main Statistical hypothesis testing In statistical hypothesis testing , the alternative hypothesis or maintained hypothesis or research hypothesis and the null hypothesis are the two rival hypotheses which are compared by a statistical hypothesis testing statistical hypothesis test . An example might be where water quality in a stream has been observed over many years and a test is made of the null hypothesis that there is no change in quality between the first and second halves of the data against the alternative hypothesis that the quality is poorer in the second half of the record. In the case of a scalar parameter, there are four principal types of alternative hypothesis a point alternative hypothesis, a one tailed directional alternative hypothesis, a two tailed directional alternative hypothesis, and an non directional alternative hypothesis. Point alternative hypotheses occur when the hypothesis test is framed so that the population distribution under the alternative hypothesis is a fully defined distribution, with no unknown parameters such hypotheses are usually of no practical ... of the Neyman Pearson lemma . A one tailed directional alternative hypothesis is concerned with the region ... hypothesis is concerned with both regions of rejection of the sampling distribution. A non directional alternative hypothesis is not concerned with either region of rejection, but, rather, it is only concerned that null hypothesis is not true. The concept of an alternative hypothesis in testing ... a major component in modern statistical hypothesis testing . However it was not part of Ronald Fisher Ronald Fisher s formulation of statistical hypothesis testing, and he violently opposed its ... whether the observed dataset could have resulted from chance if the null hypothesis were assumed ... statistical hypothesis testing accommodates this type of test since the alternative hypothesis can be just the negation of the null hypothesis. References reflist Statistics Category Hypothesis ... more details
The Anatolian hypothesis proposes that the dispersal of Proto Indo Europeans originated in Neolithic Anatolia . The hypothesis suggests that the speakers of the Proto Indo European language PIE lived in Anatolia during the Neolithic era, and associates the distribution of historical Indo European languages with the expansion during the Neolithic revolution during the 7th millennium BC seventh and 6th millennium BC sixth millennia BC. The alternative and more academically favored view is the Kurgan hypothesis . The main proponent of the Anatolian hypothesis was Colin Renfrew , who in 1987 suggested a peaceful Indo Europeanization of Europe from Anatolia from around 7000 BC with the advance of farming by demic diffusion wave of advance . Accordingly, most of the inhabitants of Neolithic Europe would have spoken Indo European languages, and later migrations would at best have replaced these Indo European varieties with other Indo European varieties. ref C. Renfrew, Archaeology and Language The Puzzle of Indo European Origins , London Pimlico 1987 ref The main strength of the farming hypothesis ... An argument against the Anatolian hypothesis is that PIE contains words for technologies that make ... bordering the early Bronze Age . Revision of the theory Reacting to criticism, Renfrew revised ... Colin Renfrew, Time depth, convergence theory, and innovation in Proto Indo European, in Alfred Bammesberger ... branches. They dated PIE to a period which would fit Renfrew s hypothesis. ref Russell D. Gray and Quentin ... theory of Indo European origin , Nature, vol. 426 27 November 2003, pp 435 439. ref However ... , Linguistica online November 2005 ref References Reflist See also Armenian hypothesis Indo Hittite Neolithic revolution Neolithic Europe Kurgan hypothesis Use dmy dates date April 2011 DEFAULTSORT Anatolian Hypothesis Category Indo European bg de Anatolien Hypothese eu Anatoliako ... simple Anatolian hypothesis ... more details
and 25.011. Millennium Problems In mathematics, the Riemann hypothesis , proposed by harvs txt first ..., such as the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields . The Riemann hypothesis implies ... problem in pure mathematics harv Bombieri 2000 . The Riemann hypothesis is part of Hilbert s eighth ... i.e. at s 2, 4, 6, ... . These are called the trivial zeros . The Riemann hypothesis ... books on the Riemann hypothesis, such as harvtxt Derbyshire 2003 , harvtxt Rockmore 2005 ... hypothesis discusses zeros outside the region of convergence of this series, so it needs ... of my investigation. source Riemann s statement of the Riemann hypothesis, from harv Riemann ... 1 2 and suggested that they all do this is the Riemann hypothesis. Consequences of the Riemann hypothesis The practical uses of the Riemann hypothesis include many propositions which are known to be true under the Riemann hypothesis, and some which can be shown to be equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis ... proved that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the best possible bound for the error of the prime ... hypothesis is equivalent to math pi x operatorname Li x frac 1 8 pi sqrt x , log x , qquad text for all x ge 2657. math Growth of arithmetic functions The Riemann hypothesis implies strong ... on the right hand side converging, is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis. From this we can also ... that math M x O x 1 2 varepsilon , math for every positive is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis ... n Redheffer matrix is equal to M n , so the Riemann hypothesis can also be stated as a condition on the growth of these determinants. The Riemann hypothesis puts a rather tight bound on the growth ... M x le sqrt x. math The Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to many other conjectures about the rate ... , math then math sigma n e gamma n log log n , math for all n 5040 if and only if the Riemann hypothesis ... Landau 1924 showing that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to a statement that the terms of the Farey ... more details
