HypothesisTheory is a psychological theory of learning developed during the 1960s and 1970s. Experimental Framework In the basic experimental framework, the subject is presented with a series of multidimensional stimuli, and provided feedback about the class of the stimulus on each trial. Two class problems are typical. The framework is thus in many ways similar to that of concept learning . In contrast to earlier association type theories, the HypothesisTheory argues that subjects solve this problem i.e., learn the correct response for each stimulus , by testing a series of hypotheses about the relation of the cue values stimulus features to the class. For example, a candidate hypothesis for stimuli that vary along the three dimensions of shape, color, and size might be math mathbf Shape square, mathbf Color blue, mathbf Size small Longrightarrow mathbf Class good math Because the subject is proposed to learn through the successive testing of hypotheses, the rate of learning should be highly ... the hypothesis that would correctly classify the stimuli. It is argued that as a result of feature, Hypothesistheory can account for instances of poor learning that occur in some cases even when the statistical ... A Cognitive Theory of Learning Research on Hypothesis Testing publisher John Wiley & Sons year 1975 ... a subject is proposed to go about forming such rules or hypothesis has been the topic of formal probabilistic modeling, a discussion of which can be found in the references. Status of Research Hypothesistheory has fallen out of favor along with many other rule based models in the wake of prototype ... correct learning PAC learning References cite journal last Levine first Marvin title Hypothesistheory and nonlearning despite ideal S R reinforcement contingencies journal Psychological Review ... Theory and Research publisher John Wiley & Sons year 1968 location New York Category Learning theory education psych stub ... more details
a theory in the history of the Romanian language R sler theory , see Origin of Romanians Migration from the south a theory Renfrew 1999 placing Proto Indo European proper in the Balkans at a time of around 5000 BC, see Anatolian hypothesis . disambig ... more details
The innateness hypothesis is a linguistic theory of language acquisition which holds that at least some linguistic knowledge exists in humans at birth. ref http dictionary.reference.com browse innateness hypothesis Based on the Random House Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2009. ref Facts about the complexity of human language systems, the universality of language acquisition, the facility that children demonstrate in acquiring these systems, and the comparative performance of adults in attempting the same task are all commonly invoked in support. The idea that there may be an age by which this learning must be accomplished is known as the critical period hypothesis . Noam Chomsky is responsible for the innateness hypothesis. Hilary Putnam published a critique of the innateness hypothesis entitled The Innateness Hypothesis and Explanatory Models in Linguistics . ref http www.springerlink.com content w476u76126j58330 fulltext.pdf ref References references See also Language acquisition Category Linguistics Category Philosophy of language Category Hypotheses ... more details
For the periodical Null Hypothesis The Journal of Unlikely Science The practice of science involves formulating and testing hypothesis hypotheses , assertions that are Falsifiability capable of being proven false using a test of observed data. The null hypothesis typically corresponds to a general or default position. For example, the null hypothesis might be that there is no relationship between two ... title null hypothesis definition publisher Businessdictionary.com date accessdate 2010 07 29 ref ... cite web url http statistics.berkeley.edu stark SticiGui Text gloss.htm null hypothesis title Glossary ... R. A. Fisher, The Design of Experiments ii. 19, We may speak of this hypothesis as the null hypothesis , and it should be noted that the null hypothesis is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation. ref It is typically paired with a second hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis , which asserts a particular relationship between the phenomena. Jerzy Neyman ... negation of the null hypothesis it predicts the results from the experiment if the alternative hypothesis ... standard. It is important to understand that the null hypothesis can never be proven . A set of data can only reject a null hypothesis or fail to reject it . For example, if comparison of two groups ... to reject the null hypothesis in other words, the experiment fails to reject the null hypothesis . ref cite web url http stattrek.com Lesson5 HypothesisTesting.aspx title Can We Accept the Null Hypothesis? publisher StatTrek.com accessdate 2011 05 27 ref Principle Hypothesis testing works by Sampling ... hypothesis is true. If the data set is very unlikely, defined as belonging to a set of data that only ... rejects the null hypothesis concluding it probably is false. If the data do not contradict the null hypothesis, then only a weak conclusion can be made namely that the observed data set provides no strong evidence against the null hypothesis. As the null hypothesis could be true or false, in this case ... more details
