Hypoxiainduciblefactors HIFs are transcription factors that respond to changes in available oxygen in the cellular environment, specifically, to decreases in oxygen, or Hypoxia medical ... hypoxiainduciblefactors for oxygen dependent proteolysis journal Nature volume 399 issue 6733 ... Bruegge K, Jelkmann W, Metzen E title Hydroxylation of hypoxiainducible transcription factors and chemical ... 2 External links MeshName HypoxiaInducible Factor 1 Transcription factors g1 DEFAULTSORT HypoxiaInducibleFactors Category Developmental genes and proteins Category Transcription factors de Hypoxie ...protein Name HIF1A hypoxiainducible factor 1, alpha subunit caption image width HGNCid 4910 Symbol HIF1A ... Q9HBZ2 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 1 Arm q Band 24 LocusSupplementaryData protein Name HIF3A hypoxiainducible ... side of hypoxiainducible factor journal Br. J. Haematol. volume 141 issue 3 pages 325 34 year ... cite journal author Wang GL, Jiang BH, Rue EA, Semenza GL title Hypoxiainducible factor 1 is a basic ... GL title Dimerization, DNA binding, and transactivation properties of hypoxiainducible factor 1 ... Functions of the Per ARNT Sim domains of the hypoxiainducible factor journal J. Biol. Chem. volume ... proteins valign top Infobox protein family Symbol HIF 1 Name Hypoxiainducible factor 1 image ... width caption Structure of hypoxiainducible factor 1 alpha subunit. ref name pmid11959990 cite journal ... wikitable border 1 member gene protein HIF1A HIF 1 gene HIF1A HIF1A hypoxiainducible factor 1, alpha ... 2 HIF 3 gene HIF3A HIF3A hypoxiainducible factor 3, alpha subunit HIF 3 ARNT3 aryl hydrocarbon ... PA title Regulation of human metabolism by hypoxiainducible factor journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ... of hypoxiainducible factor 1alpha by NF kappaB journal Biochem J. volume 412 issue 3 pages 477 ... author van Uden P, Kenneth NS, Rocha S title Regulation of hypoxiainducible factor 1alpha by NF ... issn ref ref name pmid16940159 cite journal author Melillo G title Inhibiting hypoxiainducible factor ... more details
wiktionary hypoxiaHypoxia may refer to Hypoxia environmental , reduced dissolved oxygen content of a body of water detrimental to aerobic organisms Hypoxia medical , a pathological condition in which the body as a whole or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply Popular culture Hypoxia Benn Jordan song Hypoxia Benn Jordan song , a 2008 ambient song Hypoxia Delerium song Hypoxia Delerium song , a 1994 electronica song Hypoxia , a 2011 song from Pulse Thomas Giles album Pulse Thomas Giles album disambig de Hypoxie lt Hipoksija nl Hypoxie nds Hypoxie tr Hipoksi ... more details
other uses hypoxia disambiguation Infobox disease Name Cerebral hypoxia Image Arteries beneath brain ... ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D002534 Cerebral hypoxia refers to a reduced .... There are four categories of cerebral hypoxia in order of severity they are diffuse cerebral hypoxia DCH , focal cerebral ischemia, cerebral infarction, and global cerebral ischemia. Prolonged hypoxia induces neuron al cell death via apoptosis resulting in a hypoxic brain injury. ref Malhotra R. et al. Hypoxia induces apoptosis via two independent pathways in Jurkat cells differential ... ref Classification Cerebral hypoxia is typically grouped into four categories depending on the severity and location of the brain s oxygen deprivation ref cite web url http www.answers.com topic hypoxia title Hypoxia work The Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders publisher The Gale Group, Inc ... artery br One cause of Hypoxic Anoxic Injury HAI . Diffuse cerebral hypoxia . A mild to moderate ... of the brain. Cerebral hypoxia can also be classified by the cause of the reduced brain oxygen ref cite web url http www.graylab.ac.uk groups advtec hypoxia hypoxia2.html title What is Hypoxia? date ... http www.graylab.ac.uk groups advtec hypoxia hypoxia2.html archivedate 2003 09 21 Retrieved on 2007 04 13 from Internet Archive Archive.org . ref Hypoxic hypoxia . Limited oxygen in the environment ... MEDIA approach issues mayjun05 hypoxiaexpert.htm title Are you a hypoxia expert? last Brooks ... provides hypoxia related safety tips for aviators working for the United States Navy aviators. ref mountain climbers and fire fighters are all at risk for this kind of cerebral hypoxia. The term ... of the windpipe all cause this sort of hypoxia. Severe asthmatics may also experience symptoms of hypoxic hypoxia. Hypemic hypoxia . Reduced brain function is caused by inadequate oxygen in the blood ... of hypemic hypoxia. Ischemic hypoxia a.k.a. stagnant hypoxia . Reduced brain oxygen is caused by inadequate ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Histotoxic hypoxia also called histoxic hypoxia is the inability of cells to take up or utilize oxygen from the bloodstream, despite physiologically normal delivery of oxygen to such cells and tissues. Histotoxic hypoxia results from tissue poisoning, such as that caused by alcohol , narcotics , cyanide which acts by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase , and certain other poison s like hydrogen sulfide byproduct of sewage and used in leather tanning . DEFAULTSORT Histotoxic Hypoxia Category Diseases and disorders Category Oxygen Disease stub ... more details