In number theory , the Chinese hypothesis is a disproven conjecture stating that an integer n is Prime number prime if and only if it satisfies the condition that 2 sup n sup &minus 2 is divisible by n . In other words, that integer n is prime if and only if math 2 n equiv 2 pmod n , math . It is true that if n is prime, then math 2 n equiv 2 pmod n , math this is a special case of Fermat s little theorem . However, the converse if math ,2 n equiv 2 pmod n math then n is prime is false, and therefore the hypothesis as a whole is false. The smallest counter example is n 341 11 31. Composite number s n for which 2 sup n sup &minus 2 is divisible by n are called Poulet number s. They are a special class of Fermat pseudoprime s. History The Chinese hypothesis is commonly attributed to Chinese mathematics Chinese scholars more than 2500 years ago. However, this oft quoted attribution is a myth originating with James Jeans 1898 , who wrote that a paper found among those of the late Sir Thomas Wade and dating from the time of Confucius contained the theorem . This assertion was refuted by Needham, who attributes the misunderstanding to an incorrect translation of a passage in a well known book The Nine Chapters of Mathematical Art . Qi 1991 attributed the hypothesis to Chinese mathematician Li Shanlan 1811 1882 , communicated the statement to his collaborator in the translation of Western texts, and the collaborator then published it. Li subsequently learned that the statement was wrong, and hence did not publish it himself, but Hua Heng Fang published the statement as if it were correct in 1882. References Citation last Dickson first L. E. title History of the Theory of Numbers, Vol. 1 Divisibility and Primality location New York publisher Dover year 2005 isbn 0486442322 . Citation last Erdos first P. title On the Converse of Fermat s Theorem journal American Mathematical Monthly ... . Citation last Shanks first D. title Solved and Unsolved Problems in Number Theory edition ... more details
hypothesis Mating Effort versus Parenting Effort A fundamental feature of male Life history theory ...Please leave this line alone The challenge hypothesis outlines the dynamic relationship between testosterone .... Neuroendocronology Letters Special Issue, 23 , 23 29. ref The challenge hypothesis predicts that seasonal ... . The challenge hypothesis Theoretical implications for patterns of testosterone secretion, mating systems and breeding strategies. American Naturalist, 136 , 829 846. ref The challenge hypothesis ..., MA, pp. 85 128. ref Patterns of testosterone The challenge hypothesis presents a three level model ... hypothesis proposes that social stimulation which leads to this rise in testosterone above breeding ... male androgen responsiveness Revisiting the challenge hypothesis. Hormones and Behavior, 51 , 463 476 ... pmid 16774503 pmc 2954190 ref These examples all culminate in a challenge hypothesis ... that the challenge hypothesis most likely cannot be applied to the non breeding season since, as mentioned ... plasma levels and male male aggression is observed under the challenge hypothesis when the birds ... an evaluation of the challenge hypothesis journal Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews date NaN undefined ... E. Hegner, Alfred M. Dufty, Gregory F. Ball title The Challenge Hypothesis Theoretical Implications ... 285134 last3 Dufty ref In other animals The challenge hypothesis has been used to describe the testosterone levels in other species to certain social stimuli. The challenge hypothesis predicts .... This reinforces the challenge hypothesis by showing rapid changes in aggressive behaviors of the lizards ... last Klukowski first Matthew coauthors Nelson, Craig E. title The Challenge Hypothesis and Seasonal ... hbeh.1998.1449 pmid 9698502 ref Research has also shown the challenge hypothesis applies to specific ..., R.F. title A test of the challenge hypothesis in cichlid fish simulated partner and territory intruder ... 10.1016 j.anbehav.2003.12.015 ref In addition, the challenge hypothesis has been adapted to primates ... more details
refimprove date February 2011 The matching hypothesis also known as the matching phenomenon is a social psychology theory, first proposed by Elaine Hatfield and her colleagues in 1966, ref name wal1966 Walster, E., Aronson, V., Abrahams, D., & Rottman, L. 1966 . Importance of physical attractiveness in dating behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4 5 , 508 516. ref which suggests why people become attracted to their Significant other partner . It claims that people are more likely to form long standing Intimate relationship relationships with someone who is as equally physically attractive as they are. This is influenced by realistic choices, desire of the match and good probability of obtaining the date. ref name spha09 Hatfield, E. & Sprecher, S. 2009 . Matching hypothesis. In H. T. Reis & S. K. Sprecher Eds. Encyclopedia of human relationships pp. 1065 1067 . New York SAGE. ref If this leads you to think of all the successful couples in which the partners differ greatly ..., it had no effect on the partner so this study did not support the hypothesis. However, the study ... more likely to have continued dating a finding that supports the matching hypothesis. Walster and Walster ... expressed the most liking for each other a finding that supports the matching hypothesis. Murstein ... the matching hypothesis. Photos of 197 couples, mutually exclusive or engaged, were rated in terms .... The matching hypothesis was supported for judgment on photographs and self perception ratings. The study ... for the matching hypothesis didn t come from matching but instead on the tendency of people ... Brown argued for the matching hypothesis, but maintained that it results from a learned sense of what ... others, instead of a fear of rejection. Other Studies Further evidence supporting the matching hypothesis ..., W.G. 1971 . Physical attractiveness and dating choice A test of the matching hypothesis. Journal ... 1986 ref name kaha86 Kalick, S. M., & Hamilton, T. E., III 1986 . The matching hypothesis ... more details
