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Encyclopedia results for ITU R 468 noise weighting

ITU R 468 noise weighting





Encyclopedia results for ITU R 468 noise weighting

  1. ITU-R 468 noise weighting

    to be added See also Standard ITU R 468 Weighting filter Equal loudness contour Noise weighting ... in a now discontinued German DIN standard . This led to the CCIR 468 standard which defined a new weighting curve and quasi peak rectifier. The origin of the current ITU R 468 weighting curve can be traced ... of amplitude responses. File Itu r 468 circuit.png The ITU R 468 Weighting Filter Circuit Diagram ...Image Lindos3.svg 400px right ITU R 468 originally defined in CCIR recommendation 468 4 is a standard ... CCIR 468 weighting curve, now supported as an ITU standard is less well known outside of the UK ... directly from the ITU R 468 specification. Note that since this circuit is purely passive, it cannot ..., Elsevier Press references External links http www.rane.com par w.html ITU R 468 Rane pro audio reference definition of ITU R 468 weighting http www.beis.de Elektronik AudioMeasure WeightingFilters.html Weighting Filter Set Circuit diagrams ITU standards DEFAULTSORT Itu R Bs.468 Category Audio engineering Category Noise Category Sound Category ITU R recommendations ITU R 468 Category Standards ITU R 468 ... that gave rise to the 468 weighting, which together with quasi peak measurement rather ... by BBC test methods. Telephone companies worldwide have also used methods similar to 468 weighting ... compact audio cassette with Dolby B Noise Reduction , alerted engineers to the need for a weighting ... s graph of the DPB curve is identical to that of the ITU R 486 curve, except that the latter extends ... a 1953 paper by E. Belger. Dolby Laboratories took up the new CCIR 468 weighting for use in measuring ... Hi Fi column writers took up 468 weighting enthusiastically, observing that it reflected the roughly ... attenuate noise above 10  kHz. Standards CCIR Recommendation 468 1 was published soon after .... When the CCIR ceased to exist, the standard was officially taken over by the ITU R International ...   more details



  1. Noise weighting

    Unreferenced date December 2009 A noise weighting is a specific amplitude vs. frequency characteristic that is designed to allow subjectively valid measurement of noise. It emphasises the parts of the spectrum that are most important. Usually, noise means audible noise, in audio systems, broadcast systems or telephone circuits. In this case the weighting is sometimes referred to as Psophometric weighting , though this term is best avoided because, although strictly a general term, the word Psophometric is sometimes assumed to refer to a particular weighting used in telecommunications. A major use of noise weighting is in the measurement of residual noise in audio equipment , usually present as hiss or hum in quiet moments of programme material. The purpose of weighting here is to emphasise the parts of the audible spectrum that our ears perceive most readily, and attenuate the parts that contribute less to our perception of loudness, in order to get a measured figure that correlates well with subjective effect. The ITU R 468 noise weighting was devised specifically for this purpose, and is widely used in broadcasting, especially in the UK and Europe. A weighting is also used, especially in the USA, though this is only really valid for the measurement of tones, not noise, and is widely incorporated into sound level meters. In telecommunication , noise weightings are used by agencies concerned with public telephone service, and various standard curves are based on the characteristics ... weightings. The same weighting nomenclature and units are used in military versions of commercial noise measuring sets. Telocommunication measurements are made in lines terminated either by the measuring set or the an instrument of the relevant class. See also A weighting ITU R 468 noise weighting Equal loudness contour Noise pollution Weighting filter Psophometric weighting DEFAULTSORT Noise Weighting Category Noise Category Audio engineering ...   more details



  1. ITU-R

    The ITU Radiocommunication Sector ITU R is one of the three sectors divisions or units of the International Telecommunication Union ITU and is responsible for radio communication. Its role is to manage the international radio frequency spectrum and satellite orbit resources and to develop standards for radiocommunication systems with the objective of ensuring the effective use of the spectrum . ref cite web title Radiocommunication Sector url http www.itu.int net about itu r.aspx publisher International Telecommunication Union accessdate 2011 03 20 ref ITU is required, according to its Constitution, to allocate spectrum and register frequency allocation , orbital positions and other parameters of satellites , in order to avoid harmful interference between radio stations of different countries . The international spectrum management system is therefore based on regulatory procedures for frequency coordination , notification and registration. ITU R has a permanent secretariat, the Radiocommunication Bureau, based at the ITU HQ in Geneva , Switzerland . The elected Director of the Bureau is Mr. Fran ois Rancy of France . First elected by the ITU Membership to the Directorship in 2010. History ... Union. In 1992, the CCIR became the ITU R. See also ITU T Category ITU R recommendations ITU R Recommendations Rec. 601 Rec. 709 Global Standards Collaboration References Reflist External links http www.itu.int ITU official website http www.itu.int ITU R ITU R official website SMPTE standards Telecommunications Category International Telecommunication Union R Category Radio organizations ca Comit Consultiu Internacional de Radiocomunicaci da International Telecommunication Union, ITU Radiocommunication Sector de Comit Consultatif International des Radiocommunications es CCIR ko ITU R it ITU R nl ITU R ja ITU R pl ITU R ru sv CCIR zh ... other organizations including the original ITU , which had been founded as the International ...   more details



