Wiktionarypar implicationImplication may refer to In logic Logical implication , entailment, or consequence, a relation between statements Material implication , or conditional implication, a binary truth function In linguistics , specifically in pragmatics Implicature Entailment pragmatics Other uses In medical diagnosis , the scientific method , and forensics , a hypothetical cause is implicated or indicated when a reason for the condition can be found, given that cause. disambig fr Implication pl Implikacja simple Implication ... more details
Material implication may refer to Material conditional , a logical connective Material implication rule of inference , a rule of replacement for some propositional logic See also Implication disambiguation Conditional statement disambiguation disambiguation ... more details
Converse implication is the conversion logic converse of Material implicationimplication . That is to say that for any two proposition s P and Q, if Q implies P, then P is the converse implication of Q. It may take the following forms p q , Bpq , or p q Definition Truth table The truth table of A B border 1 cellpadding 1 cellspacing 0 style text align center style width 35px background aaaaaa a style width 35px background aaaaaa b style width 35px T T T T F T F T F F F T Venn diagram The Venn diagram of If B then A the white area shows where the statement is false File Venn1101.svg 150px Properties truth preserving The interpretation under which all variables are assigned a truth value of true produces a truth value of true as a result of converse implication. Symbol Empty section date July 2010 Natural language Not q without p. p if q. Boolean Algebra A B Computer Science Empty section date July 2010 See also Logical connective Material implication Logical connectives Category Propositional calculus Category Logical connectives logic stub fa ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 orphan date November 2009 An implication table is a tool used to facilitate the minimization of state computer science states in a state machine . The concept is to start assuming that every state may be able to combine with every other state, then eliminate combinations that are not possible. When all the impossible combinations have been eliminated, the remaining state combinations are valid, and thus can be combined. The procedure is as follows List state combination possibilities in an implication table, Eliminate combinations that are impossible because the states produce different outputs, Eliminate combinations that are impossible because the combination depends on the equivalence of a previously eliminated possibility, Repeat the above step until no more eliminations are possible. See also Moore reduction procedure DEFAULTSORT Implication Table Category Automata theory Formalmethods stub hr Minimizacija kona nog automata ... more details
Image Implication graph.svg thumb 360px An implication graph representing the 2 satisfiability instance math scriptscriptstyle x 0 lor x 2 land x 0 lor lnot x 3 land x 1 lor lnot x 3 land x 1 lor lnot x 4 land x 2 lor lnot x 4 land atop quad scriptscriptstyle x 0 lor lnot x 5 land x 1 lor lnot x 5 land x 2 lor lnot x 5 land x 3 lor x 6 land x 4 lor x 6 land x 5 lor x 6 . math In mathematical logic , an implication graph is a skew symmetric graph skew symmetric directed graph G V , E composed of vertex set V and directed edge set E . Each vertex in V represents the truth status of a Boolean literal , and each directed edge from vertex u to vertex v represents the material implication If the literal u is true then the literal v is also true . Implication graphs were originally used for analyzing complex Boolean expression s. Applications A 2 satisfiability instance in conjunctive normal form can be transformed into an implication graph by replacing each of its disjunction s by a pair of implications. An instance is satisfiable if and only if no literal and its negation belong to the same strongly connected component of its implication graph this characterization can be used to solve 2 satisfiability instances in linear time. ref cite journal author Aspvall, Bengt Michael Plass Plass, Michael F. Robert Tarjan Tarjan, Robert E. title A linear time algorithm for testing the truth of certain quantified boolean formulas journal Information Processing Letters volume 8 issue 3 pages 121 123 year 1979 doi 10.1016 0020 0190 79 90002 4 ref References references Category Boolean algebra Category Application specific graphs Category Directed graphs Category Graph families ... more details
The Implication Realization I R model of melodic expectation was developed by Eugene Narmour as an alternative to Schenkerian analysis centered less on music analysis and more on cognitive aspects of expectation. The model is one of the most significant modern theories of melodic expectation, going into great detail about how certain melodic structures arouse particular expectations. History Meyer 1956 applied Gestalt psychology Gestalt effect principles to musical expectation, resulting in his ideas about completion, closure, and his Law of Good Continuation. In 1977, Narmour s book laid out problems he had with Schenkerian analysis and sketched ideas for a new model of analysis based on musical expectation as informed by the work of Meyer. Narmour mentioned a forthcoming book, The Melodic Structure of Tonal Music , but it did not appear. Much time passed without the alternative theory, but finally in 1989 Narmour published his I R model, detailed in the 1990 and 1992 books. As of 2007, Narmour is working on a new book, which will extend the I R theory to the parameters of harmony and rhythm and explore potential applications to the analysis of performance. Theory Narmour s I R model was published in two separate books, dealing with basic melodic structures and melodic complexity ... General Claims The Analysis and Cognition of Basic Melodic Structures The Implication Realization ... monad one element which does not yield an implication Central to the discussion is the notion ... References Cross, I. 1995 Review of The analysis and cognition of melodic complexity the implication ... code of melody Cognitive structures generated by the implication realization model. In Music and the cognitive ... The Analysis and Cognition of Basic Melodic Structures The Implication Realization Model . Chicago ... Complexity The Implication Realization Model . Chicago University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0 226 56842 3. Schellenberg, E. 1997 . Simplifying the Implication Realization Model of Musical Expectancy ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Black Implication Flooding Type live Artist Boris band Boris with Keiji Haino Cover Boris black.jpg Released October 1998 Recorded August 31, 1997 Genre Avant Garde , Drone Doom , Sludge Metal , Noise Rock , Experimental Rock Length 72 40 Label Inoxia Records Producer Reviews Chronology Boris band Boris Last album Amplifier Worship br 1998 This album Black Implication Flooding br 1998 Next album More Echoes, Touching Air Landscape br 1999 Misc Black Implication Flooding is a collaborative album between Japanese experimental music experimental artist Keiji Haino and Japanese experimental music experimental doom metal doom band Boris band Boris , released on Inoxia Records in 1998. The album was recorded live at Koenji 20000V on August 31, 1997, and features edited cuts from that concert. Track listing A Rise, A Moment Before Something Unexpected Is on the Verge of Starting 15 24 Not Knowing If It Will Be Agony or Comfort for Us 1 28 Wonder What Colour Would Be Suitable for the Dwelling 1 50 The Decision of a Dream Which Will Never Be Completely Red 2 12 It Should Be Watched, Not to Fail to Notice These Flashes of an Accusation from Inside 9 58 Offer It All Up, Our Madness, That Will Be Crushed on This Land That Has Come to Be Called Chaos Unzipped 11 43 From the Distance, With Their Own Gentle Eyes Always Fixed on Us, They Are Affectionately Gazing at the Black Implication Flooding 6 28 Don t Be Cheated by the Oozing Silt from Both of the Accuser and the Accused Which Is Always There, Saying Something Have to Be Done 11 07 The Person Who, What Is S he Like, The One Who Has Been Determined and Prepared 12 31 External links http poisonpie.com sounds haino text hkflyer 083097.html A flyer of the show http poisonpie.com sounds haino Unofficial Keiji Haino Homepage English http www5e.biglobe.ne.jp haino index.html Haino s Official page Japanese Boris 1990s album stub Category Boris live albums Category 1998 live albums ... more details
nofootnotes date February 2012 The paradox es of material implication are a group of formula s which are truths of classical logic , but which are intuitively problematic. One of these paradoxes is the paradox of entailment . The root of the paradoxes lies in a mismatch between the interpretation of the validity of logical implication in natural language, and its formal Interpretation logic interpretation in classical logic, dating back to George Boole s algebraic logic. In classical logic, implication describes conditional if then statements using a truth functional interpretation, ie p implies q is defined to be it is not the case that p is true and q false . Also, p implies q is equivalent to p is false or q is true . For example, if it is raining, then I will bring an umbrella , is equivalent to it is not raining, or I will bring an umbrella, or both . This truth functional interpretation of implication is called material implication or material conditional. The paradoxes are logical statements which are true but whose truth is intuitively surprising to people who are not familiar with them. If the terms p , q and r stand for arbitrary proposition s then the main paradoxes are given formally as follows math neg p land p to q math , p and its negation imply q. This is the paradox of entailment . math p to q to p math , if p is true then it is implied by every q. math neg p to p to q math , if p is false then it implies every q. This is referred to as explosion . math p to q lor neg q math , either q or its negation is true, so their disjunction is implied by every p. math ... implication arise because of the truth functional definition of material implication, which ... follows in ordinary usage, material implication does not capture the meaning of if... then . Paradox ... with trying to use material implication as representing the English if ... then ... . For example ... but the conclusion is false. Thus, using classical logic and taking material implication to mean if then is an unsafe ... more details
For other uses of the term see Material implication . Disputed date February 2012 nobots Transformation rules In propositional logic , material implication ref cite book title A Concise Introduction to Logic 4th edition last Hurley first Patrick authorlink coauthors year 1991 publisher Wadsworth Publishing location isbn page pages 364 5 url accessdate ref verify source date February 2012 ref cite book ref harv last Copi first Irving M. last2 Cohen first2 Carl title Introduction to Logic publisher Prentice Hall year 2005 page 371 isbn ref is a Validity valid rule of replacement that allows for a material conditional conditional statement to be replaced by a logical disjunction disjunction if and only if the antecedent logic antecedent is Logical negation negated . The rule states that P implies Q is Logical equivalence logically equivalent to not P or Q and can replace each other in formal proof logical proofs . math P to Q Leftrightarrow neg P or Q math Where math Leftrightarrow math is a metalogic al symbol formal symbol representing can be replaced in a proof with. Formal notation The