main Statistical hypothesis testing In statistical hypothesis testing , the alternative hypothesis or maintained hypothesis or research hypothesis and the null hypothesis are the two rival hypotheses which are compared by a statistical hypothesis testing statistical hypothesis test . An example might be where water quality in a stream has been observed over many years and a test is made of the null hypothesis that there is no change in quality between the first and second halves of the data against the alternative hypothesis that the quality is poorer in the second half of the record. In the case of a scalar parameter, there are four principal types of alternative hypothesis a point alternative hypothesis, a one tailed directional alternative hypothesis, a two tailed directional alternative hypothesis, and an non directional alternative hypothesis. Point alternative hypotheses occur when the hypothesis test is framed so that the population distribution under the alternative hypothesis is a fully defined distribution, with no unknown parameters such hypotheses are usually of no practical ... of the Neyman Pearson lemma . A one tailed directional alternative hypothesis is concerned with the region ... hypothesis is concerned with both regions of rejection of the sampling distribution. A non directional alternative hypothesis is not concerned with either region of rejection, but, rather, it is only concerned that null hypothesis is not true. The concept of an alternative hypothesis in testing ... a major component in modern statistical hypothesis testing . However it was not part of Ronald Fisher Ronald Fisher s formulation of statistical hypothesis testing, and he violently opposed its ... whether the observed dataset could have resulted from chance if the null hypothesis were assumed ... statistical hypothesis testing accommodates this type of test since the alternative hypothesis can be just the negation of the null hypothesis. References reflist Statistics Category Hypothesis ... more details
The innateness hypothesis is a linguistic theory of language acquisition which holds that at least some linguistic knowledge exists in humans at birth. ref http dictionary.reference.com browse innateness hypothesis Based on the Random House Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2009. ref Facts about the complexity of human language systems, the universality of language acquisition, the facility that children demonstrate in acquiring these systems, and the comparative performance of adults in attempting the same task are all commonly invoked in support. The idea that there may be an age by which this learning must be accomplished is known as the critical period hypothesis . Noam Chomsky is responsible for the innateness hypothesis. Hilary Putnam published a critique of the innateness hypothesis entitled The Innateness Hypothesis and Explanatory Models in Linguistics . ref http www.springerlink.com content w476u76126j58330 fulltext.pdf ref References references See also Language acquisition Category Linguistics Category Philosophy of language Category Hypotheses ... more details
For the periodical Null Hypothesis The Journal of Unlikely Science The practice of science involves formulating and testing hypothesis hypotheses , assertions that are Falsifiability capable of being proven false using a test of observed data. The null hypothesis typically corresponds to a general or default position. For example, the null hypothesis might be that there is no relationship between two ... title null hypothesis definition publisher Businessdictionary.com date accessdate 2010 07 29 ref ... cite web url http statistics.berkeley.edu stark SticiGui Text gloss.htm null hypothesis title Glossary ... R. A. Fisher, The Design of Experiments ii. 19, We may speak of this hypothesis as the null hypothesis , and it should be noted that the null hypothesis is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation. ref It is typically paired with a second hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis , which asserts a particular relationship between the phenomena. Jerzy Neyman ... negation of the null hypothesis it predicts the results from the experiment if the alternative hypothesis ... standard. It is important to understand that the null hypothesis can never be proven . A set of data can only reject a null hypothesis or fail to reject it . For example, if comparison of two groups ... to reject the null hypothesis in other words, the experiment fails to reject the null hypothesis . ref cite web url http stattrek.com Lesson5 HypothesisTesting.aspx title Can We Accept the Null Hypothesis? publisher StatTrek.com accessdate 2011 05 27 ref Principle Hypothesis testing works by Sampling ... hypothesis is true. If the data set is very unlikely, defined as belonging to a set of data that only ... rejects the null hypothesis concluding it probably is false. If the data do not contradict the null hypothesis, then only a weak conclusion can be made namely that the observed data set provides no strong evidence