  1. Psophometric weighting

    unreferenced date June 2011 Image CCITT 0.41 and C Message weighting curve.svg 400px right Psophometric weighting refers to any weighting curve used in the measurement of noise. In the field of audio engineering it has a more specific meaning, referring to noise weightings used especially in measuring noise on telecommunications circuits. Key standards are ITU T O.41 and C message weighting as shown here. References International standard ITU T O.41 see ITU See also Audio quality measurement Equal loudness contour Fletcher Munson curves Noise measurement Headroom audio signal processing Headroom Psophometric voltage Rumble measurement ITU R 468 noise weighting A weighting Weighting filter Weighting Weighting curve telecommunications stub Category noise ...   more details



  1. A-weighting

    , broadcasters and audio engineers Who date July 2010 more often use the ITU R 468 noise weighting ... posed by different levels, and work by the BBC resulted in the CCIR 468 weighting, currently maintained as ITU R 468 noise weighting, which gives more representative readings on noise as opposed ... content. ITU R 468 noise weighting was therefore developed to more accurately reflect the subjective ... also Noise Signal noise Sound level meter ITU R 468 noise weighting Psophometric weighting Audio quality ... R 468 curve. If A weighting is used without further band limiting it is possible to obtain different ... 2011 09 13 ref A weighting is also used when measuring low level noise in audio equipment, especially ... widely adopted for environmental noise measurement, and is standard in many sound level meters. The A weighting ... noise , rail noise, aircraft noise . A weighting is also in common use for assessing potential ... measuring noise on film soundtracks and compact cassette systems. Its advantages over A weighting ... Noise Measurement Briefing http sound.westhost.com project17.htm A weighting filter circuit for audio ...File Acoustic weighting curves 1 .svg thumb 400px right A graph of the A , B , C and D weightings across ... thumb 400px right Video illustrating A weighting by analyzing a sine sweep contains audio A weighting ... 2003 and various national standards relating to the measurement of sound pressure level . The weighting ... as dB A . Other weighting sets of values B, C, D and now Z are discussed below. The curves were originally defined for use at different average sound levels, but A weighting, though originally intended ... of environmental noise and industrial noise , as well as when assessing potential Noise induced hearing loss hearing damage and other noise health effects at all sound levels indeed, the use of A frequency weighting is now mandated for all these measurements, although it is badly suited for these purposes ... noise in particular. ref name Pierre cite url http amherstislandwindinfo.com Impact Sound Pressure.pdf ...   more details



  1. Weighting

    contour A weighting ITU R 468 noise weighting Psophometric weighting Audio quality measurement ...File Acoustic weighting curves 1 .svg 300px right Image Lindos3.svg 300px right Image CCITT 0.41 and C Message weighting curve.svg 300px right Image IEC 98 1984 Rumble Weighting curves.svg 300px right Image IEC 386 Flutter weighting.svg 300px right The process of weighting involves emphasizing the contribution ... of adding extra weight to one side of a pair of scales to favour a buyer or seller. While weighting ... a spectrum of frequencies. Weighting and loudness In the measurement of loudness , for example, a weighting .... A commonly used weighting is the A weighting curve, which results in units of dBA sound pressure level. Because the frequency response of human hearing varies with loudness, the A weighting curve is only correct at a level of 40 phon and other curves known as B, C and D weighting are also used, the latter being particularly intended for the measurement of aircraft noise. Weighting in audio measurement In broadcasting and audio equipment measurements 468 weighting is the preferred weighting to use because it was specifically devised to allow subjectively valid measurements on noise, rather than pure tones. It is often not realised that equal loudness curves, and hence A weighting, only really apply to tones, as tests with noise band s show increased sensitivity in the 5 to 7  kHz region on noise compared to tones. Other weighting curves are used in rumble measurement and flutter measurement to properly assess subjective effect. Weighting and gamma rays In the measurement of gamma .... Weighting and television colour components Another use of weighting is in television, where the red ... compatibility with black and white receivers, and also benefits noise performance and allows .... Weighting and UV factor derivation for sun exposure Skin damage due to sun exposure is very wavelength ... 30 times as much damage as the longer one. In the calculation of UV Index , a weighting curve is used ...   more details