The heartbeat hypothesis postulates that every living creature has a limited number of Cardiac cycle heartbeat s or breath s dubious date November 2011 . The hypothesis is based on two observations. First, that small mammals such as a mouse have rapid resting heart rate compared to a larger mammal such as an elephant , and that their respective lifespans are inversely proportional to those rates. Second, is that athletically fit people tend to have a lower resting heart rate and tend to live longer than unhealthy people. ref cite journal author John R. Speakman title Body size, energy metabolism and lifespan journal Journal of Experimental Biology volume 208 issue Pt 9 year 2005 pages 1717 1730 pmid 15855403 doi 10.1242 jeb.01556 ref In 1926 Raymond Pearl proposed that longevity varies inversely with basal metabolic rate Longevity basal metabolic rate the rate of living hypothesis . Support for this hypothesis comes from the fact that mammals with larger body size have longer maximum life span s and the fact that the longevity of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies varies inversely with ambient temperature . ref cite journal author Miquel J, Lundgren PR, Bensch KG, Atlan H title The effects of temperature on the aging process have been investigated in approximately 3500 imagoes of male Drosophila melanogaster journal Mechanisms of Aging and Development volume 5 issue 5 year 1976 pages 347 370 pmid 823384 doi 10.1016 0047 6374 76 90034 8 ref Additionally, the life span of houseflies can be extended by preventing physical activity. ref cite journal author Ragland SS, Sohal RS title Ambient temperature, physical activity and aging in the housefly, Musca domestica journal Experimental Gerontology volume 10 issue 5 year 1975 pages 279 289 pmid 1204688 doi 10.1016 0531 5565 75 90005 4 ref Support for this theory has been bolstered by several studies linking a lower basal metabolic ... full 132 6 1583S pmid 12042467 ref References reflist DEFAULTSORT Heartbeat Hypothesis Category Aging ... more details
Death of Jesus This is a sub article of Death and resurrection of Jesus . The Swoon Hypothesis refers to a number of theories that aim to explain the resurrection of Jesus , proposing that Jesus didn t die on the crucifixion cross , but merely fell Unconsciousness unconscious swooned , and was later revived in the tomb in the same mortal body. Although this hypothesis has not been widely held by scholars, it has had noteworthy advocates for about two hundred years. 18th and 19th centuries Early proponents of this theory include German Karl Friedrich Bahrdt , who suggested in around 1780, that Jesus deliberately feigned his death, using drugs provided by the physician Luke the Evangelist Luke ... hypothesis , and argued that the disciples must have believed that God had resurrected Jesus. Friedrich Schleiermacher endorsed a form of Paulus theory in the early 1830s. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad , the founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Movement, proposed a theory in his 1899 book Jesus in India ... Thiering explored the theory in depth in her book Jesus the Man book Jesus and the Riddle of the Dead ... the biggest proponent of the Swoon Hypothesis over the past 20 years has been Muslim preacher Ahmed ... in the four Gospels and theorizes a scenario of events similar to the Swoon Hypothesis. Citation ... Christ ref Further support is lent to the theory when Jesus body in the Gospel narratives is quickly ... chamber. A major reason to doubt this hypothesis is that the Gospel of John states that a soldier ... this precise theory. ref cite web url http www.gospel mysteries.net resurrection theories.html title Resurrection Theories ref Criticism of the Swoon Hypothesis Jesus state of health The Swoon Hypothesis .... Did he die on the cross, or is the Swoon Hypothesis possible? If he was taken down so early, he ... Vision hypothesis Stolen body hypothesis Historical Jesus Historicity of Jesus Empty tomb Religious ... by Dr. Barbara Thiering. DEFAULTSORT Swoon Hypothesis Category Resurrection of Jesus ... more details
Before Present BP , Cr t du Charnier, Solutr Pouilly , Sa ne et Loire , France The Solutrean hypothesis ... Post title Theory jolts familiar view of first Americans date March 1, 2012 pages A1, A9 ... radical theory of first americans places stone age europeans in delmarva 20000 years ago 2012 02 28 gIQA4mriiR story.html ref In this hypothesis, people associated with the Solutrean culture migrated ... the basis for later Clovis technology found throughout North America. The hypothesis rests ... migrated. The hypothesis has been challenged by archaeologists and oceanographers. A recent DNA study challenges a genetic argument often made in favor of the hypothesis. The study argues against ... Across Atlantic Ice, make a variety of claims in support of the Solutrean hypothesis. Among ... Image CLIMAP.jpg thumb Water temperatures during the last glacial maximum, according to CLIMAP . The hypothesis ..., and using pinniped seal blubber as heating fuel. Among other evidence backing up this hypothesis is the discovery ... could, in theory, have been used to construct kayaks from the same animal skins. However ... styles Supporters of the hypothesis suggest that stone tools found at Cactus Hill an early American ... in Brazil argued against the Solutrean hypothesis. Our results strongly support the hypothesis ... haplogroup independent migrations, such as the migration from Europe posed by the Solutrean hypothesis ... by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial Solutrean hypothesis of an Atlantic ... hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America. subscription ref Archaeological and oceanographic challenges to the Solutrean hypothesis Arthur J. Jelinek, an anthropologist who ... challenge to the hypothesis involves the apparent lack of cultural or artistic practices being ... hypothesis. ref cite web last Viegas first Jennifer title Earliest Mammoth Art Mammoth ... Atlantic Hypothesis. Although ice use and sea mammal hunting may have been important ... more details