against the null hypothesis. As the null hypothesis could be true or false, in this case ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 otheruses comparator disambiguation The comparator hypothesis is a hypothesis in the field of the psychology of motivation and learning . ref http books.google.com books?hl en&lr &id k6ufhxSYXe8C&oi fnd&pg PA51&dq comparator&ots 0kZ3T3e4dw&sig ObK0QBEZCAeLsxDUjVsSafHIBWg PPA53,M1 ref Created by Ralph Miller, it established that responses are due to a comparison between the direct activation of the outcome and the indirect activation of the outcome. The comparator hypothesis was the first model which successfully accounts for retrospective reevaluation phenomena. However, after the publication of the comparator hypothesis, traditional models like Wagner s SOP and the Rescorla Wagner model were modified to be able to account for retrospective reevaluation phenomena. Today, the comparator hypothesis can successfully account for counteraction phenomena, a topic in which both the traditional models and their reformulation tends to fail. References reflist Category Learning psychology Category Motivation social psych stub ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2011 Named after the Hindu god of destruction, the Shiva Hypothesis is a hypothesis that purports to explain an apparent pattern in mass extinctions caused by impact event s. The hypothesis, created by Michael Rampino of New York University , says that gravitational disturbances caused by the Solar System crossing the plane of the Milky Way galaxy are enough to disturb comets in the Oort cloud surrounding the Solar System. This sends comets in towards the inner Solar System, which raises the chance of an impact. According to the hypothesis, this results in the Earth experiencing large impact events about every 30 million years such as the Cretaceous Paleogene extinction event . See also Extinction event Local Bubble Nemesis hypothetical star Tyche hypothetical planet References reflist External links http abob.libs.uga.edu bobk ccc cc020298.html A description of the Shiva hypothesis by Michael Rampino http users.tpg.com.au users tps seti crater.html Asteroid Comet Impact Craters and Mass Extinctions and Shiva Hypothesis of Periodic Mass Extinctions , by Michael Paine http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1996EM 26P...72..441R The Shiva Hypothesis Impacts, Mass Extinctions, and the Galaxy , by Rampino and Haggerty http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1998PlR....18....6R The Shiva hypothesis impacts, mass extinctions, and the Galaxy , by Rampino, M. R. http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1999PPMtO..18..405S The correlation between mas extinctions and impacts of near Earth objects. The review of Shiva hypothesis , by Yang Su, Yi Xia and Yanan Zhang. Category Impact events astronomy stub geology stub disaster stub es Hip tesis Shiva it Ipotesi di Shiva ... more details
. An alternative release of Hypothesis was titled Visions of the Future . In Germany Hypothesis and The Dragon were issued together as a double album titled Portrait . The cover artwork for Hypothesis .... Track listing Hypothesis, Part 1 16 00 Hypothesis, Part 2 16 10 References http www.vangelismovements.com ... 1978 albums Category Albums produced by Giorgio Gomelsky 1970s album stub electronic album stub ko Hypothesis it Hypothesis The Dragon pt Hypothesis ... more details
a theory in the history of the Romanian language R sler theory , see Origin of Romanians Migration from the south a theory Renfrew 1999 placing Proto Indo European proper in the Balkans at a time of around 5000 BC, see Anatolian hypothesis . disambig ... more details
orphan date March 2010 The Portia Hypothesis claims women with masculine sounding names will be more successful in the legal profession than an otherwise identical counterpart. The hypothesis is named after William Shakespeare s Portia Merchant of Venice character from the Merchant of Venice , who disguises herself as a man so she can argue as a lawyer . Evidence A study of South Carolina judge s by Bentley Coffey Clemson University , Department of Economics & Patrick McLaughlin George Mason University , Mercatus Center found evidence supporting the hypothesis. References http www.abajournal.com weekly female lawyers with masculine names may have a better shot at judgeships st ABA Journal story http taxprof.typepad.com taxprof blog 2009 09 the portia effect .html Category Gender equality Category Sociology of law ... more details