  1. ITU-R P.525

    Multiple issues orphan January 2011 date January 2011 ITU R P.525 is the International Telecommunications Union radiocommunication s standard for the calculation of free space attenuation . See also Free space loss DEFAULTSORT Itu R P.525 Category ITU R recommendations Category Standards Wireless stub ...   more details



  1. ITU-R BT.656

    ITU R Recommendation BT.656 , sometimes also called ITU656 , describes a simple digital video protocol for streaming uncompressed PAL or NTSC Standard Definition TV 525 or 625 lines signals. The protocol builds upon the 4 2 2 digital video encoding parameters defined in ITU R Recommendation BT.601 , which provides interlaced video data, streaming each field separately, and uses the YCbCr color space and a 13.5  MHz sampling frequency for pixels. The standard can be implemented to transmit either 8 bit values the standard in consumer electronics or 10 bit values sometimes used in studio environments . Both a parallel and a serial transmission format are defined. For the parallel format, a 25 pin D subminiature Sub D connector pinout and Emitter coupled logic ECL logic levels are defined. The serial format can be transmitted over 75 ohm coaxial cable with BNC connector BNC connectors , but there is also a fibre optical version defined. The parallel version of the ITU R BT.656 protocol is also used in many TV sets between chips using CMOS logic levels. Typical applications include the interface between a PAL NTSC decoder chip and a digital to analog converter DAC integrated circuit for driving a Cathode ray tube CRT in a TV set. Data format A BT.656 data stream is a sequence of 8 bit or 10 bit word s, transmitted at a rate of 27 megabyte Mbyte s. Horizontal scan lines of video pixel data are delimited in the stream by 4 byte long SAV Start of Active Video and EAV End of Active Video code sequences. SAV codes also contain status bits indicating line position in a video field ... www.itu.int rec R REC BT.656 en ITU R Recommendation BT.656 Interfaces for digital component video ... ITU R BT.601 Part A . See also CCIR 601 Serial digital interface Category Digital television Category Film and video technology Category Serial digital interface Category ITU R recommendations ko ITU R BT.656 zh BT.656 ...   more details



  1. Weighting filter

    content. ITU R 468 noise weighting was therefore developed to more accurately reflect the subjective ... luminance and chrominance signals for transmission. See also Weighting Sone Phon ITU R 468 noise weighting Psophometric weighting Equal loudness contour Noise pollution Noise regulation External links ... of bursty noise, ticks and pops that might go undetected with a slow rms measurement. ITU R 468 noise ... lc on , is maintained by the ITU. Noise measurements using this weighting typically also ... they are less used while the D curve is used in assessing loud aircraft noise IEC 537 . Telecommunications In the field of telecommunications, weighting filters are widely used in the measurement of electrical noise on telephone circuits, and in the assessment of noise as perceived through the acoustic response of different types of instrument handset . Other noise weighting curves have existed, e.g. DIN standards. The term psophometric weighting , though referring in principle to any weighting curve intended for noise measurement, is often used to refer to a particular weighting curve, used in telephony for narrow bandwidth voiceband speech circuits. Environmental noise measurement A weighting ...File Acoustic weighting curves 1 .svg right thumb 400px A weighting filter is used to emphasise or suppress ... equivalent level . Loudness measurements In the measurement of loudness, for example, an A weighting ... is to ensure that measured loudness corresponds well with subjectively perceived loudness. A weighting ... level referenced to 20 micropascals 0 dB SPL. dBrn adjusted is a synonym for dBA. The A weighting curve has been widely adopted for environmental noise measurement, and is standard in many sound level meters see ITU R 468 noise weighting ITU R 468 weighting for a further explanation . A weighting is also in common use for assessing potential Hearing impairment hearing damage caused by loud noise ... A Weighting rather than on any good experimental evidence to suggest that such use is valid. The distance ...   more details



  1. Noise (audio)

    Noise in audio, recording, and broadcast systems refers to the residual low level sound usually hiss and hum that is heard in quiet periods of a programme. In audio engineering it can refer either to the acoustic noise from loudspeakers, or to the unwanted residual electronic noise signal that gives rise to acoustic noise heard as hiss . This signal noise is commonly measured using A weighting or ITU R 468 noise weighting ITU R 468 weighting Noise is often generated deliberately and used as a test signal . Two types of deliberately generated noise in common use are referred to as white noise , which has a uniform spectral power density at all frequencies, or pink noise which has a power spectral density that falls at 3dB octave with rising frequency. The latter is often more useful in audio testing because it contains constant energy per octave and hence per commonly used 1 3rd octave , rather than a prepondance of energy at high frequencies. In other words it contains energy that is distributed geometrically rather than linearly. See also Noise Noise music Noise music Noise measurement quiescent Noise electronics signal to quantization noise ratio ITU R 468 noise weighting A weighting Weighting filter Equal loudness contour External links http www.sengpielaudio.com calculator noise.htm White noise calculator, thermal noise Voltage in microvolts, conversion to noise level in dBu and dBV and vice versa Noise Category Noise Audio Category Audio electronics ...   more details