Indo European The Armenian hypothesis of the Proto Indo European language Proto Indo European Urheimat , based on the Glottalic theory suggests that the Proto Indo European language was spoken during the 4th millennium BC in the Armenian Highland . It is an Indo Hittite model and does not include the Anatolian languages in its scenario. The phonological peculiarities proposed in the Glottalic theory would be best preserved in the Armenian language and the Germanic languages , the former assuming the role of the dialect which remained in situ , implied to be particularly archaic in spite of its late attestation. The Proto Greek language would be practically equivalent to Mycenaean Greek and date to the 17th century BC, closely associating Greek migration to Greece with the Indo Aryan migration to India at about the same time viz., Indo European expansion at the transition to the Late Bronze Age , including the possibility of Indo European Kassites . The Armenian hypothesis argues for the latest possible date of Proto Indo European sans Anatolian , roughly a millennium later than the mainstream Kurgan hypothesis . In this, it figures as an opposite to the Anatolian hypothesis , in spite of the geographical proximity of the respective suggested Urheimaten , diverging from the timeframe suggested there by as much as three millennia. See also Graeco Aryan References Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze T. V. Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov V. V. Ivanov , The Early History of Indo European Languages , Scientific American, March 1990 I.M. Diakonoff, The Prehistory of the Armenian People 1984 . Robert Drews , The Coming of the Greeks 1988 , argues for late Greek arrival in the framework of the Armenian hypothesis. Martiros Kavoukjian , Armenia, Subartu, and Sumer the Indo European homeland and ancient Mesopotamia , trans. N. Ouzounian, Montreal 1987 , ISBN 0921885008. External ... simple Armenian hypothesis tr Ermeni hipotezi ... more details
The Escalation Hypothesis is a theory put forward by Geerat J. Vermeij . It states that organisms are in constant conflict with one another and therefore devote lots of resources to thwarting the adaptations evolution brings to all competing organisms as time advances. This is in contrast to adaptations evolution may bring that are unrelated to competition with other organisms such as adapting to ecological niches based upon other factors such as geology and climate. Vermeij s extensive work with the characteristics of marine gastropod fossils informed his development of thoughts on escalation. One prediction of the Escalation Hypothesis is that individual species having fewer adaptations that enable them to compete with other life forms are more likely to survive a mass extinction event such as one of Extinction Event Major extinction events The Big Five . This is because there is more flexibility to fit into new ecological niches that arduous adaptations such as heavy shells or energy consuming venom production would hinder. External links http palaios.sepmonline.org cgi content extract 18 2 83 The Escalation Hypothesis One Long Argument Category Evolutionary biology ... more details
, with the hope that, even should the hypothesis thus be overthrown, such research may lead to a tenable theory. ref Like all hypotheses, a working hypothesis is constructed as a statement of expectations ... used the concept of the working hypothesis as a pivotal feature in his theory of inquiry . Contrary ... Abraham Kaplan later described the working hypothesis as provisional or loosely formatted theory ...A working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research ref Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine . http www.answers.com topic working hypothesis Eprint via Answers.com. ref in the hope that a tenable theory will be produced, even if the hypothesis ultimately fails. ref name Century See in hypothesis , Century Dictionary Supplement , v. 1, 1909, New ... hypothesis ... Working hypothesis , a hypothesis suggested or supported in some measure by features ... , Hassan Tajalli year 2006 title Intermediate Theory The Missing Link in Successful Student Scholarship ... 1 55938 888 9 ref History Use of the phrase working hypothesis goes back at least two centuries. ref ... page for year printed as M,DCCC,V . ref Charles Sanders Peirce came to hold that an explanatory hypothesis ... point by the broader promise that the hypothesis holds for research. This idea of justifying a hypothesis as potentially fruitful at the level of research method , not merely as plausible at the level of logical conclusions , is essential for the idea of a working hypothesis, as later elaborated ... method, an explanatory hypothesis is judged and selected ref Peirce, C. S., Carnegie Application ... a scientific hypothesis. For it is not sufficient that a hypothesis should be a justifiable one. Any hypothesis which explains the facts is justified critically. But among justifiable hypotheses we ... Dictionary Supplement definition of working hypothesis ref name Century reflects that perspective Peirce ... hypothesis in PEP UQ M s list of words in Peirce s charge http www.pep.uqam.ca listsofwords.pep?l ... more details