The 2R hypothesis or Ohno s hypothesis , first proposed by Susumu Ohno in 1970, ref name Ohno70 Ohno ... hypothesis in genomics and molecular evolution suggesting that the genomes of the early vertebrate ..., and the term 2R hypothesis was probably coined in 1999 variations in the number of duplications typically still are referred to as examples of the 2R hypothesis. ref name Hokamp cite journal last1 Hokamp first1 K last2 McLysaght first2 A last3 Wolfe first3 KH title The 2R hypothesis and the human ... of it in Evolution by Gene Duplication , the 2R hypothesis has been the subject of much research, but even ... According to Hokamp et al. 2003 , ref name Hokamp the version of the genome duplication hypothesis from which 2R hypothesis takes its name appears in Holland et al. 1994 ref name Holland cite journal ... proteins do not support the hypothesis of two rounds of genome duplication early in vertebrate history ... doi 10.1007 PL00006499 ref blockquote Ohno s argument Ohno presented the first version of the 2R hypothesis ... history of one hypothesis journal Genome Research volume 11 issue 5 pages 667 70 year 2001 pmid 11337465 doi 10.1101 gr.188801 ref Later evidence The 2R hypothesis saw a resurgence of interest in the 1990s ... for the hypothesis relies on the number of genes in mammals, which was previously estimated at around ... with the 2R hypothesis. Parsimony analysis has produced some results that, while not supportive of the hypothesis, do not rule it out. According to a 2001 review of the subject by Wojciech Maka owski, the hypothesis of whole genome duplications in the early stages of vertebrate evolution has as many ... that cast doubt on the hypothesis are of questionable validity. ref name Hokamp A review in 2007 by Masanori Kasahara states that there is now incontrovertible evidence supporting the 2R hypothesis and that a long standing debate on the 2R hypothesis is approaching the end . ref name Kasahara cite journal last1 Kasahara first1 M title The 2R hypothesis an update journal Current opinion in immunology ... more details
The Sekhmet Hypothesis was first published in 1995 by Iain Spence. ref The Sekhmet Hypothesis , Iain Spence, 1995 1996, Bast s Blend ISBN 9780952536505, ISBN 0 9525365 4 4 ref It suggests a possible link between the emergence of youth culture archetypes in relation to the 11 year solar cycle s. The hypothesis was published again in 1997 in http dreamflesh.com projects towards 2012 Towards 2012 ref ... has discussed his own views on the hypothesis in his book, Supergods 2011 . ref Supergods Our World ... The origins of the hypothesis can be traced back to Robert Anton Wilson s book, Prometheus Rising ... side of the hypothesis, suggesting it had no scientific basis. He demonstrated how he believed the dates ... Hypothesis website renamed from the Sekhmet hypothesis , Solar Youth Culture? http website.lineone.net iainsp syouth ref He then simplified the hypothesis as a study of the four life scripts friendly ... youth trends. This scaled down hypothesis suggests that humanity recapitulates infantile ... supposedly presents a mood based mainly on friendly strength . ref The Hare Hypothesis website ... s reference to The Matrix in relation to the hypothesis suggesting the film is not related to any specific youth trend. ref The Hare Hypothesis website, Thoughts on Supergods and Early Sekhmet http ... influences ref Critics of the Sekhmet hypothesis have pointed out Spence s lack of interest ... claiming that the hypothesis only analyses youth trends which present the most bestial, atavistic ... into hybrids such as grunge. ref The Hare Hypothesis website, Conclusion http website.lineone.net iainsp hypothesis ref References reflist After listing your sources please cite them using inline ... Men issue 114, comments on the Sekhmet hypothesis. http sites.google.com site deepspacetransmissions ... on the Sekhmet hypothesis. http www.youtube.com watch?v ERCbo FSJdU An Evening with Grant Morrison ... Comics. Includes discussion of the early Sekhmet hypothesis. Category youth culture Category ... more details
A working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research ref Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine . http www.answers.com topic working hypothesis Eprint via Answers.com. ref in the hope that a tenable theory will be produced, even if the hypothesis ultimately fails. ref name Century See in hypothesis , Century Dictionary Supplement , v. 1, 1909, New ... hypothesis ... Working hypothesis , a hypothesis suggested or supported in some measure by features ..., with the hope that, even should the hypothesis thus be overthrown, such research may lead to a tenable theory. ref Like all hypotheses, a working hypothesis is constructed as a statement of expectations ... 1 55938 888 9 ref History Use of the phrase working hypothesis goes back at least two centuries. ref ... for year printed as M,DCCC,V . ref Charles Sanders Peirce came to hold that an explanatory hypothesis ... point by the broader promise that the hypothesis holds for research. This idea of justifying a hypothesis as potentially fruitful at the level of research method , not merely as plausible at the level of logical conclusions , is essential for the idea of a working hypothesis, as later elaborated ... method, an explanatory hypothesis is judged and selected ref Peirce, C. S., Carnegie Application ... a scientific hypothesis. For it is not sufficient that a hypothesis should be a justifiable one. Any hypothesis which explains the facts is justified critically. But among justifiable hypotheses we ... Supplement definition of working hypothesis ref name Century reflects that perspective Peirce ... hypothesis in PEP UQ M s list of words in Peirce s charge http www.pep.uqam.ca listsofwords.pep?l H ... the phrase working hypothesis, but he once commented about a related kind of a hypothesis that it was a hypothesis, which like the working hypothesis of a scientific inquiry, we may not believe to be altogether ... used the concept of the working hypothesis as a pivotal feature in his theory of inquiry . Contrary ... more details