material implication rule may be written in sequent notation math P to Q vdash neg P or Q math where math vdash math is a metalogical symbol meaning that math neg P or Q math is a logical consequence syntactic consequence of math P to Q math in some logical system or in rule of inference rule form math frac P to Q neg P or Q math where the rule is that wherever an instance of math P to Q math appears on a line of a proof, it can be replaced with math neg P or Q math or as the statement of a truth functional Tautology logic tautology or theorem of propositional logic math P to Q to neg P or Q math where math P math and math Q math are propositions expressed in some formal system . Examples If it is December 25, it is Christmas. Thus, it is not December 25 or it is Christmas. Since it has to be the case that it is Christmas on December 25, the current day is either not December 25 Christmas ... more details
or may refer to an arrow symbol character of Unicode an arrow key on a keyboard , , , representing the assignment computer science operator in various programming languages a converse implication the relative direction of left or back See also Arrow disambiguation disambig ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 The Lumpeninvestoriat is a term used by financial Pundit politics pundit s, especially online but also in the printed press, as a reference to the masses of common investors. The word is combination of lumpenproletariat and investor . It is often applied by contrarian writers in a derogatory sense, with the implication that the masses of investors tend to blindly follow trends without regard to the underlying dynamics of the financial markets , often with long term disastrous results. Category Finance Econ term stub ... more details
Wiktionarypar relevance Relevance is a measure of how pertinent, connected, or applicable something is. Relevance may also refer to Relevance information retrieval , a measure of a document s applicability to a given subject or search query Relevance law , regarding the admissibility of evidence in legal proceedings Relevance logic , mathematical logic system that imposes certain restrictions on implication Relevance theory , cognitive theory of communication via interpretive inferences See also Relevant disambiguation disambig de Relevanz Begriffskl rung ... more details
An innuendo is a figure of speech which indicates an indirect or subtle, usually derogatory implication in expression an insinuation. wiktionarypar innuendo Innuendo might also be Innuendo album Innuendo album , a 1991 music album made by Queen Innuendo song , a song also by Queen Innuendo band , a Malaysian R&B trio disambig hr Innuendo razdvojba he Innuendo nl Innuendo sr Innuendo ... more details
Bucket shop refers to a particular type of Fraud fraudulent business Bucket shop heraldry Bucket shop stock market The term is used as a pejorative colloquialism to refer to different kinds of business es, indicating that the speaker believes it is a fraud or Confidence trick scam . In this sense it might be used as a name for stock market , unregulated credit default swaps , or for heraldry scams. The term is also used of airline consolidators airline ticket consolidators , though in this case there is no implication of fraud. de Bucket Shop disambig ... more details
Wiktionary zzz Zzz may refer to an onomatopoeia for snoring , or an implication of sleep prior comment and responses will be moved to Discussion page Planet of the Spiders Production code ZZZ , a 1974 Doctor Who serial. zZz , a Dutch band from Amsterdam. disambig de ZZZ et ZZZ fr ZZZ ko Zzz nl Zzz ja ZZZ zh ZZZ ... more details
Dependency theory is a subfield of database theory which studies implication and optimization problems related to logical constraints, commonly called dependencies, on databases. The best known class of such dependencies are functional dependencies , which form the foundation of candidate key keys on database relations. Another important class of dependencies are the multivalued dependency multivalued dependencies . A key algorithm in dependency theory is the Chase algorithm Chase , and much of the theory is devoted to its study. database stub Category Database theory Category Database constraints ... more details
refimprove date June 2009 Arbitrary culture theory is the view that human behavior is purely a product of culture , and that culture is completely arbitrary. The implication of this idea is that evolutionary theory evolution cannot be applied to human behavior. ref Alcock, John. 2005. Animal Behavior. Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0878930051 ref References Reflist Citizendium DEFAULTSORT Arbitrary Culture Theory Category Culture Orphan date July 2009 culture stub ... more details
Image Unfolding compound melody.png thumb Unfolding outlining thirds through skipping between the upper and lower notes audio Unfolding compound melody.mid Play . In Schenkerian analysis and music , unfolding German de Ausfaltung Ausfaltung or compound melody is the implication of more than one melody by a single voice through steps and skips skipping back and forth between the note music notes of the two melodies. See monophony , polyphony , and counterpoint . music theory stub Schenkerian analysis Category Melody Category Schenkerian analysis ... more details