Hypoxia , or oxygen depletion , is a phenomenon that occurs in aquatic environments as oxygen dissolved oxygen DO molecular oxygen dissolved in the water becomes reduced in concentration to a point where it becomes detrimental to aquatic organisms living in the system. Dissolved oxygen is typically expressed as a percentage of the oxygen that would dissolve in the water at the prevailing temperature and salinity both of which affect the solubility of oxygen in water see oxygen saturation and underwater . An aquatic system lacking dissolved oxygen 0 saturation is termed anaerobic, Reducing environment ... of anoxic and hypoxic zones. Where hypoxia occurs Hypoxia can occur throughout the water .... Jr. Characterization of Hypoxia Topic 1 Report for the Integrated Assessment on Hypoxia in the Gulf ... products hypox t1final.pdf . Retrieved February 11, 2009. ref Hypoxia can also occur ... of Zoology volume 254 issue 1 pages 101 107 doi 10.1017 S0952836901000590 ref Causes of hypoxia ... depletion can result from a number of natural factors, but is most often a concern as a consequence ... , a process that further reduces DO in the water column. If oxygen depletion progresses to hypoxia ... is covered with crabs, fish, and clams apparently dead or dying from oxygen depletion. Hypoxia may ... may then become low enough for hypoxia to occur. Areas particularly prone to this include shallow waters ... Mobile Bay jubilee Jubilee photo from Mobile Bay Hypoxia may also be the explanation for periodic ... Off Oregon Coast 8 9 2006 ref Solutions To combat hypoxia, it is essential to reduce the amount ... . Bog chemistry In certain northern European sphagnum acidic bogs, a condition of hypoxia arises ... short term hypoxia journal Mar Ecol Prog Ser volume 88 pages 181 184 year 1992 doi 10.3354 meps088181 ... currupt capitol Kiel . External links http www.nos.noaa.gov products pubs hypox.html Hypoxia in the Gulf ... hypoxiaHypoxia in Oregon Waters http www.HowMuchAerationDoINeed.com How Much Aeration Do I Need Pollution ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Intrauterine hypoxia Image Placental infarct intermed mag.jpg Caption Micrograph of a placental infarct left of image , a cause of intrauterine hypoxia. H&E stain . DiseasesDB 1416 ... eMedicineTopic MeshID D001238 Uterus Intrauterine Hypoxia medical hypoxia IH , and birth asphyxia ... growth restriction IUGR may cause or be the result of hypoxia. Birth asphyxia may result due ... 21 pages 1077 85 year 1966 pmid 5933054 pmc 1935461 ref Intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia can ... first5 EN last6 Krushinskaya first6 YV title The effects of ante and postnatal hypoxia on the central ... A title Intrauterine hypoxia and sudden infant death syndrome journal Acta medica Croatica casopis ... fetal hypoxia and sudden infant death syndrome interaction between maternal smoking and low hematocrit ... causes for intrauterine hypoxia IH . The most preventable cause is maternal smoking. Cigarette ... fetus. Among the negative effects are carbon monoxide induced tissue hypoxia and placental ... nervous system , leading to increased susceptibility to hypoxia induced brain damage. File MaternalCig.jpg thumb left 120px Maternal smoking, a preventable cause of intrauterine hypoxia. ref cite ... JC last2 Kaufmann first2 P title Oxygen and placental villous development origins of fetal hypoxia ... with in 48 hours of birth, is a form of Cerebral hypoxia hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy ... per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002 In the United States intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia ... hypoxia has been shown to be a key factor is the third leading cause of death. The World Health ... ref Financial Costs Intrauterine hypoxia or birth asphyxia IH BA was the ninth most expensive medical ... birth weight the second most expensive and it is one of the contributing factors to infant respiratory ... CF last2 Morton first2 JS last3 Davidge first3 ST title Effects of hypoxia induced intrauterine ... condition treated in U.S. hospitals. 4 out of 10 linked to intrauterine hypoxia birth asphxia Cost ... more details
