Elections Indirectelection is a process in which voters in an election do not actually choose between candidates for an office but rather elect persons who will then make the choice. It is one of the oldest form of elections and is still used today for many upper house s and presidents. This process is also used in many trade union union elections and sometimes in professional, civic, and fraternal organizations. Some examples of indirectly elected bodies and individuals include the election of the President of the United States US President is an indirectelection. Voters elect the Electoral College United States electoral college , which then elects the President. The President of Germany is similarly elected by a Federal Convention Germany Federal Convention convened for that purpose. President of India India and several other countries have a President or other largely ceremonial head of state elected by their parliament. the Parliamentary Assemblies of the Council of Europe , Organization ... place the Indian Rajya Sabha upper house of parliament is Indirectelection indirectly elected , largely ... s political manifesto , an example of an indirectelection of the Spanish Prime Minister Prime Minister of Spain . Indirect political elections have been used for lesser national offices ... States , whose task is to elect a president, is a form of indirectelection. However, electors ... to the assembly the election of the government in most parliamentary system s the voters elect the parliamentarians ... 2004 as such, Singh as Prime Minister had never won a direct or popular election introduced as a technocracy ... Amendment instituted direct elections for those office holders. In France , election to the upper house of Parliament, the French Senate S nat , is indirect, with the electors called grands lecteurs ... Election 2000 election , this factor has never made the difference in an election. See also ... Sufragio indirecto fr Scrutin indirect fy Yndirekte ferkiezing gl Sufraxio indirecto ko it Elezione ... more details
Wiktionary Indirect , the opposite of wikt Special Search direct direct , may refer to Indirect approach , a battle strategy Indirect self interest , self interest which is broader than the self interest limited to one s personal situation Indirect DNA damage , caused by UV photons Indirect agonist or indirect acting agonist, a substance that enhances the release or action of an endogenous neurotransmitter Indirect speech , a form of speech Indirect costs , costs that are not directly accountable to a particular function or product Indirect self reference , describes an object referring to itself indirectly Indirect effect , a principle of European Community Law Indirect finance , where borrowers borrow funds from the financial market through indirect means Indirection , the ability to reference something in computer programming Transmission medicine Indirect transmission , infections passing from one host to another via a different species. See also http en.wikipedia.org w index.php?title Special AllPages&from indirect&namespace 0 All articles starting with indirect disambig ... more details
Taxation The term indirect tax has more than one meaning. In the colloquial sense, an indirect tax such as sales tax , a per unit tax specific tax , value added tax VAT , or value added tax goods and services tax GST is a tax collected by an intermediary such as a retail store from the person who bears the ultimate economic burden of the tax such as the consumer . The intermediary later files a tax return and forwards the tax proceeds to government with the return. In this sense, the term indirect tax is contrasted with a direct tax which is collected directly by government from the persons legal or natural on which it is imposed. Some commentators have argued that a direct tax is one that cannot be shifted by the taxpayer to someone else, whereas an indirect tax can be. ref Britannica Online ... . ref An indirect tax may increase the price of a good so that consumers are actually paying the tax ... Indirect taxes Indirect taxes . ref Examples would be fuel, liquor, and cigarette ... of a higher price. Thus, an indirect tax is such which can be shifted or passed on. The degree to which the burden of a tax is shifted determines whether a tax is primarily direct or primarily indirect ... or services being taxed. Under this definition, even income taxes may be indirect. The term indirect tax has a different meaning for U.S. constitutional law purposes see direct tax and excise tax in the United States . Features Indirect taxation is policy often used to generate tax revenue. Indirect tax is so called as it is paid indirectly by the final consumer of goods and services while paying for purchase of goods or for enjoying services. Indirect tax is broadly based since it is applied ... has to bear the burden of tax personally in case of indirect tax the taxpayer and the taxbearer ... bs Indirektni porez bg cs Nep m da fr Imp t indirect kk lv Netie ie ... Imposto indireto ru simple Indirect tax sk Nepriama da sv Indirekt skatt ta ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Indirect liability refers to legal liability imposed on an entity which is facilitating an infringement of another s