of Propositions published in Matematicheskii Sbornik. The basic idea of relevant implication appears ... Church Church ref Citation title The Weak Theory of Implication year 1951 author Church, A. in Kontroliertes ... semantics for relevant logic, the implication operator is a binary modal operator, and negation .... Let M be a model and a,b,c indices from M. An implication is defined math M,a models phi to psi ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 The relational theory of space is a Metaphysics metaphysical theory according to which space is composed of relations between objects, with the implication that it cannot exist in the absence of matter. Its opposite is the container space container theory. A theory of relativity relativistic physics physical theory implies a relation philosophy relational metaphysics , but not the other way round even if space is composed of nothing but relations between observer relativity observer s and event relativity event s, it would be conceptually possible for all observers to agree on their measurements, whereas relativity implies they will disagree. Newtonian physics can be cast in Galilean invariance relational terms , but Newton insisted, for philosophical reasons, on Absolute time and space absolute container space. The subject was famously debated by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and a supporter of Newton s in the Leibniz Clarke correspondence . A relational approach can also be applied to time , with, for instance, the implication that there was no time before the first event philosophy event . See also Ren Descartes Philosophy of space and time Spacetime DEFAULTSORT Relational Space Category Concepts in metaphysics Category Philosophy of physics Category Space ... more details
of Lerdahl s work. Second, while the I R model relies on a single local interval to establish an implication ... The Implication Realization Model . Chicago University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0 226 56842 3. Category ... more details
unreferenced date January 2008 An overwhelming exception is a logical fallacy similar to a hasty generalization . It is a generalization that is accurate, but comes with one or more qualifications which eliminate so many cases that what remains is much less impressive than the initial statement might have led one to assume. Examples All right, but apart from the sanitation, the medicine, education, wine, public order, irrigation, roads, a fresh water system, and public health, what have the Romans ever done for us? The attempted implication fallacious in this case is that the Romans did nothing for us . This is a quotation from Monty Python s Life of Brian . Our foreign policy has always helped other countries, except of course when it is against our National Interest... The false implication is that our foreign policy always helps other countries . All dogs are black, except for those that are not black. This is also a Tautology rhetoric tautology , or rather a tautology logic Tautologies versus validities in first order logic validity . See also faulty generalization for other fallacies involving generalization . Relevance fallacies Informal Fallacy Category Inductive fallacies he ... more details
The container theory of space is a Metaphysics metaphysical theory according to which space is a background against which objects rest and move, with the implication that it can continue to exist in the absence of matter. Its opposite is the relational space relational theory. Isaac Newton Newton favoured absolute time and space and the container theory, against Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Leibniz who was a relationist. The subject was famously debated in the Leibniz Clarke correspondence . ref Space and Subtle Matter in Descartes s Metaphysics by Bennett, Jonathan New Essays on the Rationalists, February 2003 , pp. 3 26 24 Oxford Scholarship Online Monographs http www.ingentaconnect.com content oso 427006 2003 00000001 00000001 art00002 ref At first glance, the Physics physical theory of relativity weighs in favour of relational space, but the general theory of relativity re introduces some container like features such as the possibility of completely empty universes. ref The Metaphysics of Space Time Substantivalism by Carl Hoefer The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 93, No. 1 Jan., 1996 , pp. 5 27 http links.jstor.org sici?sici 0022 362X 199601 93 3A1 3C5 3ATMOSS 3E2.0.CO 3B2 1 available at JSTOR ref An absolute approach can also be applied to time , with, for instance, the implication that there might have been vast epochs of time before the first event philosophy event . ref Physics and Metaphysics Theories of Space and Time By Jennifer Trusted Routledge, 1991 ISBN 0415059488 ref See also Ren Descartes Philosophy of space and time Spacetime Time Theory of relativity References reflist Category Metaphysics ... more details
In M ori mythology the Nuku mai tore are forest dwelling spirits. ref An entry in Encyclopedia Mythica translates Nuku mai tore as People of the Other World . This is nonsense, as is an implication that Nuku mai tore is an alternate term for atua god . ref Tura joins Whiro s canoe party, but when it enters a whirlpool he catches the overhanging boughs of a tree and lives among the Nuku mai tore, to whom he teaches the use of fire, the art of cooking, and the natural way of childbirth together with the ceremonies attending to the birth of a child Beckwith 1970 502, White 1887 1891, II 8 15, 17 19 . Notes references References M. Beckwith, Hawaiian Mythology University of Hawaii Press Honolulu 1970. J. White, The Ancient History of the Maori , 6 Volumes Government Printer Wellington , 1887 1891. Maori stub Category M ori mythology ... more details
A logical assertion is a statement that Speech act Classifying illocutionary speech acts asserts that a certain premise is true, and is useful for statements in proof. It is equivalent to a sequent with an empty antecedent logic antecedent . For example, if p x is even , the implication math vdash p rightarrow x pmod 2 equiv 0 math is thus true. We can also write this using the logical assertion symbol, as math vdash left vdash p rightarrow x pmod 2 equiv 0 right math Category Mathematical logic Mathlogic stub es Aserci n l gica pl Asercja logika zh ... more details
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