Tumor hypoxia is the situation where tumor cell biology cells have been deprived of oxygen . As a tumor grows, it rapidly outgrows its blood supply, leaving portions of the tumor with regions where the oxygen concentration is significantly lower than in healthy tissues. Hypoxic tumor cells are usually resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy , ref W. A. Denny, Prodrug strategies in cancer therapy, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2001, 36, 577 595 ref but they can be made more susceptible to treatment by increasing the amount of oxygen in them. Bioreductive prodrugs also play a significant part in dealing ... hypoxia can also be a result of the high degree of cell proliferation undergone in tumor tissue ... working to address tumor hypoxia Novacea, Inc., Proacta Inc. and Threshold Pharmaceuticals, Inc ... 302 Threshold Pharmaceuticals . These drug candidates target levels of hypoxia that are common in tumors ... agents and ultimately contribute to relapse. In the literature, hypoxia has been demonstrated ... response. ref Association between tumor hypoxia and malignant progression in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix M. Hockel Canc. Res. 56 4509, 1996. ref ref Hypoxia in cancer significance and impact ... recent review articles summarize the current status of hypoxic cytotoxins hypoxia activated prodrugs . ref Exploiting tumor hypoxia in cancer treatment J.M. Brown and W.R. Wilson Nat.Rev.Canc.4,437, 2004. ref ref Hypoxia targeting the tumor R.G. Boyle and S. Travess Anticancer Agents Med. Chem. 64 281, 2006. ref ref Targeting tumors with hypoxia activated cytotoxins G.O. Ahn and M. Brown Frontiers ... as a chemo and radio sensitizing agent by enhancing tumor blood flow, thereby reducing tumor hypoxia ... Cancer Institute publisher Cancer.gov date accessdate 2011 12 21 ref See also Hypoxia medical Hypoxia References references Hypoxia driven selection of the metastatic phenotype Richard Sullivan, Charles H. Graham Cancer Metastatis Review 2007 26 319 331 DEFAULTSORT Tumor Hypoxia Category Oncology ... more details
For other uses of the term hypoxiaHypoxia disambiguation Hypoxic hypoxia is a result of insufficient oxygen available to the lungs. A blocked airway, a drowning or a reduction in partial pressure high altitude above 10,000 feet are obvious examples of how lungs can be deprived of oxygen. Some medical examples are abnormal pulmonary function or Respiration physiology respiratory obstruction, or a right to left shunt in the heart . Hypoxic hypoxia is seen in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD , neuromuscular diseases or interstitial lung disease . Some symptoms of hypoxic hypoxia are Cyanosis Headache Decreased reaction time Impaired judgment time Euphoria Visual impairment Drowsiness Lightheaded or dizzy sensation Tingling in fingers and toes Numbness See also Pulmonology Oxygen Bibliography refbegin Flight Standards Service. Pilot s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge FAA Manual H 8083 25 . Washington, DC Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 2001. ISBN 1 56027 540 5. refend med stub Category Respiratory diseases ... more details
SignSymptom infobox Name Hypoxia Image Cynosis.JPG Caption Cyanosis of the hand in someone with low oxygen ... eMedicine mult MeshID D000860 Hypoxia , or hypoxiation , is a Pathology pathological condition in which the body as a whole generalized hypoxia or a region of the body tissue hypoxia is deprived ... demand at the cellular level may result in a hypoxic condition. Hypoxia in which there is complete deprivation of oxygen supply is referred to as anoxia . Hypoxia differs from hypoxemia in that, in the latter ... & Wilkins pages 22 isbn 0683089366 ref It is possible to experience hypoxia and have a low oxygen content ... can easily lead to confusion, especially as hypoxemia is among the causes of hypoxia in hypoxemic hypoxia . Generalized hypoxia occurs in healthy people when they ascend to high altitude ... 03 05 ref Hypoxia also occurs in healthy individuals when breathing mixtures of gases with a low ... that control the amount of oxygen in the supplied air. A mild and non damaging intermittent hypoxia ... mechanisms of improved sea level ... PubMed Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Sep 39 9 1600 9. ref Hypoxia ... to distribute oxygenated blood throughout the body, infants at risk of hypoxia are often placed inside ... . In humans, hypoxia is detected by chemoreceptors in the carotid body . This response does not control ... hypoxia is a generalized hypoxia, with an inadequate supply of oxygen to the body as a whole. The term hypoxemic hypoxia specifies hypoxia caused by low partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood. In the other causes of hypoxia that follow, the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is normal. Hypoxemic hypoxia may be due to Hypoventilation . Inadequate pulmonary minute ventilation e.g. ... from inhaled anesthesia to atmospheric air, due to the Fink effect , or diffusion hypoxia. Anemia ... of the effect of anaemia on oxygen content ref Hypoxia when the blood fails to deliver oxygen ... Histotoxic hypoxia in which quantity of oxygen reaching the cells is normal, but the cells ... more details