no footnotes date December 2011 The hydrogen hypothesis is a model proposed by William F. Martin and Mikl s M ller in 1998 that describes a possible way in which the mitochondrion arose as an endosymbiont within a prokaryote an archaea , giving rise to a symbiosis symbiotic association of two cells from which the first Eukaryote eukaryotic cell could have arisen. According to the hydrogen hypothesis The host that acquired the mitochondrion was a prokaryote, a hydrogen dependent archaea, possibly similar in physiology to a modern methanogenic archaea which uses hydrogen and carbon dioxide to produce methane The future mitochondrion was a Facultative anaerobic facultatively anaerobic Eubacteria eubacterium which produced hydrogen and carbon dioxide as byproducts of anaerobic respiration A symbiotic relationship between the two started, based on the host s hydrogen dependence anaerobic syntrophy . The hypothesis differs from many alternative views within the endosymbiotic theory framework, which suggest that the first eukaryotic Cell biology cells evolved a nucleus but lacked mitochondria, the latter arising as a eukaryote engulfed a primitive bacterium that eventually became the mitochondrion. The hypothesis attaches evolution evolutionary significance to hydrogenosome s and provides a rationale for their common ancestry with mitochondria. Hydrogenosomes are anaerobic mitochondria ... within eukaryotic cells. Most theories within the endosymbiotic theory framework do not address the common ancestry of mitochondria and hydrogenosomes. The hypothesis provides a straightforward ... the modern groups of archaea appeared. Most theories within the endosymbiotic theory framework predict that some eukaryotes never possessed mitochondria. The hydrogen hypothesis predicts that no primitively ... hypothesis, this specific prediction has been tested many times and found to be in agreement ... title The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote journal Nature year 1998 volume 392 pages 37 ... more details
The Distributional Hypothesis in linguistics is the theory that words that occur in the same contexts tend to have similar meanings. ref name Harris cite journal last1 Harris first1 Z. year 1954 title Distributional structure url journal Word volume 10 issue 23 pages 146 162 ref The underlying idea that a word is characterized by the company it keeps was popularized by J. R. Firth Firth . ref name Firth Firth, J.R. 1957 . A synopsis of linguistic theory 1930 1955. In Studies in Linguistic Analysis , pp. 1 32. Oxford Philological Society. Reprinted in F.R. Palmer ed. , Selected Papers of J.R. Firth 1952 1959 , London Longman 1968 . ref The Distributional Hypothesis is the basis for Statistical semantics Statistical Semantics . Although the Distributional Hypothesis originated in Linguistics, it is now receiving attention in Cognitive science Cognitive Science especially regarding the context of word use. ref name McDonald McDonald, S., and Ramscar, M. 2001 . http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc download?doi 10.1.1.104.7535&rep rep1&type pdf Testing the distributional hypothesis The influence of context on judgements of semantic similarity . In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , pages 611 616. ref In recent years, the distributional hypothesis has provided the basis for the theory of similarity based generalization in language learning the idea that children can figure out how to use words they ve rarely encountered before by generalizing about their use from distributions of similar words. ref name Yarlett Yarlett, D 2008 Language Learning Through Similarity Based Generalization, PhD Thesis, Stanford University. ref The distributional hypothesis suggests that the more semantically similar two words are, the more distributionally similar they will be in turn, and thus the more that they will tend to occur in similar linguistic contexts ... The distributional hypothesis References references DEFAULTSORT Distributional Hypothesis Category ... more details
In paleoanthropology , the hunting hypothesis is the hypothesis that human evolution was primarily influenced by the activity of hunting for relatively large and fast animals, and that the activity of hunting distinguished human ancestors from other primate s. While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this fact for the final steps in the emergence of the Homo genus Homo genus out of earlier Australopithecines , with its bipedalism and production of stone tool s from about 2.5 million years ago , and eventually also control of fire from about 1.5 million years ago , are emphasized in the hunting hypothesis , and de emphasized in scenarios that stress the omnivore status of humans as their recipe for success, and social interaction , including mating behaviour as essential in the emergence of language and culture. Advocates of the hunting hypothesis tend to believe that tool use and toolmaking essential to effective hunting were an extremely important part of human evolution, and trace the origin of language and prehistoric religion religion to a hunting context. See also Acheulean Behavioral modernity Homo ergaster Homo Necans , an award winning book whose title translates as Man the Killer Hunter gatherer Killer ape theory Oldowan References Robert Ardrey , The Hunting Hypothesis A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder , Atheneum, New York 1970 External links http encarta.msn.com encyclopedia 761566394 12 Human Evolution.html Human Evolution MSN Encarta BOT GENERATED TITLE http www.webcitation.org 5kwr6JAob Archived 2009 10 31 and http www.mnh.si.edu anthro humanorigins faq Encarta culture.htm Discussion of the hunting hypothesis from Encarta http www.indiana.edu origins teach P380 P380hominid.html anthropology stub Prehistoric technology Category Anthropology Category Human evolution ja ro Ipoteza v n torii ... more details