rights, particularly of intellectual property rights, but not accruing benefit or loss from the infringement. Indirect liability can be imposed on the facilitator if it economically efficient. One reason it can be efficient is that a facilitator might be in best position to stop the infringement. This is relevant and often talked about in context of content holders vs ISPs or other media manufactures lawsuits. ref Landes, William and Douglas Lichtman, Indirect Liability for Copyright Infringement Napster and Beyond, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 17, No. 2 Spring, 2003 , pp. 113 124. ref References reflist DEFAULTSORT Indirect Liability Category Legal terms law term stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 An indirect branch also known as a computed jump , indirect jump and register indirect jump is a type of control flow program control instruction present in some machine language instruction set s. Rather than specifying the memory address address of the next instruction computer science instruction to execution computers execute , as in a direct Branch computer science branch , the parameter computer science argument specifies where the address is located. Thus an example could be to jump indirect on the r1 processor register register , which would mean that the next instruction to be executed would be at the address whose value is in register r1. The address to be jumped to is not known until the instruction is executed. Indirect branches can also depend on the value of a memory computers memory location . An indirect branch can be useful to make a conditional branch , especially a multiway branch . For instance, based on program Information input , a value could be looked up in a jump table of pointers to machine code code for handling the various cases implied by the data value. The data Uses of data in computing data value could be added to the address of the table, with the result stored in a register. An indirect jump could then be made based on the value of that register, efficiently dispatching program control to the code appropriate to the input. In a similar manner, subroutine call instructions can be indirect, with the address of the subroutine to be called specified in a register or memory location. Examples code Z80 jp hl br SPARC jmpl o7 br MIPS architecture MIPS jal ra br X86 jmp eax br ARM architecture ARM mov pc, r2 br IA64 br.ret.sptk.few rp br 6502 jmp 0DEA code DEFAULTSORT Indirect Branch Category Control flow Category Machine code Compu prog stub ru ... more details
Refimprove date October 2006 Wikify date November 2009 Indirect costs are costs that are not directly accountable to a cost object such as a particular function or product . Indirect costs may be either fixed or variable. Indirect costs include administration, personnel and security costs, and are also known as overhead business overhead . These are those cost which are not related to Production. There are two types of Indirect Costs. One are the Fixed Indirect Costs which contains activities or costs that are fixed for a particular project or company like transportation of labour to working site , building temporary roads etc. The other are Recurring Indirect Costs which contains activities that repeat for a particular company like Maintenance of Records or payment of Salaries Indirect vs Direct costs Direct costs are those for activities or services that benefit specific projects, e.g., salaries for project staff and materials required for a particular project. Because these activities are easily traced to projects, their costs are usually charged to projects on an item by item basis. Indirect costs are those for activities or services that benefit more than one project. Their precise benefits to a specific project are often difficult or impossible to trace. For example, it may be difficult to determine precisely how the activities of the director of an organization benefit a specific project. Indirect costs do not vary substantially within certain production volumes or other indicators of activity, and so they may sometimes be considered to be fixed costs. ref http www.accountingtools.com questions and answers what are indirect costs.html ref It is possible to justify the handling of almost any kind of cost as either direct or indirect. Labor costs, for example, can be indirect ... in bulk pencils, pens, paper are typically handled as indirect costs, while materials required for specific ... staff Equipment rental Fuel Maintenance Generator Security Telephone Reflist DEFAULTSORT Indirect ... more details
