Image 3GF1 Insulin Like Growth Factor Nmr 10 01.png thumb ILGF The insulin like growth factors IGFs are protein s with high Homology biology sequence similarity to insulin . IGFs are part of a complex system that cells use to communicate with their physiology physiologic environment. This complex system often referred to as the IGF axis consists of two cell surface receptor s IGF1R and IGF2R , two ligand s IGF 1 and IGF 2 , a family of six high affinity Insulin like growth factor binding protein IGF binding proteins IGFBP 1 6 , as well as associated Insulin like growth factor binding protein IGFBP degrading enzyme s, referred to collectively as protease s. IGF1 GH Axis The IGF axis is also commonly referred to as the Growth Hormone IGF1 Axis. Insulin like growth factor 1 IGF 1 is mainly secreted by the liver as a result of stimulation by growth hormone GH . IGF 1 is important for both the regulation of normal physiology, as well as a number of pathological states, including cancer . The IGF axis has been shown to play roles in the promotion of cell proliferation and the inhibition of cell death apoptosis . Insulin like growth factor 2 IGF 2 is thought to be a primary growth factor required for early development while IGF 1 expression is required for achieving maximal growth. Gene knockout studies in mice have confirmed this, though other animals are likely to regulate the expression of these genes in distinct ways. While IGF 2 may be primarily fetus fetal in action it is also essential for development and function of organs such as the brain , liver and kidney . Factors that are known ... IGFs. Diseases affected by IGF Studies of recent interest show that the Insulin IGF axis ... , whereas in the mammals insulin like proteins comprise only 7 members insulin , IGFs, relaxin s, EPIL ... phenomena are related. Other studies are beginning to uncover the important role the IGFs play ... RG year 1991 title Insulin like growth factors IGFs , IGF receptors, and IGF binding proteins ... more details
Tropic hormones are hormone s that have other endocrine gland s as their target. Most tropic hormones are produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary . ref cite book last Purves first William K. authorlink coauthors David Sadava, Gordon H. Orians, H. Craig Heller title Life The Science of Biology publisher Sinauer Associates edition 6th date 2001 location Massachusetts page 719 url doi id isbn 0 7167 3873 2 ref The hypothalamus secretes tropic hormones that target the anterior pituitary, and the thyroid gland secretes thyroxine , which targets the hypothalamus and therefore can be considered a tropic hormone. ref cite book last Cambell first Neil A. authorlink coauthors Jane B. Reece title Biology publisher Sinauer Associates edition 6th isbn 0 321 27045 2 ref Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary include Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH or thyrotropin &ndash stimulates the thyroid gland to make and release thyroid hormone . ref Purves et. al . p. 718. ref Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH or corticotropin &ndash stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoid s. ref Purves et. al . p. 718. ref Luteinizing hormone LH &ndash stimulates the release of steroid hormone s in gonad s&mdash the ovary and testes . ref Purves et. al . p. 718. ref Follicle stimulating hormone FSH &ndash stimulates the maturation of eggs and production of sperm. ref Purves et. al . p. 718. ref Growth hormone GH has both tropic and non tropic effects. Growth hormone s major tropic effect is it releases insulin like growth factor s IGFs from the liver, which causes bone growth. ref cite book last Cambell first Neil A. authorlink coauthors Jane B. Reece title Biology publisher Sinauer Associates edition 6th isbn 0 321 27045 2 ref The hypothalamus controls the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary by secreting a class of hypothalamic neurohormone s called releasing and release inhibiting hormones&mdash which are released to the hypothalamo hypophyseal portal system and ac ... more details
PBB geneid 3484 Insulin like growth factor binding protein 1 IBP 1 also known as placental protein 12 PP12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGFBP1 gene . ref name pmid2461294 cite journal author Brinkman A, Groffen C, Kortleve DJ, Geurts van Kessel A, Drop SL title Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding the low molecular weight insulin like growth factor binding protein IBP 1 journal EMBO J volume 7 issue 8 pages 2417 23 year 1989 month Jan pmid 2461294 pmc 457109 doi ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene IGFBP1 insulin like growth factor binding protein 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 3484 accessdate ref Function This gene is a member of the Insulin like growth factor binding protein IGFBP family and encodes a protein with an IGFBP domain and a type I thyroglobulin domain . The protein binds both insulin like growth factor s IGFs I and II and circulates in the plasma. Binding of this protein prolongs the half life of the IGFs and alters their interaction with cell surface receptors. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 cite journal author Rajaram S, Baylink DJ, Mohan S title Insulin like growth factor binding proteins in serum and other biological fluids regulation and functions. journal Endocr. Rev. volume 18 issue 6 pages 801 31 year 1998 pmid 9408744 doi 10.1210 er.18.6.801 cite journal author Ferry RJ, Cerri RW, Cohen P title Insulin like growth factor binding proteins new proteins, new functions. journal Horm. Res. volume 51 issue 2 pages 53 67 year 1999 pmid 10352394 doi 10.1159 000023315 cite journal author Firth SM, Baxter RC title Cellular actions of the insulin like growth factor binding proteins. journal Endocr. Rev. volume 23 issue 6 pages 824 54 year 2003 pmid 12466191 doi 10.1210 er.2001 0033 cite journal author Wood AW, Duan C, Bern HA title Insu ... more details
10.1677 joe.0.1410535 url issn ref This prevents IGFBP3 from binding and sequestering IGFs and the growth ... complex with IGFs and the acid labile subunit journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 273 issue 11 pages 6074 ... more details
PBB geneid 3487 Insulin like growth factor binding protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGFBP4 gene . ref name pmid1707125 cite journal author LaTour D, Mohan S, Linkhart TA, Baylink DJ, Strong DD title Inhibitory insulin like growth factor binding protein cloning, complete sequence, and physiological regulation journal Mol Endocrinol volume 4 issue 12 pages 1806 14 year 1991 month May pmid 1707125 pmc doi 10.1210 mend 4 12 1806 ref ref name pmid1704481 cite journal author Shimasaki S, Uchiyama F, Shimonaka M, Ling N title Molecular cloning of the cDNAs encoding a novel insulin like growth factor binding protein from rat and human journal Mol Endocrinol volume 4 issue 10 pages 1451 8 year 1991 month Mar pmid 1704481 pmc doi 10.1210 mend 4 10 1451 ref ref name pmid 9615225 cite journal author Zazzi H, Nikoshkov A, et al. title Structure and transcription regulation of the human insulin like growth factor binding protein 4 gene IGFBP4 . journal Genomics. volume 49 issue 3 pages 401 10 year 1998 pmid 9615225 doi ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text This gene is a member of the insulin like growth factor binding protein IGFBP family and encodes a protein with an IGFBP domain and a thyroglobulin type I domain. The protein binds both insulin like growth factors IGFs I and II and circulates in the plasma in both glycosylated and non glycosylated forms. Binding of this protein prolongs the half life of the IGFs and alters their interaction with cell surface receptors. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene IGFBP4 insulin like growth factor binding protein 4 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 3487 accessdate ref IGFBP 4 is a unique protein and it consistently inhibits several cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. Its inhibitory action has been shown in vivo in prostate and colon. It is se ... more details
PBB geneid 5654 Serine protease HTRA1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HTRA1 gene . ref name pmid8977104 cite journal author Zumbrunn J, Trueb B title Primary structure of a putative serine protease specific for IGF binding proteins journal FEBS Lett volume 398 issue 2 3 pages 187 92 year 1997 month Jan pmid 8977104 pmc doi 10.1016 S0014 5793 96 01229 X ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene HTRA1 HtrA serine peptidase 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 5654 accessdate ref The HTRA1 protein is composed of four distinct protein domain s. They are from amino terminus to carboxyl terminus an Insulin like growth factor binding domain, a kazal domain , a trypsin like peptidase domain and a PDZ domain . The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text This gene encodes a member of the trypsin family of serine proteases. This protein is a secreted enzyme that is proposed to regulate the availability of insulin like growth factors IGFs by cleaving IGF binding proteins. It has also been suggested to be a regulator of cell growth. ref name entrez References reflist External links http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books NBK32533 GeneReviews NCBI NIH UW entry on CARASIL Cerebral Autosomal Recessive Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy, Maeda Syndrome http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov omim 610149,600142,602194,600142,602194 OMIM entries on CARASIL Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations Cite journal doi 10.1038 eye.2011.37 title Complement in age related macular degeneration a focus on function year 2011 last1 Bradley first1 D T last2 Zipfel first2 P F last3 Hughes first3 A E journal Eye volume 25 issue 6 pmid 21394116 pmc 3178140 cite journal author Zurawa Janicka D, Narkiewicz J, Lipi ska B title Characterization of the HtrA family of proteins journal Postepy Biochem. volume 5 ... more details