Neurotrophic factors are a family of proteins that are responsible for the growth and survival of developing neurons and the maintenance of mature neurons. Recent research has proven that neurotrophic factors promote the initial growth and development of neurons in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system and that they are capable of regrowing damaged neurons in test tubes and animal models 1 . Neurotrophic factors are often released by the target tissue in order to guide the growth of developing axons. Most neurotrophic factors belong to one of three families 1 neurotrophins , 2 glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor family ligands GFLs , and 3 neuropoietic cytokines 1 . Each family has its own distinct signaling family though the cellular responses elicited often do overlap 1 . Currently, neurotrophic factors are being intensely studied for use in bioartificial nerve conduits because they are necessary in vivo for directing axon growth and regeneration. In studies, neurotrophic factors are normally used in conjunction with other techniques such as biological and physical cues created by the addition of cells and specific topographies. The neurotrophic factors may or may not be immobilized to the scaffold structure, though immobilization is preferred because it allows for the creation of permanent, controllable gradients. In some cases, such as neural drug delivery systems , they are loosely immobilized such that they can be selectively released at specified times and in specified amounts. References 1.Deister, C. and C.E. Schmidt, Optimizing neurotrophic factor combinations for neurite outgrowth. Journal of Neural Engineering, 2006. 3 p. 172 179. Category Neurochemistry fr Facteur neurotrophe ... more details
Castle gastric factors , named after the American physician and physiologist William Bosworth Castle W. B. Castle , are biologically active chemical compounds which stimulate haematopoiesis formation of blood cellular components . There are two distinct factors Extrinsic factor , much more commonly known as Vitamin B12 vitamin B sub 12 sub Intrinsic factor , a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach, which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B sub 12 sub disambig ru ... more details
The Method of Factors is a technique in cognitive behavioral therapy to organise a session of exposure therapy . Rather than generating a list of objects or situations in advance a static Exposure hierarchy hierarchy representing escalating levels of arousal and intensity of fear for a particular phobia , the Method of Factors involves identifying a fear provoking stimulus, then identifying those features of the stimulus that control the intensity of fear. The hierarchy then emerges in the course of the exposure session as the patient seeks to maintain a moderately high arousal. Because of this emergent nature, it is referred to as a Dynamic Hierarchy Recommended Reading Brady A, Raines D 2010 Dynamic hierarchies a control system paradigm for exposure therapy. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 2, 51 62 http journals.cambridge.org abstract S1754470X0800010X doi 10.1017 S1754470X0800010X DEFAULTSORT Method Of Factors Category Cognitive behavioral therapy Psych stub ... more details
Posthuman Factors is a strategically pragmatic approach to design, operating as an intuitive extension of posthuman theory in action. First articulated by Haakon Faste in his doctoral dissertation and subsequent writings on perceptual robotics and art , posthuman factors uses human centered design as the basis for exploring speculative futures in which the humans in question are no longer human. ref cite book last Faste first Haakon authorlink others title Posthuman Factors How Perceptual Robotic Art Will Save Humanity from Extinction edition year 2010 month origyear publisher Scuola Superiore Sant Anna location Pisa, Italy isbn oclc id page pages chapter quote ref laysummary laydate ref In general, posthuman factors addresses the intersection of design practices that includes 1 the design of posthumans, 2 designing for such posthumans, especially in safe and sustainable ways, and 3 designing the design methodologies that will supersede human centered design i.e., posthuman centered design , or the processes of design that posthumans employ . The field uses speculative approaches of design and design strategy, and is especially skeptical of humanist values, mores, and practices in design. In this regard it can be considered an offshoot of critical design , which will often challenge its audience s preconceptions and expectations thereby provoking new ways of thinking about the object, its use, and the surrounding environment. ref cite web url http en.wikipedia.org wiki Critical design title Critical Design