  1. Weighting curve

    noise in audio circuits, a different weighting curve, ITU R 468 weighting uses a psophometric weighting curve and a quasi peak detector ref IEC 60268 1 ref . This method, formerly known as CCIR weighting ..., and also benefits noise performance and allows separation into meaningful Luminance video luminance and chrominance signals for transmission. See also Weighting filter A weighting References references DEFAULTSORT Weighting Curve Category Sound Category Audio engineering Category Noise ...A Weighting curve is a graph of a set of factors, that are used to weight measured values of a variable according to their importance in relation to some outcome. The most commonly known example is frequency weighting in sound level measurement where a specific set of weighting curves known as A, B, C and D weighting as defined in IEC 61672 ref name soundlevel IEC 61672, which has superseded IEC 60651, IEC 651 and earlier standards ref are used. Unweighted measurements of sound pressure do not correspond to perceived loudness because the human ear is less sensitive at low and high frequencies, with the effect ... level, for example by the use of a weighting filter in a sound level meter, to arrive at readings of loudness in Phon s or in decibels dB above the threshold of hearing. see A weighting . Weighting curves in Electronic Engineering, Audio and Broadcasting Although A weighting with a slow rms detector ... as it reflects more accurately the audibility of pops and short bursts of random noise as opposed to pure tones. Psophometric weighting is used in telephony and telecommunications where narrow band circuits are common. Other applications of weighting Acoustics is by no means the only subject which finds use for weighting curves however, and they are widely used in deriving measures of effect for sun ... equivalent man . Weighting is also applied to the measurement of sunlight when assessing the risk ... use of weighting is in television, where the red, green and blue components of the signal are weighted ...   more details



  1. 468

    Use mdy dates date February 2011 Year dab 468 Year nav 468 M1 year in topic File Sansimpliciopapa.jpg thumb Pope Simplicius 468 483 NOTOC Year 468 Roman numerals CDLXVIII was a leap year starting on Monday link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar . At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Anthemius without colleague or, less frequently, year 1221 Ab urbe condita . The denomination 468 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events onlyinclude By place Roman Empire Emperor Leo I the Thracian Leo I assembles a massive naval expedition at Constantinople , which cost 64,000 pounds of gold more then a year s revenue and consist of over 1,100 ships carrying 100,000 men. It is the greatest fleet ever sent against the Vandals and brings Leo near to bankruptcy . Emperor Anthemius sends an Roman expedition under command of Marcellinus magister militum ... . Battle of Cape Bon 468 Battle of Cape Bon The Vandals defeat the Roman navy under Basiliscus ... DEFAULTSORT 468 Category 468 af 468 am 468 . . . ar 468 an 468 ast 468 az 468 bn map bms 468 be 468 be x old 468 bh bg 468 bs 468 br 468 ca 468 cv 468 cs 468 co 468 cy 468 da 468 de 468 et 468 el 468 es 468 eo 468 eu 468 fa fr 468 fy 468 gd 468 gl 468 gan 468 ko 468 hy 468 hi hr 468. io 468 bpy id 468 os 468 it 468 he 468 jv 468 ka 468 kk 468 sw 468 ht 468 almanak jilyen la 468 lb 468 lt 468 m. lmo 468 hu 468 mk 468 mr . . ms 468 nah 468 nl 468 new ja 468 nap 468 no 468 nn 468 oc 468 or uz 468 pa pi pnb 468 nds 468 pl 468 pt 468 ro 468 qu 468 ru 468 sa sq 468 scn 468 sk 468 sl 468 sr 468 sh 468 su 468 fi 468 sv 468 tl 468 tt 468 th . . 1011 tr 468 tk 468 uk 468 ur 468 vec 468 vi 468 vo 468 war 468 yo 468 zh yue 468 zh 468 ...   more details