Indirect Procurement is the sourcing of all goods and services for a business that enable its activity. Or looking at it another way, the goods and services classified under the umbrella of indirect procurement are commonly bought for consumption by internal stakeholders business units or functions rather than the external customer or client. Indirect Procurement categories include Marketing related services media buying, agencies Professional Services consultants, advisors Travel Management IT related services hardware, software HR related services recruitment agencies, training Facilities Management and office services Telecoms, furniture, cleaning, catering, printers Utilities gas, electricity ... the distinction between what is a Direct cost and an Indirect cost can become blurred when looking ... chain in light of business objectives. Indirect procurement often called Goods Not for Resale, non ... with Proxima ref http www.proximagroup.com source direct v indirect procurement market intelligence ... of Senior Executives from FTSE 100 businesses expressed low satisfaction in the value indirect procurement brought to their organization. Indirect vs direct procurement Research conducted in association with Supply Management ref http info.proximagroup.com Enhancing indirect procurement presentation of results from a research study on the distinction between direct and indirect procurement conducted in association with Supply Management CIPS official Magazine ref found that all businesses have indirect procurement. The research also found that indirect procurement is unambiguously different to direct ... complex stakeholder environment than directs. Indirect procurement requires a different balance ... a range of suppliers. Overall Within the indirect supply market there are hundreds of categories ... holders about their spend Indirect procurement professionals do not actually have any mandate over internal stakeholder s budgets. Managing indirect expenditure effectively requires a huge variety ... more details
Indirect speech , also called reported speech or indirect discourse , is a means of expressing the content ... speech . For example, He said I m coming is direct speech, whereas He said he was coming is indirect speech. In terms of grammar , indirect speech often makes use of certain syntax syntactic structures ... phrase s. References to questions in indirect speech frequently take the form of interrogative content clauses, also called indirect question s such as whether he was coming . In indirect speech certain ... title What is indirect speech? publisher SIL International work Glossary of linguistic terms last ..., paragraph 580 declaratory sentences in indirect discourse p. 380, par. 586 questions in indirect discourse. ref When written, indirect speech is not normally enclosed in quotation mark s or any similar ... are sometimes used to indicate that the indirect speech is a faithful quotation of someone s words with additional ... . Changes in form In indirect speech, words generally have referent s appropriate to the context in which ..., they are liable to change when the sentence is put into indirect speech. In particular this commonly ... examples can be found in the following sections. It should be noted that indirect speech need not refer ... of changes in form in indirect speech in English language English are given below. See also ... is still expected to come over . Latin In Latin grammar , indirect speech is called lang la rati obl qua . An indirect statement or question can serve in the place of the direct object of a verb related to thought or communication. An indirect statement is expressed by changing the case of the subject ... An indirect question is expressed by changing the mood of the main verb from indicative to subjunctive ... Russian and many other Slavic language s, indirect speech uses the same verb tense as would ... doesn t like chocolate Free indirect speech Free indirect speech is a form of indirect speech where ... is given below. Comparison direct and indirect speech References reflist Category Semantic units ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date May 2007 Indirect property is a term used in real estate investing property investment . There are two fundamental means by which one can invest in property. The first and most obvious is through purchasing Fee simple freehold or leasehold interests in property, this is broadly known as direct property investment. The second and less well known method to achieve property performance with one s money is through indirect investment. Indirect investment can be exemplified by the purchasing of share finance shares in companies that specialise in property dealings, property index derivatives or the bonds of corporate property firms. This allows the interest owner to receive financial returns inline with those of the property market without requiring the large quantities of capital generally required to purchase direct property rights whilst also benefiting from high levels of liquidity in their property assets. Category Property ... more details
Indirect effect describes a situation where national courts are required to interpret national law in line with an unimplemented or badly implemented directive, as opposed to ignoring national law in preference to the directive as occurs when direct effect is invoked. Indirect effect arises from the failure of a member state to implement a directive mdash either correctly or at all mdash but where direct effect cannot apply because the party against whom the directive is sought to be enforced is a private entity or otherwise fails to meet the conditions which would give the directive direct effect . In Von Colson and Kamann v Land Nordrhein Westfalen , the ECJ ruled that national courts should interpret national law in line with the directive, in so far as it is given discretion to do so under national law . ref Case 