In mathematics, the Lindel f hypothesis is a conjecture by Finnish mathematician Ernst Leonard Lindel f see harvtxt Lindel f 1908 about the rate of growth of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line that is implied by the Riemann hypothesis . It says that, for any 0, math zeta left frac12 it right mbox is mathcal O t varepsilon , math as t tends to infinity see O notation . Since can be replaced ... theorem implies that is convex. The Lindel f hypothesis states 1 2 0, which together ... harvs txt last Huxley year1 2002 year2 2005 Relation to the Riemann hypothesis harvtxt Backlund 1918 1919 showed that the Lindel f hypothesis is equivalent to the following statement about the zeros ... hypothesis implies that there are no zeros at all in this region and so implies the Lindel f hypothesis. The number of zeros with imaginary part between T and T 1 is known to be O log T , so the Lindel f hypothesis seems only slightly stronger than what has already been proved ... function The Lindel f hypothesis is equivalent to the statement that math int 0 T zeta 1 2 ... matrix theory to suggest some conjectures for the values of the coefficients for higher k . The leading ... by Albert Ingham , shows that the Lindel f hypothesis implies that, for any 0 ... Journal of Number Theory issn 0022 314X volume 128 issue 6 pages 1516 1554 Citation last1 Conrey first1 ... issn 0024 6115 volume 38 issue 3 pages 385 422 Citation last1 Huxley first1 M. N. title Number theory ... 90 issue 1 pages 1 41 citation first A. E. last Ingham title Mean Value Theorems in the Theory ... matrix theory and 1 2 it doi 10.1007 s002200000261 mr 1794265 year 2000 journal Communications in Mathematical ... link Edward Charles Titchmarsh title The theory of the Riemann zeta function publisher The Clarendon ... hypothesis is in Le calcul des r sidus et ses applications la th orie des fonctions L functions ... Category Analytic number theory de Lindel fsche Vermutung es Hip tesis de Lindel f it Ipotesi di ... more details
known to harbour life . The Gaia hypothesis , also known as Gaia theory or Gaia principle , proposes ... by the plants, who process it into the soil, removing it from the atmosphere. From hypothesis to theory ... proposed, and therefore the Gaia hypothesis was an unscientific theory of a maternal type without ... on the planet. The scientific investigation of the Gaia hypothesis focuses on observing how the biosphere ... factors of Planetary habitability habitability in a preferred homeostasis . The Gaia hypothesis was formulated ... in fields like biogeochemistry and systems ecology . This Ecology ecological hypothesis has also inspired ... Gaia philosophy philosophy and Gaia Movement movement . Overview The Gaia theory posits that the Earth ... , the hydrosphere s and the pedosphere , tightly coupled as an evolving system. The theory sustains ... of the Gaia theory relies on the assessment that such homeostatic balance is actively pursued ... for Gaia Theory journal Climatic Change volume 52 issue 4 pages 423 430 doi 10.1023 A 1014218227825 ... by organisms or processed by them. The Gaia theory states that the Earth s atmospheric composition is kept ... Snowball Earth theory ref research, as a result of oxygen shocks and reduced methane levels, that led ... become a solid snowball contradicts the Gaia hypothesis somewhat, although the ending of these Cryogenian periods through bio geophysiological processes accords well with Lovelock s theory. Processing ... of the Earth temperature within the limits of habitability. The CLAW hypothesis , inspired by the Gaia theory, proposes a feedback feedback loop that operates between ocean ecosystem s and the Earth ... nature journal v326 n6114 abs 326655a0.html bibcode 1987Natur.326..655C ref The hypothesis ... about the role played by biodiversity in the stability of ecosystems in Gaia theory. In one school of thought labelled the species redundancy hypothesis, proposed by Australian ecologist Brian .... The hypothesis leads to the conclusion that only a few key species are necessary for a healthy ecosystem ... more details
of phenomena the theory applies to or changing the assertions made. Sometimes a hypothesis never ... . A hypothesis is a prediction which has yet to be tested, while a theory is a prediction making ...other uses Theory disambiguation The English word theory was derived from a technical term in philosophy ... to Action theory philosophy action . ref The word theory was used in Ancient Greek philosophy ... been in use in English since at least the late 16th century. OEtymD theory accessdate 2008 07 18 ref Theory is especially often contrasted to practice from Greek Wiktionary praxis praxis , a Greek term for doing , which is opposed to theory because theory involved no doing apart from itself. A classical ... Medical theory and theorizing involves trying to understand the causes and Nature philosophy nature ... empirical phenomena which are not easily measurable, in modern science the term theory , or scientific theory is generally understood to refer to a proposed explanation of empirical phenomena, made in a way ... context the distinction between theory and practice corresponds roughly to the distinction between ... theories and hypothesis hypotheses . Hypotheses are individual empirically testable conjectures ... Religion to Philosophy , F. M. Cornford Francis Cornford suggests that the Orphics used the word theory ... plane of theory. Thus it was Pythagoras who gave the word theory the specific meaning which leads to the classical and modern concept of a distinction between theory as uninvolved, neutral thinking ... of Western Philosophy ref In Aristotle s terminology, as has already been mentioned above, theory ... and theory involve thinking, but the aims are different. Theoretical contemplation considers things ... Main Theory mathematical logic Theories are analysis analytical tools for understanding ... in many and varied fields of study, including the art s and science s. A formal theory is syntax ... in such a way that their general form is identical to a theory as it is expressed in the formal language ... more details