  1. Noise measurement

    unreferenced date September 2011 Noise measurement is carried out in various fields. In acoustics , it can be for the purpose of measuring environmental noise , or part of a test procedure using white noise , or some other specialised form of test signal . In electronics it relates to the sensitivity of communications systems, the purity of signals, or the quality of audio systems . The concept is to define the noise level below which signals cannot reliably be detected. It can be thought of as uncertainty of the information being carried over a communications channel . In audio systems and broadcasting specific methods are used to obtain subjectively valid results in order that different devices and signal paths may be compared regardless of the differing spectral distribution and temporal properties of the noise that they generate. In particular, the ITU R 468 noise weighting was devised specifically for this purpose, and is widely used for professional audio and broadcast measurements. Standards There are a number of standards for noise measurement, each with a different goal or focus, including Standard ITU R BS 468 widely used in Broadcasting and professional Audio. Standard IEC A weighting is widely used in Environmental Noise measurement. Standard CCIR recommendation 468 4 is now maintained as ITU R BS 468 Standard CCITT 0.41 refers to Psophometric weighting used on telephone circuits. Standard CCITT P53 is now continued as CCITT0.41 Standard BS 6402 1983 specifies Personal sound exposure meters. Standard BS 3539 1968 specifies Sound level meter s for motor vehicle noise ... Rumble measurement Noise dosimeter Noise environmental Noise economic Noise music Noise pollution ITU R 468 noise weighting A weighting Weighting filter Equal loudness contour Cosmic microwave background radiation External links http noboomers.home.insightbb.com default.htm Noboomers Noise Category Noise Category Noise pollution ...   more details



  1. Generation?recombination noise

    Unreferenced date October 2007 Generation Recombination noise , or g r noise , is a type of electrical signal noise caused statistically by the fluctuation of the generation and Carrier generation and recombination recombination of electrons in semiconductor based photon detectors. See also Noise Noise audio residual low level hiss or hum Noise electronic related to electronic circuitry. Noise figure the ratio of the output noise power to attributable thermal noise. Signal noise in science, fluctuations in the signal being received. Thermal noise sets a fundamental lower limit to what can be measured. Weighting filter ITU R 468 noise weighting A weighting List of noise topics science stub Category Noise ...   more details



  1. Noise

    A weighting or ITU R 468 noise weighting ITU R 468 weighting . Acoustic noise in film sound For film ...about noise as an unwanted phenomenon Noise disambiguation File Noise Research Program on Hangar Apron ... engine noise in 1967 In common use, the word noise means any unwanted sound . In physics and analog electronics , Noise electronics noise is a mostly unwanted random addition to a Signal electronics signal it is called noise as a generalisation of the acoustic noise static heard when listening to a weak radio transmission with significant electrical noise. Signal noise is heard as acoustic noise if the signal is converted into sound e.g., played through a loudspeaker it manifests as Noise video snow on a television or video image. High noise levels can block, distort, change or interfere ... of other activities. Signal to noise ratio is sometimes used to refer to the ratio of useful to irrelevant information in an exchange. In biology, many different forms of cellular noise exist, where a measurement displays substantial variance around its mean for example, transcriptional noise ... case of thermal noise arises, which sets a fundamental lower limit to what can be measured or signaled ... by simple formulae. In some fields, noise means unwanted information or data that is not relevant to the hypothesis or theory being investigated or tested. Acoustic noise In relation to sound, noise ... to hear wanted sounds, are noise. For example, conversations of other people may be called noise ... countryside, is called noise. Acoustic noise can be anything from quiet but annoying to loud and harmful ... from the source doubling the distance from a noise source reduces its intensity by a factor of four, or 6 dB. Regulation of acoustic noise Main Noise regulation Noise regulation includes statutes ... levels of government. After a watershed passage of the U.S. Noise Control Act of 1972 1 ... rising ambient noise b enforceable numerical source limits on aircraft and motor vehicles ...   more details



  1. ITU-T

    Sector ITU R and the Telecommunication Development Sector ITU D . ref cite web title CCITT 50 ... also Global Standards Collaboration International Telecommunication Union Category ITU R recommendations ITU R recommendations Category ITU T recommendations ITU T recommendations World Summit on the Information ... ITU R ITU Radiocommunication Sector ITU R http www.itu.int ITU D ITU Development Sector ITU D ...The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector ITU T is one of the three sectors divisions or units of the International Telecommunication Union ITU it coordinates standards for telecommunications . The standardization work of ITU dates back to 1865, with the birth of the International Telegraph Union ... was created in 1956. It was renamed ITU T in 1993. ref name ITUhistory cite web title ITU ... Union accessdate 2011 03 20 ref ITU has been an intergovernmental public private partnership ... cite web title About ITU url http www.itu.int net about index.aspx publisher International Telecommunication Union accessdate 2011 03 20 ref ITU T has a permanent secretariat, the Telecommunication Standardization Bureau TSB , based at the ITU HQ in Geneva , Switzerland . The elected Director of the Bureau is Malcolm Johnson Director Malcolm Johnson of the UK . Johnson was elected by the ITU Membership ... starting January 2011. Primary function The ITU T mission is to ensure the efficient and timely production ... ITU T info index.html ITU T and TSB General Information Bot generated title ref The international standards that are produced by the ITU T are referred to as Recommendations with the word ordinarily ... mandatory only when adopted as part of a national law. Since the ITU T is part of the ITU ... History Although the ITU itself dates back to 1865, ref name ITUhistory the formal standardization processes are more recent. Two consultative committees were created by the ITU s 1925 Paris conference ... OF EXCELLENCE 1956 2006 url http www.itu.int ITU T 50 docs ITU T 50.pdf page 8 publisher International ...   more details