14 83 1984 ECR 1891 at para 28. ref While Von Colson dealt with a situation where a member state had failed to implement a directive correctly, in Marleasing v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion the ECJ extended indirect effect to situations where the member state concerned had not implemented the directive at all. ref Case C 106 89, 1990 ECR I 4135. ref See also EU law Direct effect Incidental effect Francovich v Italy Notes reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Indirect Effect Category European Union law ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Indirect finance is where borrowers borrow funds from the financial market through indirect means, such as through a financial intermediary . This is different from direct financing where there is a direct connection to the financial market s as indicated by the borrower issuing securities directly on the market . Common methods for direct financing include a financial auction where price of the security is bid upon or an initial public offering where the security is sold for a set initial price . Indirect financing government This is where the government gives privilege, in the form of reduced tax burdens, as a means of supporting a particular interest rather than collecting and redistributing tax revenue which would be considered as a direct financing method by the government . For example, a reduced tax burden on financiers provides focused monetary benefits and helps to effectively lower bond prices provided that tax savings has a tangible effect on bond pricing and that the aforementioned would pass these tax savings to their respective clientele . This could be applied in a number of applications from infrastructural investment to education or military spending. DEFAULTSORT Indirect Finance Category Securities Category Stock market Category Financial markets ja ... more details
The Indirect approach was a Military strategy strategy described and chronicled by B. H. Liddell Hart after World War I , was Liddell Hart s attempt to find a solution to the problem of high casualty rates in conflict zones with high force to space ratios, such as the Western Front on which he served. The strategy calls for armies to advance along the line of least resistance. It is best described in this quote from his papers referring to the theory. blockquote In Strategy the longest way around is often the shortest way there. A direct approach to the object exhausts the attacker and hardens the resistance by compression, where as an indirect approach loosens the defender s hold by upsetting his balance. blockquote There were two fundamental principles which governed the Indirect Approach . Direct attacks on firm defensive positions almost never work, and should never be attempted. To defeat the enemy, one must first disrupt his equilibrium. This cannot be an effect of the main attack it must take place before the main attack is commenced. While he originally developed the theory for infantry, contact with J. F. C. Fuller helped change his theory more towards tanks. The indirect approach would become a major factor in the development of blitzkrieg . Often misunderstood, the indirect approach is not a treatise against fighting direct battles it was still based on the Clausewitzian ideal of direct combat and the destruction of an enemy force by arms. It was in reality an attempt to create a doctrine for the remobilisation of warfare after the costly attrition of the strategic stalemate of the First World War. External links http web.archive.org web 20060113060855 http www.ndu.edu library n2 n025602O.pdf F. Lee Campbell IV, A MODEST SUGGESTION, NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY NATIONAL WAR COLLEGE, 2006 Category Military strategy Category Military doctrines military stub he ja tr Dolayl tutum stratejisi ... more details
In pharmacology , an indirect agonist or indirect acting agonist is a substance that enhances the release or action of an endogenous neurotransmitter but has no specific agonist activity at the neurotransmitter receptor biochemistry receptor itself. Indirect agonists work through varying mechanisms to achieve their effects, including transporter blockade, induction of transmitter release, and inhibition of transmitter breakdown. Mechanisms of indirect agonism Transporter blockade Cocaine is a monoamine transporter blocker and, thus, an indirect agonist of dopamine receptor s. ref name Katz cite journal author Katz JL, Izenwasser S, Terry P title Relationships among dopamine transporter affinities and cocaine like discriminative stimulus effects journal Psychopharmacology Berl. volume 148 issue 1 pages 90 8 year 2000 pmid 10663422 doi 10.1007 s002130050029 ref Cocaine binds the dopamine transporter DAT , blocking the protein s ability to uptake dopamine from the synaptic cleft and terminating dopamine signaling. Blockage of DAT increases the extracellular concentration of dopamine , therefore increasing the amount of dopamine receptor binding and signaling. Evoking transmitter release Fenfluramine is an indirect agonist of serotonin receptor s. ref name Wang cite journal author Wang YX, Bowersox SS, Pettus M, Gao D title Antinociceptive properties of fenfluramine , a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in a rat model of neuropathy journal J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. volume 291 issue 3 pages 1008 16 year 1999 pmid 10565818 doi ref Fenfluramine binds to the serotonin transporter , blocking serotonin reuptake. However, fenfluramine also acts to induce non exocytosis exocytotic serotonin release in a mechanism similar to that of methamphetamine in dopamine neurons, fenfluramine binds to VMAT2 , disrupting the compartmentalization of serotonin into Synaptic vesicle vesicles and increasing ... , the enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of adenosine . References reflist DEFAULTSORT Indirect Agonist ... more details