author date work publisher Wikipedia accessdate 3 April 2011 ref Just as the field of human factors grew out of engineering in reaction to the proliferation of mechanical systems that are dangerous or difficult for humans to use, posthuman factors considers the dangers ... http ieet.org index.php IEET more kenyon20100108 title Why You Should Care About Post Human Factors ... Design Human Factors Posthumanism Social Fiction Speculative Design References Reflist Category Transhumanism ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Factors of the Seven Type Studio Album Artist GRITS Cover GRITS Factors of the Seven.jpg Released November 3, 1998 Recorded Genre Hip hop Length 68 42 Label Gotee Records Gotee Producer Todd Collins and Ric Robbins for Incorporated Elements Teron Carter and Mo Henderson Last album Mental Releases br 1995 This album Factors of the Seven br 1998 Next album Grammatical Revolution br 1999 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1score Rating 3 5 ref Allmusic class album id r380294 ref noprose yes Factors of the Seven is the second studio album released by GRITS , in 1998 in music 1998 . Track listing This Is... 0 43 People Noticin Me 4 20 Featuring Count Bass D Mirage 4 04 Featuring Joy Danielle Kimmey of Out Of Eden U.S. Open 4 35 Featuring Knowdaverbs What Be Goin Down 3 34 Blacks & Whites 1 35 Alcohol Plagiarism 3 51 Comin Home 4 29 Ain t Sayin Nothin 3 39 Why 4 07 On My Own 3 58 Featuring Joy Danielle Kimmey Hopes & Dreams 4 39 Featuring Joy Danille Kimmey and Knowdaverbs Gospel Rap Parables 4 45 Featuring LPG and Knowdaverbs Life After Mental 4 19 Labels 0 35 Ghetto Love 4 22 Blame It On You 5 22 Fragmentation 5 45 References Reflist christian album stub GRITS Category GRITS albums Category 1998 albums Category Gotee Records albums ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol IIGP Name Interferon inducible GTPase IIGP image PDB 1tpz EBI.jpg width caption crystal structure of iigp1 a paradigm for interferon inducible p47 resistance gtpases Pfam PF05049 Pfam clan CL0023 InterPro IPR007743 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD In molecular biology, the interferon inducible GTPase IIGP protein family family of proteins is thought to play a role in in intracellular defence. IIGP is predominantly associated with the Golgi apparatus and also localises to the endoplasmic reticulum and exerts a distinct role in Interferon IFN induced intracellular membrane trafficking or processing. ref name pmid11907101 cite journal author Zerrahn J, Schaible UE, Brinkmann V, Guhlich U, Kaufmann SH title The IFN inducible Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum associated 47 kDa GTPase IIGP is transiently expressed during listeriosis journal J. Immunol. volume 168 issue 7 pages 3428 36 year 2002 month April pmid 11907101 doi url ref Members of this family include interferon inducible GTPase 5 and IRGM immunity related GTPase family M protein . References reflist InterPro content IPR007743 Category Protein families ... more details
in a human fatigue medical fatigue study. Human factors science or human factors technologies is a multidisciplinary ... understanding of the properties of human capability Human Factors Science . The application of this understanding to the design, development and deployment of systems and services Human Factors Engineering . The art of ensuring successful application of Human Factors Engineering to a program sometimes referred to as Human Factors Integration . It can also be called ergonomics. In general, a human ... to or characteristic of humans. Human factors involves the study of all aspects of the way humans ... factors and ergonomics have only been widely used in recent times the field s origin is in the design ... to a human factors professional who specialises in user trials. Although the names change, human factors professionals share an underlying vision that through application of an understanding of human factors the design of equipment, systems and working methods will be improved, directly affecting people s lives for the better. Human factors practitioners come from a variety of backgrounds, though ... factors from other disciplines, both M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Human Factors Engineering are available from several universities worldwide. The http hfrg.nottingham.ac.uk 20 Human Factors Research ... humanfactors teaching.aspx human factors courses both at MSc and PhD level including a distance ... Human Factors Research Group teaching webpage, http www.nottingham.ac.uk engineering rg manufacturing humanfactors teaching.aspx ref Other Universities to offer postgraduate courses in human factors ... History of American Human Factors Engineering The formal history describes activities in known ... Factors and Ergonomics, David Meister ref Developments prior to World War I Prior to WWI the only ... inventor Simon Lake tested submarine operators for psychological factors, followed by the scientific ..., the design of controls and displays, the effects of altitude and environmental factors on the pilot ... more details