According to the Porter Hypothesis , strict environmental regulation s can induce efficiency and encourage innovations that help improve commercial competitiveness. The hypothesis was formulated by the economist Michael Porter in an article in 1995. The hypothesis suggests that strict environmental regulation triggers the discovery and introduction of cleaner technologies and environmental improvements, the innovation effect , making production processes and products more efficient. sup 1 sup The cost savings that can be achieved are sufficient to overcompensate for both the compliance costs directly attributed to new regulations and the innovation costs. In the first mover advantage , a company is able to exploit innovation by learning curve effects or patent ing and attains a dominating competitive position compared to companies in countries where environmental regulations were enforced much later. The Porter hypothesis has been applied to Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals REACH . In one conclusion sup 2 sup , companies that adopt a cost leadership business strategy and have a relatively small product portfolio will fare better than companies that compete by product differentiation and have a larger number of chemicals that require regulation. Notes sup 1 sup Wagner, M. The Porter Hypothesis Revisited. A Literatur Review of Theoretical Model and Empirical Test. L neburg Centre for Sustainability Management, 2003, p.2 http www2.leuphana.de umanagement csm content nama downloads download publikationen 38 2downloadversion.pdf CSM L neburg sup 2 sup Chemicals Regulation and the Porter Hypothesis A Critical Review of the New European Chemicals Regulation Torsten Frohwein, Bernd Hansj rgens Journal of Business Chemistry January 2005 http www.wirtschaftschemie.de journal 20051 19 36.pdf open access publishing open access publication References Michael E. Porter and Claas van der Linde, Toward a New Conception of the Environment Competitiveness Relationship ... more details
In paleoanthropology , the hunting hypothesis is the hypothesis that human evolution was primarily influenced by the activity of hunting for relatively large and fast animals, and that the activity of hunting distinguished human ancestors from other primate s. While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this fact for the final steps in the emergence of the Homo genus Homo genus out of earlier Australopithecines , with its bipedalism and production of stone tool s from about 2.5 million years ago , and eventually also control of fire from about 1.5 million years ago , are emphasized in the hunting hypothesis , and de emphasized in scenarios that stress the omnivore status of humans as their recipe for success, and social interaction , including mating behaviour as essential in the emergence of language and culture. Advocates of the hunting hypothesis tend to believe that tool use and toolmaking essential to effective hunting were an extremely important part of human evolution, and trace the origin of language and prehistoric religion religion to a hunting context. See also Acheulean Behavioral modernity Homo ergaster Homo Necans , an award winning book whose title translates as Man the Killer Hunter gatherer Killer ape theory Oldowan References Robert Ardrey , The Hunting Hypothesis A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder , Atheneum, New York 1970 External links http encarta.msn.com encyclopedia 761566394 12 Human Evolution.html Human Evolution MSN Encarta BOT GENERATED TITLE http www.webcitation.org 5kwr6JAob Archived 2009 10 31 and http www.mnh.si.edu anthro humanorigins faq Encarta culture.htm Discussion of the hunting hypothesis from Encarta http www.indiana.edu origins teach P380 P380hominid.html anthropology stub Prehistoric technology Category Anthropology Category Human evolution ja ro Ipoteza v n torii ... more details