  1. List of noise topics

    This is a list of noise topics . Engineering and physics 1 f noise A weighting Ambient noise level Antenna noise temperature Artificial noise Audio noise reduction Audio system measurements Bel , Bel acoustics Black noise Blue noise Burst noise Carrier to receiver noise density Channel noise level Circuit noise level Colors of noise Comfort noise Comfort Noise Generator Cosmic noise A weighting DBa DBrn Decibel Detection theory Dither Dynamic range Effective input noise temperature Environmental noise Equivalent noise resistance Equivalent pulse code modulation noise Errors and residuals in statistics Fixed pattern noise Flicker noise Gaussian noise Generation recombination noise Image noise Image noise reduction Intermodulation noise Internet background noise ITU R 468 noise weighting Jansky noise Johnson Nyquist noise , Johnson noise Line noise Mode partition noise Neuronal noise Noise Noise audio Noise economic Noise electronic Noise environmental Noise physics Noise radio Noise video Noise current Noise equivalent power Noise figure Noise floor Noise gate Noise level Noise measurement Noise power Noise print Noise shaping Noise temperature Noise wall Noise weighting Noisy black Noisy white Peak signal to noise ratio Perlin noise Phase noise Photon noise Pink noise Pseudonoise pseudorandom noise Quantization noise Quantum 1 f noise Radio noise source Random noise Received noise power Red noise Reference noise Salt and pepper noise Shot noise Signal to noise ratio Statistical noise Stochastic resonance Tape hiss Thermal noise Underwater acoustics White noise White noise machine Environmental Artificial noise Aircraft noise Background noise Impulse noise Industrial noise Noise acoustic Noise barrier Noise control Noise health effects Noise pollution Noise regulation Roadway noise Train noise Noise reduction Active noise control anti noise DBX noise reduction Differential signaling Dolby noise reduction system Helicopter noise reduction Hush kit Low noise amplifier Low ...   more details



  1. Flat weighting

    Flat weighting In a noise measuring set, a noise weighting based on an amplitude frequency characteristic that is flat over a frequency range that must be stated. Note 1 Flat noise power is expressed in dBrn f sub 1 sub f sub 2 sub or in dBm f sub 1 sub f sub 2 sub . Note 2 3 kHz flat weighting and 15 kHz flat weighting are based on amplitude frequency characteristics that are flat between 30  Hz and the frequency indicated. References FS1037C MS188 Category Noise ...   more details



  1. Itu

    Paulo, Brazil pointing Itu Coat of Arms Flag bgcolor FFFFFF colspan 1 align center Image Bras o de ... 88 km Itu is an old and historic municipality in the state of S o Paulo state S o Paulo in Brazil ... language , meaning big waterfall . Itu is linked with the highway numbered the SP 75 and are flowed with two rivers, Tiet River Tiet and Jundia river Jundia . Itu has five hospitals, eleven bank agencies and one shopping center, the Plaza Shopping Itu. Itu was founded by the Portugal Portuguese ... and municipality. It became a part of Brazil in 1822. It became a city in 1843. Itu was the birth place of the Brazilian Republic and has a renowned museum. Itu became a famous town after Simplicio a well known Brazilian comedian, born in Itu, was made Tourism Secretary and to increase tourism promoted ... phone booth orelh o . The Itu popsicle is about 30 cm 1 feet tall. And a giant Christmas tree. With the increase ... Reform Movement held their international delegation session in Itu bringing people from over 80 ... SP 79 SP 280 SP 300 SP 308 SP 312 Images gallery File Igreja matriz de Itu.jpg Itu s main parochial church. File ITU 07 2009 Giant traffic signal 6058.jpg Giant traffic signal . Itu is known as the capital of large things File Itu 05 2009 Museu da Energia 5864.jpg Energy Museum File ITU 07 2009 Giant Phone 6037.jpg Giant public pay phone. Itu is known as the capital of large things gallery See also ... Site pt icon http www.itu.com.br Itu s Portal pt icon http www.itu.sp.gov.br Government Site pt icon http www.citybrazil.com.br sp itu Itu on citybrazil.com.br Category Populated places in S o Paulo state Category Populated places established in 1610 de Itu Brasilien eml It eo Itu fr Itu bpy it Itu Brasile la Ytua nl Itu no Itu pl Itu miasto pt Itu ro Itu ru sv Itu, Brasilien vo Itu war Itu ...   more details