In population ecology , a regulating factor is something that keeps a population at Punctuated equilibrium equilibrium neither increasing nor decreasing in size over time . An example of a regulating factor would be food supply . ref cite journal title The Significance of Limiting and Regulating Factors on the Demography of Moose and White Tailed Deer author Francois Messier journal The Journal of Animal Ecology volume 60 issue 2 month June year 1991 pages 377 393 doi 10.2307 5285 jstor 5285 ref If the population increases to a certain size, there will be less food for each organism. This will lead to fewer births a decrease in fecundity and more deaths , making a negative population growth rate growth rate . As there are now fewer animal s, the amount of food for each organism will increase, meaning the growth rate will become positive. This would lead to a large population size again, and the cycle would start over. Therefore, food is a regulating factor in this scenario, as food supply keeps the population at relative equilibrium. All regulating factors are density dependent, meaning they keep populations at equilibrium by counteracting fluctuations in population size. Other regulating factors of the human population at present are drinking water supply, amount of arable land obviously a more fundamental term for food , air pollution and prevalence of communicable disease. The major regulating factor for the human population in current times is inadequacy of safe drinking water , since waterborne disease is the principal environmental cause of mortality. See also Limiting factor Population ecology Water crisis References references Category Population ecology biology stub ... more details
NPOV language date February 2010 In economics , factors of production means inputs and finished goods ... is called a production function . All factors of production like land, labour, capital and entrepreneur ... or an addition of utility. Factors of production or productive inputs or resources are any commodities or services used to produce Good economics and accounting goods and services. Factors of production may also refer specifically to the primary factors , which are stocks and flows stocks including ... goods applied to production. The primary factors facilitate production but neither become part of the product .... ref Paul A. Samuelson and William D. Nordhaus 2004 . Economics textbook Economics , 18th ed., Factors ... , Addison Wesley, 5ed 1999 , p. 160. ref The number and definition of factors varies, depending ... 02. ref Historical schools and factors In the interpretation of the currently dominant view of classical economic theory developed by neoclassical economists, the term factors did not exist until after ... with other factors, determines the amount of output of a particular good or service. However, other ... theory the role of the factors in the economy than it is about the definition of the factors of production ... between participating classes of the population. These classes are therefore the factors of production ... in defining its factors of production, and discusses the distribution of cost and value among these factors ... function . Marxian Marx considered the elementary factors of the labor process or productive forces ... of mainstream economics , started with the classical factors of production of land, labor, and capital ... have added various further factors of production see below . Further distinctions Further distinctions ... factors of production, land, labor, and capital in order to make a profit. Often these entrepreneurs ... 1991 to 2002 , and the Technocapitalism Intangible Economy 2002 present many see the primary factors of production as having become less concrete. These factors of production are now seen as knowledge ... more details
PBB geneid 56269 Interferon inducible GTPase 5 also known as immunity related GTPase cinema 1 IRGC1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the IRGC gene . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene Immunity related GTPase family, cinema url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?db gene&cmd retrieve&list uids 56269 accessdate 2011 12 16T10 50 33.749 08 00 ref References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 refend gene 19 stub Category EC 3.6.5 ... more details