Indo European The Armenian hypothesis of the Proto Indo European language Proto Indo European Urheimat , based on the Glottalic theory suggests that the Proto Indo European language was spoken during the 4th millennium BC in the Armenian Highland or Aryan Highland . It is an Indo Hittite model and does not include the Anatolian languages in its scenario. The phonological peculiarities proposed in the Glottalic theory would be best preserved in the Armenian language and the Germanic languages , the former assuming the role of the dialect which remained in situ , implied to be particularly archaic in spite of its late attestation. The Proto Greek language would be practically equivalent to Mycenaean Greek and date to the 17th century BC, closely associating Greek migration to Greece with the Indo Aryan migration to India at about the same time viz., Indo European expansion at the transition to the Late Bronze Age , including the possibility of Indo European Kassites . The Armenian hypothesis argues for the latest possible date of Proto Indo European sans Anatolian , roughly a millennium later than the mainstream Kurgan hypothesis . In this, it figures as an opposite to the Anatolian hypothesis , in spite of the geographical proximity of the respective suggested Urheimaten , diverging from the timeframe suggested there by as much as three millennia. See also Graeco Armeno Aryan Armeno Aryan References Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze T. V. Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov V. V. Ivanov , The Early History of Indo European Languages , Scientific American, March 1990 I.M. Diakonoff, The Prehistory of the Armenian People 1984 . Robert Drews , The Coming of the Greeks 1988 , argues for late Greek arrival in the framework of the Armenian hypothesis. Martiros Kavoukjian , Armenia, Subartu, and Sumer the Indo European homeland and ancient Mesopotamia , trans. N. Ouzounian, Montreal ... bg ru simple Armenian hypothesis tr Ermeni hipotezi ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 Inoculation hypothesis is defined as the idea that exposure to weak versions of a persuasive argument increases later resistance to that argument. To better explain this topic, in 1964 William McGuire came up with this Protecting a person s attitudes from persuasion is like inoculating the human body against disease . ref Kassin, S., Fein, S. & Markus, H. R. 2008 Social Psychology 7th ed. . Houghton Mifflin Boston. ref Inoculation hypothesis can be compared to an immunization . When the body is immunized against infection , a small dose of the particular strain is in the injection this helps the body build a resistance to the infection. Persuasion is closely related to inoculation hypothesis. Persuasion is a form of social influence. Persuasion guides people towards certain ideas or actions. According to Robert Cialdini , there are six weapons of influence when it comes to persuasion. They are, reciprocation, commitment and consistency, social proof, authority, liking, and scarcity. References references Category Arguments ... more details
The Escalation Hypothesis is a theory put forward by Geerat J. Vermeij . It states that organisms are in constant conflict with one another and therefore devote lots of resources to thwarting the adaptations evolution brings to all competing organisms as time advances. This is in contrast to adaptations evolution may bring that are unrelated to competition with other organisms such as adapting to ecological niches based upon other factors such as geology and climate. Vermeij s extensive work with the characteristics of marine gastropod fossils informed his development of thoughts on escalation. One prediction of the Escalation Hypothesis is that individual species having fewer adaptations that enable them to compete with other life forms are more likely to survive a mass extinction event such as one of Extinction Event Major extinction events The Big Five . This is because there is more flexibility to fit into new ecological niches that arduous adaptations such as heavy shells or energy consuming venom production would hinder. External links http palaios.sepmonline.org cgi content extract 18 2 83 The Escalation Hypothesis One Long Argument Category Evolutionary biology ... more details
The Medea hypothesis is a term coined by paleontologist Peter Ward paleontologist Peter Ward ref Peter Ward paleontologist Peter Ward 2009 , http books.google.com books?id so9ZU88OBrEC&pg PR19 The Medea Hypothesis Is Life on Earth Ultimately Self Destructive? , ISBN 0691130752 ref for the anti Gaia hypothesis Gaian hypothesis that multicellular life , understood as a superorganism , is suicidal in this view microbial triggered Extinction event mass extinctions are attempts to return the Earth to the microbial dominated state it has been for most of its history. ref http www.newscientist.com article mg20227131.400 gaias evil twin is life its own worst enemy.html Gaia s evil twin Is life its own worst enemy? The New Scientist. Volume 202, Issue 2713, 17 June 2009, pages 28&ndash 31 Cover story ref ref Cite web last Bennett first Drake authorlink title Dark green A scientist argues that the natural world isn t benevolent and sustaining it s bent on self destruction work http www.boston.com Boston.Com publisher The Boston Globe date 2009 01 11 url http www.boston.com bostonglobe ideas articles 2009 01 11 dark green format accessdate 2010 02 26 ref ref name Review Cite web last Grey first William authorlink title Gaia theory Reflections on life on earth work http www.australianreview.net index.html Australian Review of Public Affairs publisher University of Sydney date 2010 02 url http ... Bright Green 2010 0212 The Medea Hypothesis A response to the Gaia hypothesis 28page 29 1 The Medea Hypothesis A response to the Gaia hypothesis Review of Ward s book, February 12, 2010 . http blogs.scientificamerican.com observations 2010 01 13 paleontologist peter wards medea hypothesis life is out to get you Paleontologist Peter Ward s Medea hypothesis Life is out to get you Scientific American ... hypothesis.html The Medea Hypothesis Review by the Astrobiology Society of Britain . http www.timeshighereducation.co.uk story.asp?storyCode 408337§ioncode 26 The Medea Hypothesis Is Life on Earth ... more details