The Wiseman hypothesis , sometimes called the tablet theory , is a theory of the authorship and composition of the Book of Genesis which suggests that Mosaic authorship Moses compiled Genesis from tablets handed down through Abraham and the other patriarchs. Originally advocated by P. J. Wiseman 1888&ndash 1948 in his New discoveries in Babylonia about Genesis 1936 and republished by Wiseman s son, Donald Wiseman , as Ancient records and the structure of Genesis A case for literary unity in 1985, the hypothesis received some support from R. K. Harrison 1969 but otherwise remained without acceptance in Biblical criticism scholarly circles . History P. J. Wiseman Air Commodore P. J. Wiseman, a British officer who visited many active archaeological sites during his career in the Middle East, found that ancient narrative tablets usually ended in colophon publishing colophons which had a very specific format consisting of three parts 1 this has been the history book genealogy of... , 2 the name ... sources and with the Documentary hypothesis that Genesis was compiled by much later and unknown Documentary hypothesis R, Redactor redactors . sfn Wiseman 1958 p 40 Once a link had been made between ... R. K. Harrison Support for the Wiseman Hypothesis is found in the works on textual criticism and literary ... are discounted by scholars who follow Wellhausen and the Documentary hypothesis, since the central basis of the Documentary hypothesis is that the Pentateuch is mostly a work composed by unknown editors ... and dated points. He particularly values the implication of this theory on the early use of writing ... This is a breakdown of Genesis into tablets delineated by colophons according to Wiseman s theory ... states that Wiseman s hypothesis was the first concerted attempt to challenge the hypothesis of introductory ... describes the theory as an attractive one , but suggests that it has serious shortcomings . Firstly ... ref harv See also Mosaic authorship Documentary hypothesis Textual criticism Lower criticism Biblical ... more details
The Knudson hypothesis is the hypothesis that cancer is the result of accumulated mutation s to a cell s DNA . It was first proposed by Carl O. Nordling in 1953, ref name Nordling 1953 cite journal author Nordling C title A new theory on cancer inducing mechanism journal Br J Cancer volume 7 issue 1 pages 68 72 year 1953 url http www.carlonordling.se Cancer.html pmid 13051507 pmc 2007872 doi 10.1038 bjc.1953.8 ref ref name Marte 2006 cite web author Marte B title Milestone 9 1953 Two hit hypothesis It takes at least two to tango work Nature Milestones Cancer url http www.nature.com milestones milecancer full milecancer09.html date 2006 04 01 accessdate 2007 01 22 ref and later formulated by Alfred G. Knudson in 1971. ref name Knudson 1971 cite journal author Knudson A title Mutation and cancer statistical study of retinoblastoma journal PNAS Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A volume 68 issue 4 pages 820 823 year 1971 pmid 5279523 doi 10.1073 pnas.68.4.820 pmc 389051 ref Knudson s work led indirectly to the identification of cancer related gene s. Knudson won the 1998 Albert Lasker Medical Research Award for this work. The multi mutation theory on cancer was proposed by Nordling in the British Journal of Cancer in 1953. He noted that in industrialized nations the frequency of cancer seems to increase according to the sixth power of age. This correlation could be explained by assuming that the outbreak of cancer requires the accumulations of six consecutive mutations. Later, Knudson performed a statistical analysis on cases of retinoblastoma , a tumor of the retina that occurs both as an inherited disease and sporadically. He noted that inherited retinoblastoma occurs at a younger age than the sporadic disease. In addition, the children with inherited retinoblastoma often developed the tumor in both eyes, suggesting an underlying predisposition. Knudson suggested that multiple hits ... an activated oncogene. Related ideas Field cancerisation may be an extended form of the Knudson hypothesis ... more details
The Lexical Hypothesis ref name theory cite book title Personality Theory publisher Oxford University ... the Fundamental Lexical Hypothesis , ref name fundamental cite journal url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... Malden, MA isbn 978 1 4051 3635 8 ref or Sedimentation Hypothesis ref name personality determinants is one of the most important and widely used Theory Scientific theories guiding scientific theories ..., the Lexical Hypothesis is generally defined by two Axiom postulates . The first states ... year 1988 volume 2 pages 171 203 ref With origins in the late 19th century, use of the Lexical Hypothesis ... ref The Lexical Hypothesis is the foundation for the HEXACO model of personality structure ref ... theory personality traits in a number of cultural and linguistic settings. ref name handbook cite book title Handbook of Personality Theory and Research, Third Edition publisher The Guilford Press author ... Galton Sir Francis Galton was one of the first scientists to apply the Lexical Hypothesis to the study ... Galton first investigated the Lexical Hypothesis, Franziska Baumgarten published the first psycholexical ... of Trait theory trait psychology . ref name personality determinants Not only was it the longest ... hypothesis are at the root of ordinary language philosophy . ref name de raad cite journal ... ref Similar to the use of the Lexical Hypothesis to understand personality, ordinary language philosophers ... its widespread use in the study of personality, the Lexical Hypothesis has been challenged for a number ... Hypothesis and personality models founded on psycholexical studies. ref name defence cite journal ... title A History of Personality Psychology Theory, Science, and Research from Hellenism to the Twenty ... London isbn 9780471994435 ref The Lexical Hypothesis relies on terms that were not developed by experts. ref name history of pers As such, any models developed with the Lexical Hypothesis reflect ... to test the Lexical Hypothesis are unscientific. ref name westen ref name versus cite journal title ... more details