The Linder hypothesis is a economics conjecture about international trade patterns The more similar the demand structures of countries, the more they will trade with one another. Further, international trade will still occur between two countries having identical preferences and factor endowment s relying on Departmentalization specialization to create a comparative advantage in the production of Product differentiation differentiated goods between the two nations . Development of the theory The hypothesis was proposed by economist Staffan Burenstam Linder in 1961 ref An Essay on Trade and Transformation, Staffan Burenstam Linder, Stockholm Almqvist & Wicksell, 1961. ref as a possible resolution to the Leontief paradox , which questioned the empirical validity of the Heckscher Ohlin theory H O . H O predicts that patterns of international trade will be determined by the relative factor endowments of different nations. Those with relatively high levels of capital economics capital in relation to labour economics labor would be expected to produce capital intensive goods while those with an abundance of labor relative to immobile capital would be expected to produce labor intensive goods. H O and other theories of factor endowment based trade had dominated the field of international economics until Wassily Leontief Leontief performed a study empirically rejecting H O. In fact, Leontief found that the United States then the most capital abundant nation exported primarily labor intensive goods. Linder proposed an alternative theory of trade that was consistent with Leontief s findings. The Linder hypothesis presents a demand based theory of trade in contrast to the usual Supply ..., but differentiated goods. Empirical tests Examinations of the Linder hypothesis have observed a Linder effect consistent with the hypothesis. Econometric tests of the hypothesis usually proxy ... Introducing income distribution to the Linder hypothesis first1 Helena last1 Bohman first2 D sir e ... more details
Portal Mathematics Featured article template About the hypothesis in set theory the assumption in fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics In mathematics , the continuum hypothesis abbreviated CH is a hypothesis ... numbers. Establishing the truth or falsehood of the continuum hypothesis is the first of Hilbert ... and Paul Cohen mathematician Paul Cohen in 1963 showed that the hypothesis can neither be disproved nor be Mathematical proof proved using the axioms of Zermelo Fraenkel set theory , the standard foundation of modern mathematics, provided ZF set theory is consistency consistent . The name of the hypothesis comes from the term continuum set theory the continuum for the real numbers. Cardinality .... The rational numbers seemingly form a counterexample to the continuum hypothesis the integers ... the continuum hypothesis as a possible solution to this question. The hypothesis states that the set ... , the continuum hypothesis says that there is no set math S math for which math aleph 0 S 2 aleph 0 ... 1 math greater than math aleph 0 math , and the continuum hypothesis is in turn equivalent to the equality math 2 aleph 0 aleph 1. , math There is also a generalization of the continuum hypothesis called the generalized continuum hypothesis GCH which says that for all Ordinal number ordinals math alpha , math math 2 aleph alpha aleph alpha 1 . math A consequence of the hypothesis is that every infinite ... hypothesis to be true and tried for many years to mathematical proof prove it, in vain. It became ... at the International Congress of Mathematicians in the year 1900 in Paris. Axiomatic set theory ... 1939 which is right? that the continuum hypothesis CH for short cannot be disproved from the standard Zermelo Fraenkel set theory ZF , even if the axiom of choice is adopted ZFC . Paul Cohen mathematician .... The continuum hypothesis was not the first statement shown to be independent of ZFC. An immediate ... of ZFC. The continuum hypothesis and the axiom of choice were among the first mathematical ... more details
The Expectations Hypothesis of the term structure of interest rates also known as Term structure Yield Curve is the proposition that the long term rate is determined by the market s expectation for the short term rate plus a constant risk premium Sarno et al., 2007 . It has been found that the expectation hypothesis has been tested and rejected using a wide variety of interest rates, over a variety of time periods and monetary policy regimes Guidolin et al., 2008 . This analysis is supported in a study conducted by Sarno, where it is concluded that while conventional bivariate procedure provides mixed results, the more powerful testing procedures, for example expanded Vector Autoregression test, suggest rejection of the EH throughout the maturity spectrum examined. A common reason given for the failure of the EH is that the risk premium is not constant as the expectation hypothesis requires, but is time varying. However, research by Guidolin and Thornton 2008 suggest otherwise. It is postulated that the expectation hypothesis fails because short term interest rates are not predictable to any significant degree. While traditional term structure tests mostly indicate that expected future interest rates are ex post inefficient forecasts, Froot 1989 has an alternative take on it. At short maturities, the expectation hypothesis fails. At long maturities, however, changes in the yield curve reflect changes in expected future rates one for one. 1 i lt n 1 i st year 1 1 i st year 2 cdots 1 i st year n This hypothesis assumes that the various maturities are perfect substitutes and suggests .... This theory perfectly explains the observation that yields usually move together. However ..., D., & Valente, G. 2007 . The Empirical Failure of the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure ..., D. 2008 . Predictions of Short Term Rates and the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure ... for the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure of Interest Rates. The Journal of Finance, XLIV ... more details