  1. Industrial noise

    to math 20 log 10 2 math which equals 6.02 or approx. 6 See also Earplug Earmuffs Noise health effects Noise control Noise mitigation Noise pollution Noise regulation Protective clothing A weighting ITU R 468 noise weighting Weighting filter Equal loudness contour Safe In Sound Award Excellence ... ear damage. A weighting A weighted measurements are commonly used to determine noise levels that can cause harm to the human ear, and special exposure meters are available that integrate noise over a period ...Industrial noise is usually considered mainly from the point of view of environmental health and safety, rather than nuisance, as sustained exposure can cause permanent hearing damage. Traditionally, occupational noise has been a hazard linked to heavy industries such as ship building and associated only with noise induced hearing loss NIHL . Modern thinking in occupational safety and health identifies noise as hazardous to worker safety and health in many places of employment and by a variety of means. Noise can not only cause hearing impairment at long term exposures of over 85 decibel s dB , known ... by masking hazards and warning signals, and by impeding concentration. Noise also acts synergistically with other hazards to increase the risk of harm to workers. In particular, noise and dangerous ... noise reduction Acoustic quieting is the process of making machinery quieter by damping vibrations to prevent them from reaching the observer. When two identical industrial noise sources are side by side producing a recorded noise at 100 dB A the reduction in noise from shutting off one of the noise sources is about 3 dB resulting in 97 dB A . When one doubles the distance from a noise source the recorded noise level is reduced by 6 dB. This is also called the Rule of 6 . This is based on the fact that the equation to calculate noise attenuation at a distance math d 2 math , knowing the SPL ... Category Noise Category Noise pollution Industrial noise Category Occupational safety and health ...   more details



  1. 468 BC

    Use mdy dates date February 2011 Year nav 468 BC year in topic 468 NOTOC Year 468 BC was a year of the Roman calendar pre Julian Roman calendar . At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Barbatus and Priscus or, less frequently, year 286 Ab urbe condita . The denomination 468 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events onlyinclude By place Greece Sparta faces trouble near home, chiefly from Arcadia with the support of Argos . Argos regains control of Tiryns . Roman Republic Antium is captured by Ancient Rome Roman forces. China Zhou Zhen Ding Wang becomes the twenty eighth sovereign of the China Chinese Zhou Dynasty . By topic Literature Sophocles , Greek theatre Greek playwright , defeats Aeschylus for the Athenian Prize . onlyinclude Births Deaths Aristides , Athenian wikt statesman statesman b. 530 BC References Reflist DEFAULTSORT 468 Bc Category 468 BC ast 468 edC az E. . 468 be 468 . . be x old 468 . . bs 468 p.n.e. br 468 ca 468 aC cs 468 p . n. l. cy 468 CC da 468 f.Kr. de 468 v. Chr. el 468 . . es 468 a. C. eu K. a. 468 fa fr 468 gl 468 ko 468 hy . . . 468 hr 468. pr. Kr. io 468 aK it 468 a.C. ka . . 468 kk . . . 468 la 468 a.C.n. lb 468 lt 468 m. pr. m. e. hu I. e. 468 mk 468 . . . mr . . . ms 468 SM nl 468 v.Chr. ne . . new nap 468 AC no 468 f.Kr. oc 468 uz Mil. av. 468 pl 468 p.n.e. pt 468 a.C. ru 468 . . sq 468 p.e.s. sk 468 pred Kr. sl 468 pr. n. t. sr 468. . . . sh 468. pne. su 468 SM fi 468 eaa. sv 468 f.Kr. tl 468 BC th . . 76 uk 468 . . vec 468 a.C. war 468 UC zh 468 ...   more details



  1. Rumble (noise)

    Unreferenced date July 2009 A rumble is a form of low frequency noise created by a random sound wave existing between certain limitation points. what date July 2009 In Sound recording and reproduction audio rumble refers to a low frequency sound from the bearings inside a phonograph turntable . This is most noticeable in low quality turntables with ball bearings. Higher quality turntables use slide bearings, minimizing rumble. Some phono pre amplifiers implement a rumble filter, in an attempt to remove the noise. A heavier platter can also help dampen this. Rumble measurement is carried out on record player turntable s for vinyl recordings which tend to generate very low frequency noise originating from the centre Bearing mechanical bearing and from drive pulley s or belts, as well as from irregularities in the vinyl record record disc itself. It can be heard as low frequency noise and becomes a serious problem when playing records on audio systems with a good low frequency response. Even when not audible, rumble can cause intermodulation , modulating of the amplitude of other frequencies. The unweighted response curve is intended for use in assessing the level of inaudible rumble with such intermodulation in mind. Turntable design File IEC 98 1984 Rumble Weighting curves.svg 400px right One way to reduce rumble is to make the turntable very heavy, so that it acts as mechanical damper or low pass filter , but even with the best turntables a lot of rumble tends to be generated ... exist that define how rumble should be measured, they all have a common basis, and use the weighting ... in 5s 0.5s with not more than 10 overshoot. See also Audio quality measurement Noise measurement Headroom audio signal processing Headroom Wow & flutter measurement Crosstalk measurement ITU R 468 noise weighting A weighting Weighting filter Equal loudness contour Fletcher Munson curves DEFAULTSORT Rumble Noise Category Noise Category Turntables simple Rumble ...   more details