The Interaction hypothesis is a second language acquisition theories theory of second language acquisition which states that the development of language proficiency is promoted by face to face interaction and communication . ref name Johnson1999 cite encyclopedia editor1 last Johnson editor1 first Keith editor2 last Johnson editor2 first Helen title Interaction Hypothesis encyclopedia Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Linguistics A Handbook for Language Teaching publisher Blackwell Publishers location Oxford year 1999 page 174 isbn 978 0631227670 ref The idea existed in the 1980s, ref cite book last Long first Michael chapter Input and Second Language Acquisition Theory pages 377 393 editor1 last Gass editor1 first Susan editor2 last Madden editor2 first Carolyn title Input in second language acquisition publisher Newbury House location Rowley, Mass year 1985 isbn 978 0883772843 ref ref cite book last Ellis first Rod title Classroom Second Language Development A Study of Classroom Interaction and Language Acquisition publisher Pergamon location Oxford, UK year 1984 page 95 isbn 978 0080315164 ref but is usually credited to Michael Long academic Michael Long for his 1996 paper The role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition . ref cite book last Long first Michael chapter The role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition pages 413 468 editor1 last Ritchie editor1 first William editor2 last Bhatia editor2 first Tej title Handbook of second language acquisition publisher Academic Press location San Diego year 1996 isbn 978 0125890427 ref ref name GassSelinker2008 cite book title Second Language Acquisition An Introductory Course last1 ..., NY isbn 978 0 805 85497 8 ref There are two forms of the Interaction Hypothesis the strong form ... Similarly to Stephen Krashen Krashen s input hypothesis , the interaction hypothesis claims that comprehensible ... Hypothesis editor1 last Richards editor1 first Jack editor2 last Schmidt editor2 first Richard ... more details
the neurons pool . The elevation hypothesis of V.M. Dilman modern version the neuroendocrine theory ... of mammals grow old The astrocytic hypothesis of ageing of mammals briefly the astrocytic hypothesis ... in the brain of adult individuals. The astrocytic hypothesis was proposed by Ukrainian biologist ... who study the phenomenon of ageing . Prerequisites The astrocytic hypothesis appeared during a systemic ... of the astrocytic hypothesis that the time of its appearance coincided with the completion ... of the search is the astrocytic hypothesis. Contents of the astrocytic hypothesis File Neuronal ... hypothesis is based on common knowledge that in vertebrates Vertebrata the place of generation neuroblast ... hypothesis suggests that ageing of mammals is a genetic disease that causes death . Its cause ... localization in the adult brain. The astrocytic hypothesis in popular science literature and media The astrocytic hypothesis described in popular science form by Elena Naymark, ref http elementy.ru .... 03.12 2010 . ref In the media, and on its website astrocytic hypothesis promotes ..., ref The appearance of the astrocytic hypothesis in the Journal of General Biology ... hypothesis is actually an advanced version elevation hypothesis of ageing by Vladimir Dilman. ref .... May 23, 2007. ref articles about the astrocytic hypothesis appeared in some encyclopedias. ref http ... hypothesis. ref name In particular cquote In this connection mention should programmed ageing hypothesis Olexiy Boyko. It proves that the relatively rapid ageing in mammals is due aromorphosis ... hand, they point to bottleneck problems of astrocytic hypothesis, on the other hand, they show incomplete ... study of the phenomenon of ageing combining astrocytic hypothesis with hypothesis of ru ... trans title How and why the mechanisms of ageing and carcinogenesis originated a hypothesis . journal ... hypothesis of ageing , which in general repeated the arguments of A.A. Moskalev. ru , ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 otheruses comparator disambiguation The comparator hypothesis is a hypothesis in the field of the psychology of motivation and learning . ref http books.google.com books?hl en&lr &id k6ufhxSYXe8C&oi fnd&pg PA51&dq comparator&ots 0kZ3T3e4dw&sig ObK0QBEZCAeLsxDUjVsSafHIBWg PPA53,M1 ref Created by Ralph Miller, it established that responses are due to a comparison between the direct activation of the outcome and the indirect activation of the outcome. The comparator hypothesis was the first model which successfully accounts for retrospective reevaluation phenomena. However, after the publication of the comparator hypothesis, traditional models like Wagner s SOP and the Rescorla Wagner model were modified to be able to account for retrospective reevaluation phenomena. Today, the comparator hypothesis can successfully account for counteraction phenomena, a topic in which both the traditional models and their reformulation tends to fail. References reflist Category Learning psychology Category Motivation social psych stub ... more details