The Medea hypothesis is a term coined by paleontologist Peter Ward paleontologist Peter Ward ref Peter Ward paleontologist Peter Ward 2009 , http books.google.com books?id so9ZU88OBrEC&pg PR19 The Medea Hypothesis Is Life on Earth Ultimately Self Destructive? , ISBN 0691130752 ref for the anti Gaia hypothesis Gaian hypothesis that multicellular life , understood as a superorganism , is suicidal in this view microbial triggered Extinction event mass extinctions are attempts to return the Earth to the microbial dominated state it has been for most of its history. ref http www.newscientist.com article mg20227131.400 gaias evil twin is life its own worst enemy.html Gaia s evil twin Is life its own worst enemy? The New Scientist. Volume 202, Issue 2713, 17 June 2009, pages 28&ndash 31 Cover story ref ref Cite web last Bennett first Drake authorlink title Dark green A scientist argues that the natural world isn t benevolent and sustaining it s bent on self destruction work http www.boston.com Boston.Com publisher The Boston Globe date 2009 01 11 url http www.boston.com bostonglobe ideas articles 2009 01 11 dark green format accessdate 2010 02 26 ref ref name Review Cite web last Grey first William authorlink title Gaia theory Reflections on life on earth work http www.australianreview.net index.html Australian Review of Public Affairs publisher University of Sydney date 2010 02 url http www.australianreview.net digest 2010 02 grey.html format accessdate 2010 02 26 ref ref Ashraf M. T. Elewa ... Environment Bright Green 2010 0212 The Medea Hypothesis A response to the Gaia hypothesis 28page 29 1 The Medea Hypothesis A response to the Gaia hypothesis Review of Ward s book, February 12 ... hypothesis life is out to get you Paleontologist Peter Ward s Medea hypothesis Life is out to get you ... 39 297 the medea hypothesis.html The Medea Hypothesis Review by the Astrobiology Society of Britain . http www.timeshighereducation.co.uk story.asp?storyCode 408337§ioncode 26 The Medea Hypothesis ... more details
The Dahrendorf hypothesis is the name given to a hypothesis by the Germany German United Kingdom British political science political scientist Ralf Dahrendorf , which states that diversity is desirable in economic policies across time and space according to local needs. Dahrendorf argues that society societies are quite considerably different from each other, and that any one set of economic policies will not be equally well adapted to all societies e.g. the same policies will not work as well in poor, subsistence economies as they will in advanced industrial economies . The Dahrendorf hypothesis was developed in opposition to many traditional perspectives and theory theories in economics , most notably neoclassical economics , which implicitly or explicitly hold that one set of economic policies should be implemented globally and universally. In accordance with this belief, Dahrendorf said that, far from uniting Europe, the introduction of the Euro would ultimately divide it. References cite book title Ein neuer Dritter Weg? Reformpolitik am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts last Dahrendorf first Ralf authorlink coauthors year 1999 series Beitr ge zur Ordnungstheorie und Ordnungspolitik volume 158 publisher Mohr Siebeck location T bingen isbn 3161471555 page pages url accessdate External Links 1. http www.econ.cam.ac.uk cjeconf delegates schnellenbach.pdf Category Economic policy Category Economic theories econ stub polisci stub ... more details
The Articulata Hypothesis is the grouping in a higher taxon of animals with segmented bodies, consisting of Annelida and Panarthropoda . This theory states that these groups are descended from a common segmented ancestor. This hypothesis is not well supported by molecular data, which suggests that segmentation evolved independently in the two groups. The Articulata Hypothesis is an alternative to the better supported hypothesis that ecdysis the shedding of outer cuticle is a primitive character this would place Panarthropoda in the group Ecdysozoa . Origins The articulata hypothesis originates ... hypothesis was born. Ref name Waggoner cite author Waggoner, Ben http www.ucmp.berkeley.edu history cuvier.html. 2 14 1996 Ref The articulata hypothesis, simply stated, is the phylogenetic grouping .... This hypothesis further implies that all segmented organisms have a common ancestral origin. Ref name ... 44. Ref Evolution of the Articulata Hypothesis Since its original formulation in 1817, there have been significant challenges and modifications to the articulata hypothesis as new theories have been accepted Darwin s theory of evolution and new technologies have become available confocal microscopy , DNA sequencing , genomics . Theory of Evolution Darwin s Theory of Evolution had a large, yet often understated impact of the articulata hypothesis. Cuvier s original articulata hypothesis was based ... structures necessary for the survival of the species . While the general acceptance of the theory of evolution weakened Cuvier s general theory of the unique ground plans as the origin of modern taxa , it strengthened the articulata hypothesis by organizing annelids and arthropods into a clade ... lead to further data supporting the articulata hypothesis but also lead to the development of conflicting ... journal Organisms Diversity & Evolution title The Articulata hypothesis ? Or what is a segment? year ... evolutionary to mollusk. This ecdysozoa hypothesis is generally accepted today as the best supported ... more details