Hypoxia Activated Prodrugs, or HAPs, target regions of tumor hypoxia within tumor cells. HAPs may offer the potential, alone and in combination with conventional chemotherapy, of improving cancer therapy. It is believed that tumor hypoxia contributes significantly to treatment failure and relapse among cancer patients because cells in the hypoxic zones of solid tumors resist traditional chemotherapy for at least two reasons first, most antitumor agents cannot penetrate beyond 50 100 micrometers from capillaries, ref Drug penetration in solid tumors A. Minchinton and I. Tannock Nature Reviews Cancer 6 583 592, 2006. ref thereby never reaching those cells in the hypoxic regions. Secondly, the lower nutrient and oxygen supply to cells in the hypoxic zones of tumors cause them to divide more slowly than their well oxygenated counterparts, so hypoxic tumor cells exhibit greater resistance to chemotherapies and radiation which target rapidly dividing cells or require oxygen for efficacy. Hypoxia also contributes to the invasive and metastatic phenotypes of aggressive cancers by promoting genetic instability and accelerating the accumulation of mutations that can ultimately give rise to drug resistance. ref Hypoxia and adaptive landscapes in the evolution of carcinogenesis R.J. Gillies and R.A. Gatenby Cancer Metastiasis Rev. 26 1573, 2007. ref ref Hypoxia driven selection of the metastatic phenotype R. Sullivan and C.H. Graham Cancer Metastasis Rev. 26 319, 2007. ref There are several companies developing HAPs Novacea, Inc., Proacta Inc. and Threshold Pharmaceuticals, Inc. These companies are developing the following drug candidates AQ4N Novacea , PR 104 Proacta and TH 302 Threshold Pharmaceuticals . References Reflist Category Experimental cancer drugs Category Oxygen biology stub ... more details
Baltic Sea hypoxia refers to low levels of oxygen in bottom waters, also known as Hypoxia environmental hypoxia , occurring regularly in the Baltic Sea . The total area of bottom covered with hypoxic waters with oxygen concentrations less than 2 mg l in the Baltic Sea has averaged 49,000 km2 over the last 40 years ref Conley, D.J., S. Bj rck, E. Bonsdorff, J. Carstensen, G. Destouni, B.G. Gustafsson, S. Hietanen, M. Kortekaas, H. Kuosa, H. E.M. Meier, B. M ller Karulis, K. Nordberg, A. Norkko, G. N rnberg, H. Pitk nen, N.N. Rabalais, R. Rosenberg, O.P. Savchuk, C.P. Slomp, M. Voss, F. Wulff, L. Zill n. 2009. Critical Review Hypoxia related processes in the Baltic Sea. Environ. Sci. Tech. 43 3412 3420. http pubs.acs.org doi pdf 10.1021 es802762a ref . The ultimate cause of hypoxia is excess ... hypoxia O2 2 ml l and black is the anoxic area with no oxygen left in the water. Figure from SMHI. Causes of hypoxia The rapid increase in Hypoxia environmental hypoxia in coastal areas around ..., hypoxia can occur In the Baltic Sea, the input of salt water from the North Sea through the Danish Straits is important in determining the area of hypoxia each year. Denser, saltier water comes into the Baltic ... of oxygen poor bottom waters with more brackish, lighter surface waters. Thus, large areas of hypoxia ... ref Zill n, L., D.J. Conley, T. Andr n, E. Andr n, and S. Bj rck. 2008. Past occurrences of hypoxia ... Baltic Sea called the Littorina Sea starting around 8,000 calendar years BP. Hypoxia disappeared for a period ... remained hypoxic for the last 100 years. The causes of the various periods of hypoxia are being scientifically ... low concentrations of oxygen ref Vaquer Sunyer, R. and C.M. Duarte. 2008. Thresholds of hypoxia ... oxygen leading to further hypoxia and more phosphorus is released from bottom sediments. This process ... Rabalais, M. Voss, L. Zill n. 2009. Viewpoint Tackling hypoxia in the Baltic Sea Is engineering ... www.balticsea2020.se Baltic Sea 2020 DEFAULTSORT Baltic Sea Hypoxia Category Baltic Sea ... more details
elements common to interferon inducible genes journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 267 issue 35 pages 25589 ... IRF9 See also Interferon References Reflist External links MeshName Interferon regulatory factors JAK STAT signaling pathway Transcription factors g3 Category Transcription factors protein stub InterPro ... more details
PBB geneid 1649 DNA damage inducible transcript 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DDIT3 gene . ref name pmid1990262 cite journal author Papathanasiou MA, Kerr NC, Robbins JH, McBride OW, Alamo I Jr, Barrett SF, Hickson ID, Fornace AJ Jr title Induction by ionizing radiation of the gadd45 gene in cultured human cells lack of mediation by protein kinase C journal Mol Cell Biol volume 11 issue 2 pages 1009 16 year 1991 month March pmid 1990262 pmc 359769 doi ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene DDIT3 DNA damage inducible transcript 3 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 1649 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text Interactions DNA damage inducible transcript 3 has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with Casein kinase 2, alpha 1 , ref name pmid12876286 cite journal last Ubeda first Mariano authorlink coauthors Habener Joel F year 2003 month October title CHOP transcription factor phosphorylation by casein kinase 2 inhibits transcriptional activation journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 278 issue 42 pages 40514 20 publisher location United States issn 0021 9258 pmid 12876286 doi 10.1074 jbc.M306404200 bibcode oclc id url language format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote ref JunD , ref name pmid10523647 cite journal last Ubeda first M authorlink coauthors Vallejo M, Habener J F year 1999 month November title CHOP enhancement of gene transcription by interactions with Jun ... title CHOP, a novel developmentally regulated nuclear protein that dimerizes with transcription factors ... the growth arrest and DNA damage inducible 153 gene in non small cell lung carcinoma cells journal ... protein, human NLM content Transcription factors g1 The PBB Controls template provides controls for Protein ... factors gene 12 stub es DDIT3 ... more details
PBB geneid 4843 Nitric oxide synthase, inducible is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NOS2 gene . ref name pmid7682706 cite journal author Geller DA, Lowenstein CJ, Shapiro RA, Nussler AK, Di Silvio M, Wang SC, Nakayama DK, Simmons RL, Snyder SH, Billiar TR title Molecular cloning and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase from human hepatocytes journal Proc Natl Acad Sci USA volume 90 issue 8 pages 3491 5 year 1993 month May pmid 7682706 pmc 46326 doi 10.1073 pnas.90.8.3491 ref Nitric oxide is a reactive free radical which acts as a biologic mediator in several processes, including neurotransmission and antimicrobial and antitumoral activities. This gene encodes a nitric oxide synthase which is expressed in liver and is inducible by a combination of lipopolysaccharide and certain cytokine s. Three related pseudogene s are located within the Smith Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17 . Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. ref cite web title Entrez Gene NOS2A nitric oxide synthase 2A inducible, hepatocytes url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 4843 accessdate ref Interactions Nitric oxide synthase 2A has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with Caveolin 1 ref name pmid11114180 cite journal last Felley Bosco first E authorlink coauthors Bender F C, Courjault Gautier F, Bron C, Quest A F year 2000 month Dec. title Caveolin 1 down regulates inducible nitric oxide synthase via the proteasome pathway in human colon carcinoma cells journal PNAS Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 97 issue 26 pages 14334 9 publisher location UNITED STATES issn 0027 8424 pmid 11114180 doi 10.1073 pnas.250406797 bibcode oclc id url language format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote pmc 18919 ref and Rac2 . ref name pmid11457725 cite journal last Kuncewicz first T authorlink coauthors Balakrishnan P, Snuggs M B, Kone B C year 2001 month Aug. title ... more details
The Kr ppel like family of transcription factors Klfs , so named for their homology to the Drosophila melanogaster Kr ppel protein, have been extensively studied for their roles in cell proliferation, differentiation and survival, especially in the context of cancer . All KLF family members are characterised by their three Cys2 His2 zinc finger s located at the C terminus Fig. 1A , separated by a highly conserved H C link, Fig. 1B and C Fig. 2 . DNA binding studies demonstrated that the KLFs have similar affinities for different GC rich sites, or sites with CACCC homology, and can compete with each other for the occupation of such sites. KLFs also share a high degree of homology between the Sp KLF family specificity protein Sp family of zinc finger transcription factor s and bind similar, if not the same sites, in a large number of genes. Members The following human genes encode Kruppel like factors KLF1 , KLF2 , KLF3 , KLF4 , KLF5 , KLF6 , KLF7 , KLF8 , KLF9 KLF10 , KLF11 , KLF12 , KLF13 , KLF14 , KLF15 , KLF16 , KLF17 Kr ppel like factors 4 & 5 Klf4 Fig. 2A , known also as gut enriched Kr ppel like factor GKLF acts as a transcriptional activator or repressor depending on the promoter context and or cooperation with other transcription factors. For example, Klf4 transactivation transactivates the Nitric oxide synthase iNOS iNOS promoter in cooperation with p65 RELA RelA , and the p21 p21Cip1 Waf1 promoter in cooperation with p53, but it directly suppresses the p53 promoter and inhibits ... like factors 4 & 5 in the vascular system Klf4 is upregulated in vascular injury. It dramatically represses ... the promoters of inducible nitric oxide synthase iNOS in endothelial cells and cGMP dependent protein ... localisation of Klf5 was similar to that of Klf4. Kr ppel like factors 4 & 5 in the myocardium Little ... remodelling in the myocardium . External links MeshName Kruppel like transcription factors ... of Sox 2, Oct 4, c Myc, and Klf4 Transcription factors g2 Category Molecular genetics ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
