journal doi 10.1016 S0022 3476 77 80445 9 last Barakat first A.Y. coauthors D Albora, J.B., Martin, M.M., Jose, P.A. date 1 July 1977 title Familial nephrosis, nerve deafness, and hypoparathyroidism journal The Journal of Pediatrics volume 91 issue 1 pages 61 64 ref The birth defect defect in the majority of cases of Barakat syndrome has mapped to chromosome 10p. ref Gene Map Locus 10pter p13 or 10p14 p15.1. ref Barakat and Castaldo reported for the first time the use of Oxandrolone in the prophylaxis of ... more details
Interventions infobox Name Parathyroidectomy Image Caption ICD10 ICD9 ICD9proc 06.8 MeshID D016105 OtherCodes Also known as Parathyroid gland removal , Parathyroidectomy is the surgery surgical removal of one or more parathyroid gland s. This procedure is used to remove primary tumors or hyperplasia of the glands, especially when they produce excessive parathyroid hormone . As drugs such as Fosamax do not treat the underlying cause of parathyroid related osteoporosis , surgery is the only cure. Bone loss is reversible. The location of the glands is generally behind the thyroid , but there is a lot of variation. Usually, the location of an enlarged gland has been confirmed via a sestamibi scan or on medical ultrasonography ultrasound . Procedure During the Surgery operation , the patient is usually put under a general anesthetic unconscious and pain free or a local anesthetic pain free . The surgeon makes an incision around an inch long in the neck just under the Adam s apple and locates the offending parathyroid glands. Preoperative testing using sestamibi scanning can help identify the location of glands. It can also be used to limit the extent of surgical exploration when used in conjunction with intraoperative PTH hormone monitoring. ref cite journal last Augustine first MM coauthors Bravo, PE, Zeiger, MA title Surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism. journal Endocrine practice official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists date 2011 Mar Apr volume 17 Suppl 1 pages 75 82 pmid 21324817 ref The particular problem or disease process will determine how many of the parathyroid glands are removed. Some parathyroid tissue must be left in place to help prevent hypoparathyroidism . The patient usually recovers very quickly after the operation. The Parathyroid hormone PTH level is back to normal within 10 15 minutes, and is confirmed by intraoperative rapid assessment during the operation. Howev ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Acrodysostosis syndrome Image Caption DiseasesDB 31405 ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 101800 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Acrodysostosis also known as Arkless Graham syndrome ref cite journal author Arkless R, Graham CB title An unusual case of brachydactyly. Peripheral dysostosis? Pseudo pseudo hypoparathyroidism? Cone epiphyses? journal Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med volume 99 issue 3 pages 724 35 year 1967 pmid 6020652 doi url ref or Maroteaux Malamut syndrome ref cite journal author Maroteaux P, Malamut G title Acrodysostosis language French journal Presse Med volume 76 issue 46 pages 2189 92 year 1968 pmid 5305130 doi url ref ref WhoNamedIt synd 1623 ref is a rare congenital malformation syndrome which involves shortening of the interphalangeal joints of the hands and feet, mental deficiency in approximately 90 of affected children, and peculiar facies. Other common abnormalities include short head as measured front to back , small broad upturned nose with flat nasal bridge, protruding jaw, increased bone age, Intrauterine growth retardation, juvenile arthritis and short stature. Further abnormalities of the skin, genitals, teeth, and skeleton may occur. Most reported cases have been sporadic, but it has been suggested that the condition might be genetically related i.e. in a autosomal dominant mode of transmission. Both males and females are affected. The disorder has been associated with older parental age. A PRKAR1A mutation has been identified in acrodysostosis with hormone resistance. ref name pmid21651393 cite journal author Linglart A, Menguy C, Couvineau A, et al. title Recurrent PRKAR1A mutation in acrodysostosis with hormone resistance journal N. Engl. J. Med. volume 364 issue 23 pages 2218 26 year 2011 month June pmid 21651393 doi 10.1056 NEJMoa1012717 url http www.nejm.org doi abs 10.1056 NEJMoa1012717?url ver Z39.88 2003&rfr id ori rid crossref.org&rfr dat cr pub 3dpubmed ref External links cite web url http www. ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 Image Caption DiseasesDB 29212 DiseasesDB mult ICD10 ICD10 E 31 0 e 20 ICD9 ICD9 258.1 ICDO OMIM 240300 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 1867 MeshID D016884 Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 , also known as autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy APECED , or Whitaker syndrome , ref cite web url http emedicine.medscape.com article 124183 overview title Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndrome, Type I eMedicine Endocrinology publisher Medscape accessdate 2009 04 17 ref is a form of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome . Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, type 1 is also known as candidiasis hypoparathyroidism Addison s disease syndrome, Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome I, ref name greenspan Cite book author Greenspan, Francis S. Gardner, David C. authorlink coauthors title Basic clinical endocrinology year 2004 publisher McGraw Hill location New York isbn 0 07 140297 7 pages 103 ref APECED, or APS I. Its main features include A mild immune deficiency , leading to persistent mucosal and cutaneous infections with Candida genus candida yeasts. There is also decreased function of the spleen asplenism . Autoimmune dysfunction of the parathyroid gland leading to hypocalcaemia and the adrenal gland Addison s disease hypoglycemia , hypotension and severe reactions in disease . Other disease associations are hypothyroidism hypogonadism and infertility vitiligo depigmentation of the skin alopecia baldness malabsorption pernicious anemia Autoimmune hepatitis chronic active autoimmune hepatitis As opposed to Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 type 2 , this syndrome inherits in an autosomal recessive fashion and is due to a defect in the autoimmune regulator AIRE ref name pmid17215373 cite journal author Bensing S, Fetissov SO, Mulder J, et al title Pituitary autoantibodies in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 104 issue 3 pages 949 ... more details
to a form of hypoparathyroidism that is reversible. Stimulators Decreased serum Ca sup 2 sup . Mild ... serum Ca sup 2 sup . Severe decreases in serum Mg sup 2 sup , which also produces symptoms of hypoparathyroidism ... in the blood is known as hypoparathyroidism . Causes include surgical misadventure eg inadvertent ... is associated with autosomal recessive hypoparathyroidism journal Nat. Genet. volume 1 issue 2 pages ... isolated hypoparathyroidism journal J. Clin. Invest. volume 86 issue 4 pages 1084 7 year 1990 pmid 2212001 ... HM, et al. title Familial isolated hypoparathyroidism a molecular genetic analysis of 8 families with 23 ... more details
mapping of the syndrome of congenital hypoparathyroidism, growth and mental retardation ..., Grossman N, et al. title Mutation of TBCE causes hypoparathyroidism retardation dysmorphism and autosomal ... more details
Original research date July 2011 Refimprove date July 2011 Infobox disease Name Endocrine disease Image Illu endocrine system.png Caption Major endocrine glands. Male left, female on the right. 1. Pineal gland 2. Pituitary gland 3. Thyroid gland 4. Thymus 5. Adrenal gland 6. Pancreas 7. Ovary 8. Testes DiseasesDB ICD10 E00 35 ICD9 ICD9 240 ICD9 259 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D004700 Endocrine diseases are disorders of the endocrine system . The branch of medicine associated with endocrine disorders is known as endocrinology . Types of endocrine disease Broadly speaking, endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups Endocrine gland hyposecretion leading to hormone deficiency Endocrine gland hypersecretion leading to hormone excess Tumours benign or malignant of endocrine glands Endocrine disorders are often quite complex, involving a mixed picture of hyposecretion and hypersecretion because of the feedback mechanisms involved in the endocrine system. For example, most forms of hyperthyroidism are associated with an excess of thyroid hormone and a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone . List of endocrine diseases Adrenal disorders Adrenal insufficiency Addison s disease Mineralocorticoid deficiency Diabetes Adrenal hormone excess Conn s syndrome Cushing s syndrome Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism GRA Pheochromocytoma Congenital adrenal hyperplasia adrenogenital syndrome Adrenocortical carcinoma Glucose homeostasis disorders Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus type 1 Type 1 Diabetes Diabetes mellitus type 2 Type 2 Diabetes Gestational Diabetes Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young Hypoglycemia Idiopathic hypoglycemia Insulinoma Glucagonoma Thyroiditis Hashimoto s thyroiditis Thyroid cancer Calcium homeostasis disorders and Metabolic bone disease Parathyroid gland disorders Primary hyperparathyroidism Secondary hyperparathyroidism Tertiary hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism Pseudohypoparathyroidism Osteoporosis Osteiti ... more details
190, 193 5 pmc 1956416 journal Canadian Medical Association journal ref hypoparathyroidism, ref cite journal doi 10.1056 NEJM197510232931702 title Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism and Pseudohypoparathyroidism ... vitamin D3 and 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in hypoparathyroidism ... more details
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