of ageing and the Mode Coupling theory of cite book first W. last G tze title Dynamics of Glass Forming Liquids publisher Oxford Univ. Press year 2008 ref Mathematics Ergodic theory is a branch of mathematics which deals with dynamical system s that satisfy a version of this hypothesis, phrased in the language of measure theory . See also Poincar recurrence theorem Loschmidt s paradox Ergodic theory , a branch of mathematics concerned with a more general formulation of ergodicity Ergodic process Ergodicity References reflist DEFAULTSORT Ergodic Hypothesis Category Ergodic theory ...Cleanup date November 2008 In physics and thermodynamics , the ergodic hypothesis ref Originally due to L. Boltzmann. See part 2 of cite book title Vorlesungen ber Gastheorie year 1898 location Leipzig publisher J. A. Barth url http books.google.com books?id 99IEAAAAYAAJ&oe UTF 8 oclc 01712811 Ergoden on p.89 in the 1923 reprint. It was used to prove equipartition of energy in the kinetic theory of gases ref says that, over long periods of time, the time spent by a particle in some region of the phase space of Microstate statistical mechanics microstates with the same energy is proportional to the volume of this region, i.e., that all accessible microstates are equiprobable over a long period of time. The ergodic hypothesis is often assumed in statistical analysis . Liouville s theorem Hamiltonian Liouville s Theorem shows that, for conserved classical system s, the local density of microstates following a particle path through phase space is constant as viewed by an observer moving with the ensemble i.e., the total or convective time derivative is zero . Thus, if the microstates are Uniform distribution continuous uniformly distributed in phase space initially, they will remain so ... preferentially adopts a non zero magnetisation even though the ergodic hypothesis would imply ... of the ergodic hypothesis is an example of spontaneous symmetry breaking . However, complex disordered ... more details
The Fowkes hypothesis after F. M. Fowkes is a first order approximation for surface energy. It states the surface energy is the sum of each component s forces sup d sup sup p sup sup i sup ... where sup d sup is the dispersion component, sup p sup is the polar, sup i sup is the dipole and so on. The Fowkes hypothesis goes further making the approximation that the interface between an apolar liquid and apolar solid where there are only dispersive interactions acting across the interface can be estimated using the geometric mean of the contributions from each surface i.e. sub SL sub sub S sub sub L sub 2 sub S sub sup p sup x sub L sub sup p sup sup 1 2 sup References Refbegin A. V. Pocius, Adhesion and adhesives an introduction, 2002 ISBN 1 56990 319 0 Related articles Sessile drop technique Sessile drop technique The Fowkes Theory The Fowkes Theory Category Hypotheses ... more details
The Patriarch Hypothesis is a theory to explain the occurrence of menopause in human females and how a long post fertile period up to one third of a females life span ref Harman, S.M. and Talbert, G.B. 1985 . Reproductive aging. In Handbook of the Biology of Aging, by C. E. Finch and L. Hayflick eds . pp 457 510. Van Nostrand Reinhold. ref could confer an evolutionary advantage. It is an alternative theory to the grandmother hypothesis which tends to ignore male benefits of continued spermatogenesis and their roles in assistance. br br The patriarch hypothesis incorporates these neglected areas. It suggests selection pressure on male longevity extended the female lifespan whose adjustment of Life history theory life history has been constrained by the size of the ovaries resulting in human females surviving beyond the age at which they can reproduce. With an extension of the post reproductive female life stage, they could enhance their inclusive fitness by giving kin selection kin assistance . This way, with no choice in the timing of fertility termination, females are optimising an essentially bad situation. br br See also Grandmother hypothesis The Patriarch Hypothesis http www.fas.harvard.edu hbe lab Frank Marlowe first put forward the patriarch hypothesis ref name Marlowe Marlowe, F. 1999 . Male care and mating effort among Hadza foragers. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 46 1 57 64. ref . He postulates that if women survive beyond an age at which they can reproduce and men continue spermatogenesis , then old males stand to benefit greatly if they can copulate with younger females. It is theorised that increased use of tools and weapons compensates for the decline in natural fighting ability with age ref Marlowe, F. 2000 . The Patriarch Hypothesis An Alternative ... Marlowe . Evidence for The patriarch hypothesis rests on three assumptions Older males must reproduce ... hypothesis selection for greater longevity in males, as suggested by the patriarch hypothesis ... more details
Bold hypothesis or bold conjecture is a concept in the philosophy of science of Karl Popper , first explained in his debut The Logic of Scientific Discovery 1935 and subsequently elaborated in writings such as Conjectures and Refutations The Growth of Scientific Knowledge 1963 . The concept is nowadays widely used in the philosophy of science and in the philosophy of knowledge . Brief explanation Popper s argument is that the growth of scientific knowledge progresses by means of formulating bold hypotheses, and trying to refute falsify them. Popper believed that Quotation Bold ideas, unjustified anticipations, and speculative thought, are our only means for interpreting nature our only organon, our only instrument, for grasping her. ref Karl Popper , The Logic of Scientific Discovery . London ... 