Hypothesis Theory is a psychological theory of learning developed during the 1960s and 1970s. Experimental Framework In the basic experimental framework, the subject is presented with a series of multidimensional stimuli, and provided feedback about the class of the stimulus on each trial. Two class problems are typical. The framework is thus in many ways similar to that of concept learning . In contrast to earlier association type theories, the Hypothesis Theory argues that subjects solve this problem i.e., learn the correct response for each stimulus , by testing a series of hypotheses about the relation of the cue values stimulus features to the class. For example, a candidate hypothesis for stimuli that vary along the three dimensions of shape, color, and size might be math mathbf Shape square, mathbf Color blue, mathbf Size small Longrightarrow mathbf Class good math Because the subject is proposed to learn through the successive testing of hypotheses, the rate of learning should be highly dependent on the order in which hypotheses are tested, and on the particular hypotheses which are available to the learner. It is conceivable that a given learner may not be able to formulate the hypothesis that would correctly classify the stimuli. It is argued that as a result of feature, Hypothesis theory can account for instances of poor learning that occur in some cases even when the statistical associational strength is high Harvnb Levine 1971 . Formal Theories The process by which a subject is proposed to go about forming such rules or hypothesis has been the topic of formal probabilistic modeling, a discussion of which can be found in the references. Status of Research Hypothesis theory has fallen out of favor along with many other rule based models in the wake of prototype ... correct learning PAC learning References cite journal last Levine first Marvin title Hypothesis ... A Cognitive Theory of Learning Research on Hypothesis Testing publisher John Wiley & Sons year 1975 ... more details
The sequence hypothesis was first formally proposed in a review On Protein Synthesis by Francis Crick in 1958. It states that the sequence of bases in the genetic material DNA or RNA determines the sequence of amino acid s for which that segment of nucleic acid codes, and this amino acid sequence determines the three dimensional structure into which the protein folds. The three dimensional structure of a protein is required for a protein to be functional. This hypothesis then lays the essential link between information stored and inherited in nucleic acids to the chemical processes which enable life to exist. Or, as Crick put it in 1958 ..In its simplest form it the Sequence Hypothesis assumes that the specificity of a piece of nucleic acid is expressed solely by the sequence of its base pair bases , and that this sequence is a simple code for the amino acid sequence of a particular protein. This hypothesis appears to be rather widely held. Its virtue is that it unites several remarkable pairs of generalisations the central biochemical importance of proteins and the dominating role of genes , and in particular of their nucleic acid the linearity of protein molecules considered covalently and the genetic linearity within the functional gene the simplicity of the composition of protein molecules and the simplicity of the nucleic acids. This description is further amplified in the article and, in discussing how a protein folds up into its three dimensional structure, Crick suggested that the folding is simply a function of the order of the amino acids in the protein. See also Central dogma Category Nucleic acids Category Biology theories ... more details