pmid 16360218 ref One study supports the hygiene hypothesistheory and cites the lack of early childhood ...Multiple issues citation style September 2010 intro tooshort July 2010 In medicine , the hygiene hypothesis ... hypothesis journal Thorax volume Suppl 1 issue 90001 pages S2 10 series 55 year 2000 month ... people in the developed world has also been linked to the hygiene hypothesis. ref Evidence that childhood ..., Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. ref ref The hygiene hypothesis ..., asthma, inflammation, and the hygiene hypothesis , Kevin G. Becker Gene Expression and Genomics ... citation needed date December 2011 scientist who gave the theory a scientific weasel word ... ref In this article, the hygiene hypothesis was proposed to explain the observation ... from families with only one child. The hygiene hypothesis has been extensively investigated by immunology ... countries. The hygiene hypothesis has now expanded to include exposure to symbiotic bacteria and parasites ... of action of the hygiene hypothesis stated that insufficient stimulation of the T sub h sub 1 ... S0167 5699 00 01582 6 ref The first proposed mechanistic explanation for the hygiene hypothesis ... The hygiene hypothesis revisited journal Immunol Allergy Clin North Am volume 25 issue 2 pages 247 62, v vi year 2005 month May pmid 15878454 doi 10.1016 j.iac.2005.03.005 ref Breadth of the hypothesis The hygiene hypothesis has expanded from eczema and hay fever to include exposure to several ... LR ref Supporting evidence The hygiene hypothesis is supported by epidemiological data. Studies ... hypothesis. A baby has many T sub h sub 2 cells, which stimulate the production of antibodies. When ... needed date October 2008 Several pieces of experimental evidence also support the hygiene hypothesis ... hypothesis is being studied in the UK, USA and Australia. Because of the promise shown by this research ... 9 year 2005 pmid 15780483 doi 10.1016 j.mehy.2004.09.028 ref As a result of the hygiene hypothesis ... more details
creationism2 The Omphalos hypothesis was named after the title of an 1857 book, Omphalos book Omphalos by Philip Henry Gosse , in which Gosse argued that in order for the world to be functional , God must have created the Earth with mountains and canyons, trees with growth rings, Adam and Eve with hair, fingernails, and navel s omphalos is Greek language Greek for navel , and that therefore no evidence that we can see of the presumed Age of the Earth age of the earth and age of the universe universe can be taken as reliable. The idea has seen some revival in the 20th century by some Creationism creationists , Who date January 2012 who have extended the argument to light that appears to originate in far off star s and galaxy galaxies Citation needed lead date January 2012 although other creationists reject this explanation ref http www.answersingenesis.org docs 405.asp How can we see distant stars in a young universe? Bot generated title ref . Many creationists believe that Adam and Eve ... Gosse s original Omphalos hypothesis specifies a popular creation story, others have proposed ... minute hypothesis ref name russell5 quotation Bertrand Russell wrote, in The Analysis of Mind there is no logical impossibility in the hypothesis that the world sprang into being five minutes ago, exactly ... that the Omphalos hypothesis rejects at the outset. Hebblethwaite also suggests that God necessarily ... and unavoidable ways than the presence or absence of hair or navels. He presented it not as an hypothesis ... hypothesis. In particular, Slifkin writes quotation Gosse took it as a given that each animal species ... have created any false history at all. ref name Slifkin, p164 Other formulations Five minute hypothesis The five minute hypothesis is a skeptical hypothesis put forth by the philosopher Bertrand Russell ... belief a philosophy much like Russell s discussion on the logical extreme of Gosse s theory ... DEFAULTSORT Omphalos Hypothesis Category Creationism Category Pseudohistory Category Skepticism ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2011 Named after the Hindu god of destruction, the Shiva Hypothesis is a hypothesis that purports to explain an apparent pattern in mass extinctions caused by impact event s. The hypothesis, created by Michael Rampino of New York University , says that gravitational disturbances caused by the Solar System crossing the plane of the Milky Way galaxy are enough to disturb comets in the Oort cloud surrounding the Solar System. This sends comets in towards the inner Solar System, which raises the chance of an impact. According to the hypothesis, this results in the Earth experiencing large impact events about every 30 million years such as the Cretaceous Paleogene extinction event . See also Extinction event Local Bubble Nemesis hypothetical star Tyche hypothetical planet References reflist External links http abob.libs.uga.edu bobk ccc cc020298.html A description of the Shiva hypothesis by Michael Rampino http users.tpg.com.au users tps seti crater.html Asteroid Comet Impact Craters and Mass Extinctions and Shiva Hypothesis of Periodic Mass Extinctions , by Michael Paine http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1996EM 26P...72..441R The Shiva Hypothesis Impacts, Mass Extinctions, and the Galaxy , by Rampino and Haggerty http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1998PlR....18....6R The Shiva hypothesis impacts, mass extinctions, and the Galaxy , by Rampino, M. R. http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1999PPMtO..18..405S The correlation between mas extinctions and impacts of near Earth objects. The review of Shiva hypothesis , by Yang Su, Yi Xia and Yanan Zhang. Category Impact events astronomy stub geology stub disaster stub es Hip tesis Shiva it Ipotesi di Shiva ... more details
. An alternative release of Hypothesis was titled Visions of the Future . In Germany Hypothesis and The Dragon were issued together as a double album titled Portrait . The cover artwork for Hypothesis .... Track listing Hypothesis, Part 1 16 00 Hypothesis, Part 2 16 10 References http www.vangelismovements.com ... 1978 albums Category Albums produced by Giorgio Gomelsky 1970s album stub electronic album stub ko Hypothesis it Hypothesis The Dragon pt Hypothesis ... more details