20 20Science 20 20Conjectures 20and 20Refutations.pdf ref A bold hypothesis is a new scientific ... being theorized about. The boldness of a hypothesis depends mainly on its degree of applicability ... the extent to which the hypothesis is a genuinely new departure from the received scientific ideas . whether it enables new and novel predictions. Once a bold hypothesis has been mooted, Popper argues, scientists try to investigate and test how well the bold hypothesis can stand up to the known evidence, with the aim of finding counter arguments which would refute or falsify the bold hypothesis ... hypothesis is somewhat vague, because exactly how bold is bold ? Some new ideas, although they are rather .... The boldness could refer to the content of the hypothesis considered relative to other possible hypotheses , or to the manner or context in which the hypothesis is presented , or to the attitude ... and detailed tests of a small facet of a much larger theory or a larger research programme . Thomas ... a grandiose new idea, but instead because the careful testing of the details of a theory eventually ... Criticisms of anti scientific viewpoints Experiment Falsifiability Hypothesis Outline of scientific ... more details
Spearman s hypothesis states that the magnitude of the black white difference in tests of cognitive ability ... , or g . The hypothesis, first formalized by Arthur Jensen in the 1980s based on Charles Spearman ... of correlated vectors to study the hypothesis. This, and a similar relationship regarding ... criticisms have been advanced and the validity of the arguments remain unresolved. Spearman s hypothesis ... set out to formalize and test the hypothesis in the 1980s. He argued that the correlations between ... evidence for the validity of the hypothesis. He proposed strong and weak forms of the hypothesis ... the weak form of the hypothesis. However, Jensen has argued that the correlations would be substantially ... Closely related to Spearman s hypothesis is the relationship between how high heritability a test has ... has argued that if Spearman s hypothesis is proven correct, it would, at least partially, answer .... ISBN 0 275 96103 6, p. 371 383. ref In 2002, Jensen stated that he had now tested Spearman s hypothesis ..., he asserted, the overall probability that Spearman s hypothesis is false is less than one ..., the supposed confirmation of Spearman s hypothesis, and the similar relationship for heritability, support, they argue, the theory that average racial IQ differences are partially genetic. ref cite doi 10.1037 1076 8971.11.2.235 ref The Flynn effect One criticism of Spearman s hypothesis has ... by Spearman s hypothesis are likely only psychometric artefacts which also arise with measures ... schonem pdf 83.pdf Famous artefacts Spearman s hypothesis. Current Psychology of Cognition ..., G.H. 2001 . Viewing Spearman s hypothesis from the perspective of multigroup PCA A comment ... models are used the results are unclear. As such, we cannot accept Spearman s hypothesis as an empirically ... using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis have supported Spearman s hypothesis in the US ... g . ref name RJ2010 Criticism Spearman s hypothesis is not without its critics. Psychologists ... more details
Image Synoptic problem Farrer hypothesis .png thumb right 250px The Farrer hypothesis suggests that the Gospel of Mark was written first. The Gospel of Matthew was written using Mark as a source. Then the Gospel of Luke was written using both Mark and Matthew. Refimprove date January 2012 The Farrer theory also called the Farrer Goulder hypothesis and Farrer Goulder Goodacre hypothesis is a possible solution to the synoptic problem . The theory is that the Gospel of Mark was written first, followed by the Gospel of Matthew and then by the Gospel of Luke . It has mainly been advocated by English biblical scholars. It is named for Austin Farrer , who wrote On Dispensing With Q in 1955, but it has been picked up by other scholars including Michael Goulder and Mark Goodacre . The Farrer theory has the advantage of simplicity, as there is no need for hypothetical sources to be created by academics. Instead, advocates of the Farrer theory argue, the Gospel of Mark was used as source material by the author of Matthew. Lastly, Luke used both of the previous gospels as sources for his Gospel. Farrer set out his argument in an essay On dispensing with Q . ref D. E. Nineham ed. , Studies in the Gospels ... hypothesis , as set out by Dr B H Streeter thirty years earlier, ref Dr B. H. Streeter, The Four Gospels ... to believe that documents of the Q type were plentiful , which would have made the hypothesis ... Oxford Blackwell, 1955 , pp. 55 88, reproduced at http NTGateway.com Q Farrer.htm. ref The Q hypothesis ... the source for the common material. The most notable argument for the Farrer hypothesis is that there are many ... one hypothesis needs to be invoked but the opposing counsel will unkindly point out that the diminution of the instances for each hypothesis is in exact proportion to the multiplication of the hypotheses ... concede that it is a plea against apparent evidence. See also Markan priority Griesbach hypothesis Four Document Hypothesis Synoptic problem Gospel of Marcion References ISBN reflist External links ... more details