No footnotes date April 2009 Indirect rule was a system of government that was developed in certain British Empire British colonial dependencies particularly in parts of Africa and Asia . By this system, much of the day to day government of localities was left in the hands of traditional rulers who in principle gained prestige and stability, albeit at the cost of a loss of autonomy , thus allowing a limited number of European colonial administrators to effectively oversee the government of large numbers of people spread over extensive areas. Cases British Empire The ideological underpinnings, as well as the practical application of indirect rule in Kenyan colonialism is usually traced to the work of Frederick Lugard , the High Commissioner of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria from 1899 to 1906. In the lands of the Sokoto Caliphate , conquered by the British Empire at the turn of the century, Lugard instituted a system whereby external, military, and tax control was operated by the British, while most every other aspect of life was left to local pre colonial aristocracies who had sided with the British during their conquest. The theory behind this solution to a very practical problem of domination by a tiny group of foreigners of huge populations is laid out in Lugard s influential ... of Indirect rule was in British Asia, in hundreds of pre colonial states, first under the HEIC in the Indian ... colony, but local rulers loyal to the Governor kept some of their traditional authority. Indirect ... throughout the globe. Issues with indirect rule While indirect rule was cheaper and easier for colonial ... suited to native leadership. Many were conservative elders, and thus indirect rule fostered a conservative ... 308 ref Notes reflist Sources and references Michael Crowder. Indirect Rule French and British Style ... DEFAULTSORT Indirect Rule Category Governance of the British Empire Category Colonialism Category Constitutional state types de Indirect rule fr Indirect rule ... more details
Refimprove date May 2009 Indirect fire means aiming and firing a projectile in a high trajectory without ... air support aircraft are examples of weapons primarily designed for direct fire. NATO defines Indirect ... instrumental methods. Hence indirect fire means applying firing data to azimuth and elevation sights and laying these sights. Indirect fire uses a high trajectory, which further distinguishes it from ... indirect artillery fire on a target unseen to the soldiers manning the guns, a modern United States example Indirect fire is most commonly associated with field artillery . It is also used with Mortar ... purpose of indirect fire was to enable fire from a covered position , Cite quote date August 2011 ... may become obscured by dust, smoke or darkness. Modern indirect fire during daylight is usually because ... further back and indirect fire evolved to allow any point within range to be attacked firepower mobility ... target. The essence of traditional indirect fire is that the trajectory of the projectile cannot be altered ... may have been invisible to them and therefore met the definition of indirect fire. It could also ... in the 16th Century introduced indirect fire guns because it enabled gunlaying by instrument ... and reproduced in Revue d Artillerie of March 1908, that indirect fire was used by the Burgundians ... an aiming point positioned in line with the target. The earliest example of indirect fire adjusted ... of the Royal Horse Artillery fired an indirect Shrapnel shell Shrapnel barrage against advancing ... 35456 6 discussed during the account of the Hougoumont action. ref Modern indirect fire may date ... Positions that described a better method of indirect laying instead of aiming points in line with the target ... incontrovertible, documented use of indirect fire was on 26 October 1899 by British gunners during ...&pg PA30 title The Evolution of Indirect Fire author Frank W. Sweet pages 28 33 isbn 0 939479 20 6 publisher ... of pointing gun or launcher in any required azimuth, thereby enabling indirect fire without using ... more details