  1. Weighting pattern

    A weighting pattern for a linear dynamical system describes the relationship between an input math u math and output math y math . Given the time variant system described by math dot x t A t x t B t u t math math y t C t x t math then the output can be written as math y t y t 0 int t 0 t T t, sigma u sigma d sigma math where math T cdot, cdot math is the weighting pattern for the system. For such a system the weighting pattern is math T t, sigma C t phi t, sigma B sigma math such that math phi math is the state transition matrix . The weighting pattern will determine a system, but note that if there exists a Realization systems realization for this weighting pattern then there exists many that do so. ref cite book first Roger W. last Brockett title Finite Dimensional Linear Systems publisher John Wiley & Sons year 1970 isbn 9780471105855 ref Linear time invariant system In a LTI system then the weighting pattern is Continuous math T t, sigma C e A t sigma B math where math e A t sigma math is the matrix exponential . Discrete math T k,l C A k l 1 B math . References Reflist Category Control theory ...   more details



  1. 468 Lina

    Additional parameters for this template are available at Template Infobox Planet . Infobox planet bgcolour BCD1F1 name 468 Lina symbol physical characteristics image caption discovery yes discoverer Max Wolf discovered January 18, 1901 alt names 1901 FZ, A915 PA, A918 EB mp category epoch semimajor 3.130 AU perihelion aphelion eccentricity 0.198 period 5.54  year inclination 0.440° asc node arg peri mean anomaly avg speed dimensions 69.34  km mass density surface grav escape velocity rotation spectral type magnitude abs magnitude albedo 0.043 angular size single temperature 468 Lina is a main belt asteroid . It was discovered by Max Wolf on January 18, 1901 at Heidelberg . Its provisional name was 1901 FZ . This asteroid was named Lina after the housemaid of Max Wolf s family. ref cite book first Lutz D. last Schmadel year 2003 title Dictionary of Minor Planet Names publisher Springer isbn 3 540 00238 3 ref It is a core member of the Themis family of asteroids. References references External links cite web last Yeomans first Donald K. year 2003 url http ssd.jpl.nasa.gov sbdb.cgi?sstr 468 title 468 Lina 1901 FZ work JPL Small Body Database Browser publisher NASA JPL accessdate 2008 05 06 Minor planets navigator 467 Laura 469 Argentina DEFAULTSORT Lina Category Themistian asteroids Category Asteroids named for people Category Discoveries by Max Wolf Category Astronomical objects discovered in 1901 C beltasteroid stub de 468 Lina el 468 es 468 Lina eo 468 Lino eu 468 Lina fa fr 468 Lina it 468 Lina la 468 Lina hu 468 Lina ja no 468 Lina nn 468 Lina pl 468 Lina pt 468 Lina ru 468 sk 468 Lina sr 468 fi 468 Lina tl 468 Lina uk 468 vi 468 Lina zh 468 ...   more details



  1. London weighting

    London weighting is an allowance paid to certain civil servants, teachers, airline employees, police and security officers in the capital city capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United Kingdom , London . It is designed to help these workers with the cost of living in London, which is notoriously higher than that of the rest of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland UK . ref http news.bbc.co.uk 1 hi programmes politics show 3154824.stm ref Its purpose is to encourage key workers to stay in London. London weighting was introduced for civil servants in 1920 and until 1974 it was set by the London Pay Board. However since 1974 the Greater London Council and later the Mayor of London , in partnership with central government, have been responsible for setting it. In 2002, teachers from across South East England went on strike to try to force London Weighting to be raised. As of March 2007, the London weighting is worth between 3,000 and 4,000. for RMO and civilian doctors was 2162 in 2012 In some professions, such as teachers, a different level of weighting is applied to Inner London and Outer London . ref http www.unison.org.uk acrobat b694.pdf ref ref http news.bbc.co.uk 1 hi education 1791149.stm ref Since the abolition of the Pay Board no organisation has been responsible for setting London weighting. The GLA carried out an investigation into the issue but did not propose a new figure as such. Currently the amounts paid by employers as London weighting, or London allowance, or in some cases both, vary greatly. Further information is available from pay analysts such as Labour Research Department and IDS Incomes Data Services Ltd Incomes Data Services Ltd . References reflist Category Economy of London ...   more details




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