Image Synoptic problem Augustinian hypothesis.png thumb left 250px The Augustinian hypothesis suggests .... Then the Gospel of Luke was written using both Mark and Matthew. The Augustinian hypothesis is a solution ... . The hypothesis holds that Gospel of Matthew Matthew was written first, by Matthew the Evangelist see ... hypotheses, this hypothesis does not rely on, nor does it argue for, the existence of any document that is not explicitly mentioned in historical testimony. Instead, the hypothesis draws primarily upon ... of evidence for the hypothesis is the writings of the Church Fathers historical sources dating ... Christians for nearly two millennia. Finally, adherents to the Augustinian hypothesis view it as a simple, coherent solution to the synoptic problem . The Augustinian hypothesis addresses certain fundamental ... by proponents of competing hypotheses, such as the Two source hypothesis , its related Q document Q hypothesis , the Farrer hypothesis , and others. The main two areas of contention within the Augustinian ... Mark or Luke who wrote second. A modified version of the Augustinian hypothesis, known as the Griesbach hypothesis , agrees that Matthew wrote first and that Mark depended on Matthew, and does not dispute ... points of contention, this hypothesis is also treated as a possible amendment to the Augustinian hypothesis. Another modified version of the Augustinian hypothesis is the hypothesis of Eta Linnemann ... St. Augustine of Hippo Freeing A Prisoner, by Michael Pacher 1430 1498 . The hypothesis takes its name ... a theory for the express purpose of explaining this fact. Ancient tradition The Church ... ideas of the Augustinian hypothesis. The fathers whose writings survive and who wrote about authorship ... generally agree on the primary points of contention within the Augustinian hypothesis, though not without discrepancies. Rather than seen as a refutation to the hypothesis, instead these discrepancies are often cited in defense of the hypothesis ref e.g. see this article on http www.newadvent.org ... more details
Drift hypothesis , concerning the relationship between mental illness and social class , is the argument that illness causes one to have a downward shift in social class. ref name Hurst2007 cite book last Hurst first Charles E. year 2007 title Social Inequality Forms, Causes, and Consequences location Boston publisher Pearson Education isbn 0205484360 edition 6th ref The circumstances of one s social class do not cause the onset of a mental disorder, but rather, an individual s deteriorating mental health occurs first, resulting in low social class attainment. ref name Perry1996 cite journal last Perry first Melissa J. year 1996 title The Relationship between Social Class and Mental Disorder journal Journal of Primary Prevention volume 14 issue 1 pages 17 30 doi 10.1007 BF02262736 ref The drift hypothesis is the opposing theory of the social causation thesis , which says being in a lower social class is a contributor to the development of a mental illness. Support for drift hypothesis A study by E. M. Goldberg and S. L. Morrison looked at the relationship between schizophrenia and social class. They wanted to find out if men, before they had been admitted to a mental hospital, drifted down the occupational scale to unskilled jobs because of their developing illness, or if it was because they were born into families with a lower social class attainment, that they developed their mental ... 02, 2007 from PsycInfo Database ref Opposition to the drift hypothesis The main opposition to the drift hypothesis is the social causation thesis, which says social class position is causal ly related ... illness. These studies he looked at supported the drift hypothesis, but when he examined them ... Mobility The Social Selection Drift Hypothesis for Serious Mental Illness journal Journal of Health ... status areas. ref name Fox1990 So depending on what one s definition of drift hypothesis is, there will be data ... class and mental illness, the social causation thesis is the ruling theory. People who are unemployed ... more details
main Statistical hypothesis testing In statistical hypothesis testing , the alternative hypothesis or maintained hypothesis or research hypothesis and the null hypothesis are the two rival hypotheses which are compared by a statistical hypothesis testing statistical hypothesis test . An example might be where water quality in a stream has been observed over many years and a test is made of the null hypothesis that there is no change in quality between the first and second halves of the data against the alternative hypothesis that the quality is poorer in the second half of the record. In the case of a scalar parameter, there are four principal types of alternative hypothesis a point alternative hypothesis, a one tailed directional alternative hypothesis, a two tailed directional alternative hypothesis, and an non directional alternative hypothesis. Point alternative hypotheses occur when the hypothesis test is framed so that the population distribution under the alternative hypothesis is a fully defined distribution, with no unknown parameters such hypotheses are usually of no practical ... of the Neyman Pearson lemma . A one tailed directional alternative hypothesis is concerned with the region ... hypothesis is concerned with both regions of rejection of the sampling distribution. A non directional alternative hypothesis is not concerned with either region of rejection, but, rather, it is only concerned that null hypothesis is not true. The concept of an alternative hypothesis in testing ... a major component in modern statistical hypothesis testing . However it was not part of Ronald Fisher Ronald Fisher s formulation of statistical hypothesis testing, and he violently opposed its ... whether the observed dataset could have resulted from chance if the null hypothesis were assumed ... statistical hypothesis testing accommodates this type of test since the alternative hypothesis can be just the negation of the null hypothesis. References reflist Statistics Category Hypothesis ... more details
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