The Expectations Hypothesis of the term structure of interest rates also known as Term structure Yield Curve is the proposition that the long term rate is determined by the market s expectation for the short term rate plus a constant risk premium Sarno et al., 2007 . It has been found that the expectation hypothesis has been tested and rejected using a wide variety of interest rates, over a variety of time periods and monetary policy regimes Guidolin et al., 2008 . This analysis is supported in a study conducted by Sarno, where it is concluded that while conventional bivariate procedure provides mixed results, the more powerful testing procedures, for example expanded Vector Autoregression test, suggest rejection of the EH throughout the maturity spectrum examined. A common reason given for the failure of the EH is that the risk premium is not constant as the expectation hypothesis requires, but is time varying. However, research by Guidolin and Thornton 2008 suggest otherwise. It is postulated that the expectation hypothesis fails because short term interest rates are not predictable to any significant degree. While traditional term structure tests mostly indicate that expected future interest rates are ex post inefficient forecasts, Froot 1989 has an alternative take on it. At short maturities, the expectation hypothesis fails. At long maturities, however, changes in the yield curve reflect changes in expected future rates one for one. 1 i lt n 1 i st year 1 1 i st year 2 cdots 1 i st year n This hypothesis assumes that the various maturities are perfect substitutes and suggests that the shape of the yield curve depends on market participants expectations of future interest ..., D., & Valente, G. 2007 . The Empirical Failure of the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure ..., D. 2008 . Predictions of Short Term Rates and the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure ... for the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure of Interest Rates. The Journal of Finance, XLIV ... more details
The synaptotropic hypothesis is a neurobiology neurobiological hypothesis of neuron al growth and synapse formation. The hypothesis was first formulated by J.E. Vaughn in 1988, ref name pmid2458630 cite journal doi 10.1002 syn.890020110 title Dendritic development and preferential growth into synaptogenic ... by glutamatergic synaptic input A review of the synaptotrophic hypothesis year 2008 last1 ... 1509 17 pmid 18202093 pmc 2375708 ref The synaptotropic hypothesis proposes that input from a presynaptic ..., the hypothesis predicts that growth will be directed into regions containing more presynaptic ... of synaptic transmission. ref name Cline Implications of the Hypothesis Branching Patterns in Spinal Cords support of hypothesis As described previously, the pattern of dendritic branching depends on the initial contact of filopodia with afferent axons. The hypothesis predicts that regions ... used the developing mouse spinal cord to test this hypothesis. A computer assisted three dimensional ... is consistent with predictions of the synaptotropic hypothesis of dendritic branching. ref name pmid2458630 ... function. The synaptotropic hypothesis implies that function drives form, since the appropriateness ... give evidence to either dissent with or support the synaptotropic hypothesis. Applications Imaging ... tenet of the synaptotropic hypothesis. Modifications of the Hypothesis Some interpret the synaptotropic hypothesis as saying that manipulations that increase synapse formation and maturation promote formation ... underlying synaptogeneis. A resulting modified version of the hypothesis has emerged in which ... This is a different way of viewing the synaptotropic hypothesis that still takes into account ... hypothesis would predict that cell adhesion molecules that are important in synapse formation would ... Evidence Evidence against the synaptotropic hypothesis comes from experiments with munc 18 knock out ..., such as Holly Cline, deny that the munc 18 knock out mice disprove the synaptotropic hypothesis ... more details
citations missing date September 2007 Image The Astonishing Hypothesis Cover .jpg thumb 150px right Cover The Astonishing Hypothesis ref cite book title The Astonishing Hypothesis The Scientific Search For The Soul publisher Scribner reprint edition year 1995 isbn 0 684 80158 2 ref is a 1994 book by scientist Francis Crick about consciousness . Crick, one of the co discoverers of the molecular structure of DNA in 1953, later became a theorist for neurobiology and the study of the brain . The Astonishing Hypothesis is mostly concerned with establishing a basis for scientific study of consciousness however, Crick places the study of consciousness within a larger social context. Human consciousness is central to human existence and so scientists find themselves approaching topics traditionally left to philosophy and religion . The Astonishing Hypothesis posits that a person s mental activities are entirely due to the behavior of nerve cell s, glial cell s, and the atom s, ion s, and molecule s that make them up and influence them. Crick claims that scientific study of the brain during the 20th century led to acceptance of consciousness, free will , and the human soul as subjects for scientific investigation. Public perceptions of science and the questions that scientists are willing to ask are strongly influenced by religion. Citation needed date July 2011 Crick had discussed the relationship between science and religion in his earlier book What Mad Pursuit . Crick s view of this relationship was that religions can be wrong about scientific matters and that part of what science does is to confront the errors that exist within religious traditions. For example, the idea of a mechanism ... of life by divinity divine intervention. Crick s subtitle for The Astonishing Hypothesis is The Scientific ... web title Francis Crick and the Astonishing Hypothesis url http www.consciousentities.com crick.htm ... Reflist Use dmy dates date July 2011 DEFAULTSORT Astonishing Hypothesis, The Category Consciousness ... more details