Indirect abortion is the name given by Catholic theologian s to an abortion procedure which has a therapeutic medical effect, presumably to save the life of a pregnant woman. Scholars with the National Catholic Review ref http ncronline.org NCR Online archives 011703 011703d.htm National Catholic Review ref and AmericanCatholic.org ref http www.americancatholic.org Newsletters CU ac0898.asp AmericanCatholic.org ref make a distinction between direct abortions that is, abortion which is either an end or a means, and indirect abortions , where the loss of the fetus is then considered to be a secondary effect. For example, if a woman is suffering an ectopic pregnancy a fetus is developing in her fallopian tube, not the womb , a doctor may remove the fallopian tube as therapeutic treatment to prevent the woman s death. The fetus will not survive long after this, but the intention of the procedure and its action is to preserve the woman s life. It is not a direct abortion. While the positions in the previous two paragraphs appear in tension with one another, the relevant distinction may be between cases where the woman s life may be in jeopardy , and cases where the woman would almost certainly die without the procedure that would incidentally destroy the fetus. However, this does not mean Catholics feel a direct abortion, even when intended to save the life of a woman, is ever acceptable. ref http www.vatican.va archive ccc css archive catechism p3s2c2a5.htm ref ref http www.catholicnewsagency.com news sister violated more than catholic teaching in sanctioning abortion ethicist says ... According to Archbishop Jose Antonio Eguren in Peru, indirect abortion is not the same as a therapeutic abortion. Mgr Eguren asserts that indirect abortion is an extraordinary moral case which has nothing ... gave a controversial speech in Angola where he appeared to blur the distinction between indirect abortion ... between direct and indirect abortion, and commented that the allocution merely re stated the Church ... more details
In an internal combustion engine , the term indirect injection refers to a fuel injection where fuel is not directly injected into the combustion chamber . Gasoline engines are usually equipped with indirect injection systems, wherein a fuel injector delivers the fuel at some point before the Poppet valve intake valve . An indirect injection diesel engine delivers fuel into a chamber off the combustion chamber, called a prechamber, where combustion begins and then spreads into the main combustion chamber. The prechamber is carefully designed to ensure adequate mixing of the atomized fuel with the compression heated air. The purpose of the divided combustion chamber is to speed up the combustion ... glow plugs for starting. In an indirect injection system the air moves fast, mixing the fuel and air ... indirect injection until the ready availability of powerful Computational fluid dynamics CFD simulation ... Cylinder head of a small Kubota indirect injection diesel engine. gallery File Top of head.jpg Top ... Cylinder head of a small Kubota indirect injection diesel engine.jpg Cylinder head File Injection ... chambers File Glow plugs.jpg Glow plugs gallery Classification of indirect combustion chambers prechambers ... way stage between fully indirect and fully direct injection, gaining some of the efficiency advantages of direct injection while retaining the simplicity and ease of development of indirect injection ... Advantages of indirect injection combustion chambers Smaller diesels can be produced. The injection ... importance. Indirect injection is much simpler to design and manufacture less injector development ... The lower stresses that indirect injection imposes on internal components mean that it is possible to produce petrol and indirect injection diesel versions of the same basic engine. At best such types ... in a turbocharged engine. Citation needed date July 2009 Indirect injection is superior for running ... L Orange References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Indirect Injection Category Fuel injection systems da ... more details
Free indirect speech is a style of Third person narrative third person narration which uses some of the characteristics of third person along with the essence of Grammatical person first person direct speech. It is also referred to as free indirect discourse , free indirect style , or discours indirect libre in French language French . Comparison of styles What distinguishes free indirect speech from normal indirect speech is the lack of an introductory expression such as He said or he thought . It is as if the subordinate clause carrying the content of the indirect speech is taken out of the main clause which contains it, becoming the main clause itself. Using free indirect speech may convey the character s words more directly than in normal indirect, as devices such as interjections and exclamation marks can be used that cannot be normally used within a subordinate clause. Examples Comparison direct and indirect speech Usage in literature Roy Pascal cites Goethe and Jane Austen as the first novelists to use this style consistently. ref Roy Pascal, http books.google.com books?id nBgNAQAAIAAJ&pg PA31&dq free indirect speech&hl en&ei gEshTaTwDo WsgPlv8WOCg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 8&ved 0CEwQ6AEwBw v onepage&q&f false The Dual Voice , Manchester University Press, 1977, page 34 ref He says the nineteenth century French novelist Flaubert was the first to be consciously ... French discours indirect libre . It is also known as estilo indirecto libre in Spanish, and is often ... rely on free indirect discourse to take us into the minds of her characters. Some argue that free indirect discourse was also used by Chaucer in The Canterbury Tales . ref E.g. Helen Phillips, http books.google.com books?id 3G3qdbmqVjgC&pg PA42&lpg PA42&dq 22free indirect discourse 22 monk An introduction ... www.litencyc.com php stopics.php?rec true&UID 444 The Literary Encyclopedia Free Indirect Discourse Category English grammar de Erlebte Rede es Estilo indirecto libre fr Discours indirect libre gl Estilo ... more details