Multiple issues technical February 2011 expert subject February 2011 overly detailed February 2011 merge IGFBP7 date February 2011 Insulin like growth fator binding protein 7 IGFBP7 is a 282 amino acid long protein encoded by the IGFBP7 gene. The major function of the protein is in the regulation of availability of Insulin like growth factor Insulin like growth factors IGFs in tissue as well as in modulating IGF binding to its receptors. IGFBP7 binds to IGF with high affinity. ref name pmid8939990 cite journal author Oh Y, Nagalla SR, Yamanaka Y, Kim HS, Wilson E, Rosenfeld RG title Synthesis and characterization of insulin like growth factor binding protein IGFBP 7. Recombinant human mac25 protein specifically binds IGF I and II journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 271 issue 48 pages 30322 5 year 1996 month November pmid 8939990 doi 10.1074 jbc.271.48.30322 url http www.jbc.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 8939990 ref It also stimulates cell adhesion. The protein is implicated in some cancers. ref name pmid18772245 cite journal author Gommans WM, Tatalias NE, Sie CP, et al. title Screening of human SNP database identifies recoding sites of A to I RNA editing journal RNA volume 14 issue 10 pages 2074 85 year 2008 month October pmid 18772245 pmc 2553741 doi 10.1261 rna.816908 url http www.rnajournal.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 18772245 ref RNA EDITING The two editing sites were previously recorded as single nucleotide polymorphisms in dbSNP. ref name pmid15731336 cite journal author Levanon EY, Hallegger M, Kinar Y, et al. title Evolutionarily conserved human targets of adenosine to inosine RNA editing journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 33 issue 4 pages 1162 8 year 2005 pmid 15731336 pmc 549564 doi 10.1093 nar gki239 url http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 15731336 ref Editing type A to I RNA editing is catalyzed by a family of adenosine deaminases acting on RNA ADARs that specifically recognize adenosines within double stranded regions of pre mR ... more details
discussed above. Anterior head development also requires the function of IGFs insulin like growth factors expressed in the dorsal midline and the anterior neural tube. It is believed that IGFs function ... more details
PBB geneid 3490 Insulin like growth factor binding protein 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGFBP7 gene . ref name pmid7694637 cite journal author Murphy M, Pykett MJ, Harnish P, Zang KD, George DL title Identification and characterization of genes differentially expressed in meningiomas journal Cell Growth Differ volume 4 issue 9 pages 715 22 year 1993 month Dec pmid 7694637 pmc doi ref ref name pmid7980422 cite journal author Yamauchi T, Umeda F, Masakado M, Isaji M, Mizushima S, Nawata H title Purification and molecular cloning of prostacyclin stimulating factor from serum free conditioned medium of human diploid fibroblast cells journal Biochem J volume 303 issue 2 pages 591 8 year 1994 month Nov pmid 7980422 pmc 1137368 doi ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene IGFBP7 insulin like growth factor binding protein 7 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 3490 accessdate ref The major function of the protein is the regulation of availability of insulin like growth factor s IGFs in tissue as well as in modulating IGF binding to its receptors. IGFBP7 binds to IGF with high affinity. ref name pmid8939990 cite journal author Oh Y, Nagalla SR, Yamanaka Y, Kim HS, Wilson E, Rosenfeld RG title Synthesis and characterization of insulin like growth factor binding protein IGFBP 7. Recombinant human mac25 protein specifically binds IGF I and II journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 271 issue 48 pages 30322 5 year 1996 month November pmid 8939990 doi 10.1074 jbc.271.48.30322 ref It also stimulates cell adhesion . The protein is implicated in some cancers. ref name pmid18772245 cite journal author Gommans WM, Tatalias NE, Sie CP, Dupuis D, Vendetti N, Smith L, Kaushal R, Maas S title Screening of human SNP database identifies recoding sites of A to I RNA editing journal RNA volume 14 issue 10 pages 2074 85 year 2008 month October pmid 18772245 pmc 2553741 doi 10.1261 rna.816908 ref Interactions IGFBP7 has been shown to ... more details
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