no footnotes date December 2011 The hydrogen hypothesis is a model proposed by William F. Martin and Mikl s M ller in 1998 that describes a possible way in which the mitochondrion arose as an endosymbiont within a prokaryote an archaea , giving rise to a symbiosis symbiotic association of two cells from which the first Eukaryote eukaryotic cell could have arisen. According to the hydrogen hypothesis The host that acquired the mitochondrion was a prokaryote, a hydrogen dependent archaea, possibly similar in physiology to a modern methanogenic archaea which uses hydrogen and carbon dioxide to produce methane The future mitochondrion was a Facultative anaerobic facultatively anaerobic Eubacteria eubacterium which produced hydrogen and carbon dioxide as byproducts of anaerobic respiration A symbiotic relationship between the two started, based on the host s hydrogen dependence anaerobic syntrophy . The hypothesis differs from many alternative views within the endosymbiotic theory framework, which suggest that the first eukaryotic Cell biology cells evolved a nucleus but lacked mitochondria, the latter arising as a eukaryote engulfed a primitive bacterium that eventually became the mitochondrion. The hypothesis attaches evolution evolutionary significance to hydrogenosome s and provides a rationale for their common ancestry with mitochondria. Hydrogenosomes are anaerobic mitochondria that produce adenosine triphosphate ATP by, as a rule, converting pyruvate into hydrogen, carbon dioxide and acetate . Examples from modern biology are known where methanogens cluster around hydrogenosomes ... the common ancestry of mitochondria and hydrogenosomes. The hypothesis provides a straightforward ... that some eukaryotes never possessed mitochondria. The hydrogen hypothesis predicts that no primitively ... hypothesis, this specific prediction has been tested many times and found to be in agreement ... title The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote journal Nature year 1998 volume 392 pages 37 ... more details
The Distributional Hypothesis in linguistics is the theory that words that occur in the same contexts tend to have similar meanings. ref name Harris cite journal last1 Harris first1 Z. year 1954 title Distributional structure url journal Word volume 10 issue 23 pages 146 162 ref The underlying idea that a word is characterized by the company it keeps was popularized by J. R. Firth Firth . ref name Firth Firth, J.R. 1957 . A synopsis of linguistic theory 1930 1955. In Studies in Linguistic Analysis , pp. 1 32. Oxford Philological Society. Reprinted in F.R. Palmer ed. , Selected Papers of J.R. Firth 1952 1959 , London Longman 1968 . ref The Distributional Hypothesis is the basis for Statistical semantics Statistical Semantics . Although the Distributional Hypothesis originated in Linguistics, it is now receiving attention in Cognitive science Cognitive Science especially regarding the context of word use. ref name McDonald McDonald, S., and Ramscar, M. 2001 . http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc download?doi 10.1.1.104.7535&rep rep1&type pdf Testing the distributional hypothesis The influence of context on judgements of semantic similarity . In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , pages 611 616. ref In recent years, the distributional hypothesis has provided the basis for the theory of similarity based generalization in language learning the idea that children can figure out how to use words they ve rarely encountered before by generalizing about their use from distributions of similar words. ref name Yarlett Yarlett, D 2008 Language Learning Through Similarity Based Generalization, PhD Thesis, Stanford University. ref The distributional hypothesis suggests that the more semantically similar two words are, the more distributionally similar they will be in turn, and thus the more that they will tend to occur in similar linguistic contexts ... The distributional hypothesis References references DEFAULTSORT Distributional Hypothesis Category ... more details
Orphan date December 2010 Heliotropic Hypothesis is the process when social system s evolve toward the most positive Self image images they hold of themselves. ref name 4cm cite web last Cooperrider first authorlink coauthors title Positive image, positive action The affirmative basis of organizing work publisher date url http www.ignitebusiness.co.nz site ignite files Positive 20Image, 20Positive 20Action Cooperrider.pdf format doi accessdate 14 March 2010 ref References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Heliotropic Hypothesis Category Change management psychology stub ... more details
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