The Institute of Indirect Taxation is a professional body in the United Kingdom . Its members specialise in the study and practice of indirect tax es. The body was formed in July 1991 and formally launched in October 1991. It gained permission to call itself an institute in December of the same year. It operates as a company limited by guarantee . Entry to the Institute is normally gained by taking up to four professional examinations in indirect taxation. There are two routes through the exams, the Value Added Tax route and the customs route which reflect two of the most major areas that indirect taxation is applied to in the United Kingdom. It is possible to gain exemptions from some of the exams through possessing other suitable qualifications which include those from various British accountancy professional bodies, the Chartered Institute of Taxation and HM Revenue and Customs . The four papers are I Legal, Business and Professional Ethics II optional paper which is dependent on whether the VAT or customs route through the qualification is being taken III Other Indirect Taxes IV Stamp Taxes, Direct Taxes and Interaction of all Taxes Those who have passed the examinations and been accepted into membership are entitled to use the designatory letters AIIT Associate of the Institute of Indirect Taxation . Upon submission of a thesis to the institute it is possible to become a Fellow of the Institute of Indirect Taxation which allows for the use of the designatory letters FIIT. Other categories of member, which are without designatory letters, are student members and affiliate members. It is also possible to be made an honorary member or fellow. External links http www.theiit.org.uk Institute website Category Taxation in the United Kingdom Category Tax practitioner associations ... more details
The indirect pathway of movement is a neuronal circuit through the basal ganglia and several associated nuclei within the central nervous system CNS which helps to prevent unwanted muscle contractions from competing with voluntary movements. ref Nambu, A. A new dynamic model of the cortico basal ganglia loop. Prog Brain Res. 2004 143 461 466 ref It operates in conjunction with the direct pathway of movement . Overview of Neuronal Connections and Normal Function The indirect pathway passes through the caudate , putamen , and globus pallidus , which are parts of the basal ganglia . ref Pollack AE. Anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology of the basal ganglia. Neurol Clin. 2001 19 523 534. ref It traverses the subthalamic nucleus , a part of the diencephalon , and enters the substantia nigra , a part of the midbrain . In a resting individual, a specific region of the globus pallidus, known as the internus, and a portion of the substantia nigra, known as the pars reticulata, send spontaneous inhibitory signals to the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus , through the release of GABA , an inhibitory neurotransmitter. ref Hauber W. Involvement of basal ganglia transmitter systems in movement initiation. Prog Neurobiol. 1998 45 507 540. ref Inhibition of the excitatory neurons within VL, which project to the motor regions of the cerebral cortices of the telencephalon, leads to a reduction ... drive muscle contractions. Simultaneously, in the indirect pathway, the motor cortices send activating signals to the caudate and putamen. The cells of the indirect pathway in the caudate ... normally sends inhibitory signals to the subthalamic nucleus. On activation of the indirect ... cortical areas that would compete with the voluntary movement. Diseases Involving the Indirect Pathway Interruption or dysfunction of the indirect pathway of movement results in hyperkinesia , or dyskinesias ... muscle activity. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Indirect Pathway Of Movement Category Neurology ... more details
An indirect free kick is a method of restarting play in a game of Football soccer association football . Unlike a direct free kick , a goal may not be scored directly from the kick. The law was derived from the Sheffield Rules that stated that no goal could be scored from a free kick. This law was absorbed into the Laws of the Game association football Laws of the Game in 1877 and later adapted to allow direct free kicks as a result of dangerous play. Award An indirect free kick is awarded to the opposing team when a player commits a foul other than a penalty foul e.g. dangerous play or infringes certain technical requirements of the laws e.g. touching the ball a second time following a restart, or the keeper touching the ball with his hands when a teammate has used his foot to Back pass rule pass it back to the keeper . An indirect free kick is also awarded to the opposing team when play is stopped to Misconduct