It is of importance that the Warburg Theory of Cancer Warburg hypothesis is distinguished from the Warburg effect . The Warburg Theory of Cancer postulates that the driver of tumorigenesis is an insufficient cellular respiration caused by insult to mitochondria. ref cite journal title On the Origin of Cancer Cells author Warburg O journal Science journal Science volume 123 issue 3191 pages 309 14 date 24 February 1956 doi 10.1126 science.123.3191.309 pmid 13298683 ref The Warburg Effect describes the observation that cancer cells, and many cells grown in vitro, exhibit glucose fermentation even when enough oxygen is present to properly respire. In other words, instead of fully respiring in the presence of adequate oxygen, cancer cells ferment. The current popular opinion is that cancer cells ferment glucose while keeping up the same level of respiration that was present before the process of carcinogenesis, and thus the Warburg Effect would be defined as the observation that cancer cells exhibit glycolysis with lactate secretion and mitochondrial respiration even in the presence of oxygen. ref cite pmid 20459610 ref Warburg s hypothesis was postulated by the Nobel laureate Otto Heinrich Warburg in 1924. ref O. Warburg, K. Posener, E. Negelein Ueber den Stoffwechsel der Tumoren Biochemische Zeitschrift , Vol. 152, pp. 319 344, 1924. de icon . Reprinted in English in the book On metabolism ... of cancer causing mutations. Warburg articulated his hypothesis in a paper entitled The Prime ... primecause1.html format ref In recent years, Warburg s hypothesis has re gained attention due to several ... sj.onc.1209597 pmid 16892078 cite journal author Weinhouse S title The Warburg hypothesis fifty ... Effect Returns in a New Theory of Cancer year 2004 journal Journal of the National Cancer Institute ... Seyfried TN, Mukherjee P title Targeting energy metabolism in brain cancer review and hypothesis journal ... A, et al. title Breast carcinomas fulfill the Warburg hypothesis and provide metabolic markers of cancer ... more details
The Tetrahedral hypothesis is an Superseded scientific theories obsolete scientific theory attempting to explain the arrangement of the Earth s continent s and ocean s by referring to the geometry of a tetrahedron . Although it was a historically interesting theory in the late 19th and early 20th century, it was superseded by the concepts of continental drift and modern plate tectonics . Theory This idea, described as ingenious by geologist Arthur Holmes , ref cite book author Arthur Holmes title Principles of physical geology url http books.google.com books?id XUJRAAAAMAAJ year 1965 publisher Nelson page 32 isbn 0174480202 ref is now of historical interest only. It attempted to explain apparent anomalies in the distribution of land and water on the Earth s surface ref cite book author A. Z. Bukhari title Encyclopedia of nature of geography url http books.google.com books?id vef 5GExuUgC&pg PA109 year 2005 publisher Anmol Publications PVT. Limited isbn 9788126124435 chapter Continental Drift pages 109 113 ref More than 75 of the Earth s land area is in the northern hemisphere . Continents are roughly triangular. Oceans are roughly triangular. The north pole is surrounded by water, the south pole by land. Exactly opposite the Earth from land is almost always water. The Pacific Ocean occupies about one third of the Earth s surface. To understand its appeal, consider the regular solids the sphere and the 5 member set of Platonic Solids . The solid with the lowest number of sides is the tetrahedron four equilateral triangles progressing through the cube , and the icosahedron 20 ... Antarctica Illustration of Tetrahedral hypothesis by William Lowthian Green from 1875 The theory ... German Alfred Wegener 1880 1930 had proposed in his continental drift theory that land masses moved ... journal title Theory of Continental Drift a Symposium on the Origin and Movement of Land Masses ... 3073 ref The plate tectonics theory is now generally accepted to explain the dynamic nature of the Earth ... more details
European topics 300 refimprove date February 2012 The Kurgan hypothesis also theory or model is one ... Armenian hypothesis Anatolian hypothesis Out of India theory Paleolithic Continuity Theory ... most popular proposal is the Pontic steppes see the Kurgan hypothesis ... ref An alternative model is the Anatolian hypothesis Anatolian urheimat . The Kurgan hypothesis was first formulated in the 1950s ..., and, c. 3000 BC, in practically every direction from this centre Anthony Kurgan hypothesis CITEREFAnthony1986 1986 , Kurgan hypothesis CITEREFAnthony1991 1991 Harvcolnb Mallory 1989 loc vol. 1 ... Stages of culture and expansion File Kurgan map.png 350px thumb right Overview of the Kurgan hypothesis ... , vol. 98 no.18 2001 , pp. 10244 10249. ref Subsequent studies on ancient DNA tested the hypothesis ... among supporters of the Kurgan hypothesis. JP Mallory in 1989 accepted the Kurgan hypothesis as the de facto standard theory of Indo European origins, but he recognizes valid criticism of Gimbutas ... to Krell 1998 , Gimbutas homeland theory is completely incompatible with the linguistic evidence ... core vocabulary. Krell 1998 , Gimbutas Kurgans PIE homeland hypothesis a linguistic critique , points ... establish a Kurgan hypothesis, based on purely archaeological observations, and then proceeds ... expansion during the Bronze Age The Kurgan hypothesis describes the initial spread of Proto Indo ... some archaeologists to declare the Kurgan hypothesis obsolete . ref Pre & protohistorie van de lage ... s Kurgan hypothesis was discovered for decades. ref Schmoeckel 1999 ref He was unable to link ... . Gimbutas Kurgans PIE homeland hypothesis a linguistic critique . Chapter 11 in Archaeology and Language ... European Studies volume 10 pages 223 234 . DEFAULTSORT Kurgan Hypothesis Category Indo European Category ... simple Kurgan hypothesis sr sh Kurganska hipoteza fi Kurgaanikulttuuri ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