football caution or Misconduct football send off a player when no specific ... & 124 Laws & Equipment & 124 When is a free kick indirect? publisher BBC News date 2005 09 01 accessdate 2008 12 07 ref Unlike a direct free kick, an offence punishable by an indirect free kick ... penalty area rather, it continues to be taken as an indirect free kick. ref name bbc1 Procedure The kick .... An indirect free kick within the opposing team s goal area is taken from the goal area line parallel ... passed completely out of the penalty area. A goal may not be scored directly from an indirect free kick ... be scored. If the ball goes in goal directly from an indirect free kick, a goal kick is awarded to the defending team. If the ball goes in own goal from an indirect free kick, a corner kick is awarded ... from an indirect free kick. The referee association football referee signals that a free kick is indirect by raising one arm until the ball has been touched a second time or has gone out of play ... by an indirect free kick to the defending team from where the offence occurred, unless the second ... more details
In economics , a consumer s indirect utility function math v p, w math gives the consumer s maximal utility when faced with a price level math p math and an amount of income math w math . It represents the consumer s preferences over market conditions. This function is called indirect because consumers usually think about their preferences in terms of what they consume rather than prices. A consumer s indirect utility math v p, w math can be computed from its utility function math u x math by first computing the most preferred bundle math x p, w math by solving the utility maximization problem and second, computing the utility math u x p, w math the consumer derives from that bundle. The indirect utility function for consumers is analogous to the profit function for firms. Formally, the indirect utility function is Continuous on R sup n sup sub sub R sub sub Decreasing in prices Strictly increasing in income homogeneous function Homogenous with degree zero in prices and income if prices and income are all multiplied by a given constant the same bundle of consumption represents a maximum, so optimal utility does not change. Quasiconvex function quasi convex in p,w Moreover, Roy s identity If v p,w is differentiable at p sup 0 sup , w sup 0 sup and v p,w w 0, then v p sup 0 sup ,w sup 0 sup p sub i sub v p sup 0 sup ,w sup 0 sup w x sub i sub p sup 0 sup ,w sup 0 sup , i 1, ,n. References Andreu Mas Colell, Michael D. Whinston, Jerry R. Green, 2007. Microeconomic Theory , Indian Edition, pp. 56 57 The Indirect Utility Function . Jehle, G. A. and Reny, P. J. 2011. Advanced Microeconomic Theory , Third Edition, Financial Times Prentice Hall, pp. 28 33. DEFAULTSORT Indirect Utility Function Category Utility de Indirekte Nutzenfunktion it Funzione di utilit indiretta ru vi H m th a d ng gi n ti p ... more details
for an indirect inguinal hernia. The protrusion of peritoneum through the internal inguinal ring can be considered an incomplete obliteration of the processus. In an indirect inguinal hernia, the protrusion ... of reasons. In females In the female, groin hernias are only 4 as common as in males. Indirect inguinal hernia is still the most common groin hernia for females. If a woman has an indirect inguinal ... surgery can be required. In this case, the surgeon recognizes the indirect hernia by noting that the hernia ... that it arose at the top of the inguinal canal. Gastroenterology DEFAULTSORT Indirect Inguinal ... more details
, it is called an indirect gap . Image Indirect Bandgap.svg thumb 350px right Energy vs. crystal momentum for a semiconductor with an indirect band gap, showing that an electron cannot ... near the conduction band minima the hole will share the same k vector , but not possible in an indirect ... momentum would be violated. For radiative recombination to occur in an indirect band gap material ... is far slower in indirect band gap materials than direct band gap ones . This is why Light emitting diode light emitting and laser diode s are almost always made of direct band gap materials, and not indirect band gap ones like silicon . The fact that radiative recombination is slow in indirect band ... gap can penetrate much farther before being absorbed in an indirect band gap material than a direct ... cell material, despite the fact that it is indirect gap and therefore does not absorb light very ... with a very thin active layer often less than 1 micrometre thick . The absorption spectrum of an indirect ... can be simultaneously absorbed to create an indirect transition. For example, silicon is opaque ..., because red photons can only be absorbed in an indirect transition. Formulas for absorption A common and simple method for determining whether a band gap is direct or indirect uses absorption spectroscopy ..., Optical Processes in Semiconductors . Dover, 1971. ref On the other hand, for an indirect band ... that there is an indirect band gap, measurable by extrapolating the straight line to the math alpha 0 math axis assuming math E p approx 0 math . Other aspects In some materials with an indirect ... more details
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