Cleanup date January 2010 Indirect Fourier transform is a solution of ill posed given by Fourier transform of extremely noisy data as from biological small angle scattering proposed by Glatter. ref name ift cite journal author O. Glatter title A new method for the evaluation of small angle scattering data journal Journal of Applied Crystallography year 1977 volume 10 pages 415 421 ref Transform is computed by linear least squares linear fit to a family of functions corresponding to constraints on the reasonable solution. If a result of the transform is Radial distribution function distance distribution function , it is common to assume that the function is non negative, and is zero at P 0 0 and P D sub max sub 0, where D sub max sub is a maximum diameter of the particle. It is approximately true, although it disregards inter particle effects. IFT is also performed in order to regularize noisy data. ref name gnom cite journal author A. V. Semenyuk and D. I. Svergun title GNOM &ndash a program package for small angle scattering data processing journal Journal of Applied Crystallography year 1991 volume 24 pages 537&ndash 540 doi 10.1107 S002188989100081X ref References references DEFAULTSORT Indirect Fourier Transform Category Fourier analysis ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Indirect self reference describes an object self reference referring to itself indirectly . For example, define the function f such that f x x x . Any function passed as an argument to f is invoked with itself as an argument, and thus in any use of that argument is indirectly referring to itself. This example is similar to the Scheme programming language Scheme expression lambda x x x lambda x x x , which is expanded to itself by beta reduction, and so its evaluation loops indefinitely despite the lack of explicit looping constructs. An equivalent example can be formulated in lambda calculus . Indirect self reference is special in that its self referential quality is not explicit, as it is in the sentence this sentence is false. The phrase this sentence refers directly to the sentence as a whole. An indirectly self referential sentence would replace the phrase this sentence with an expression that effectively still referred to the sentence, but did not use the pronoun this. An example will help to explain this. Suppose we define the quine computing quine of a phrase to be the quotation of the phrase followed by the phrase itself. So, the quine of is a sentence fragment would be is a sentence fragment is a sentence fragment which, incidentally, is a true statement. Now consider the sentence when quined, makes quite a statement when quined, makes quite a statement The quotation here, plus the phrase when quined, indirectly refers to the entire sentence. The importance of this fact is that the remainder of the sentence, the phrase makes quite a statement, can now make a statement about the sentence as a whole. If we had used a pronoun for this, we could have written something like this sentence makes quite a statement. It seems silly to go through ... quine , and f x is actually the quine function itself. Indirect self reference was studied ..., Escher, Bach Actor model DEFAULTSORT Indirect Self Reference Category Self reference Category Theoretical ... more details
The indirect holding system also multi tiered holding system is a system of security finance securities clearance, settlement and ownership system most widely used in the world today. It consists of one or more tiers of intermediaries between issuer and investor. It is an evolution from the direct holding system in which owners of securities had a direct relationship with the issuer. The system is made up of various tiers, often with an increasing number of entries involved in each of the tiers. The top tier comprises national and international central securities depositories CSDs , where large pools of securities of different issuers are immobolised or otherwise concentrated. The next tier consists of a limited number of financial institution s, stock broker broker s, depositories and other professional investor s who have direct contract ual relationships with the CSDs and who hold their interests in securities in book entry accounts with a CSD. These intermediaries sometimes called participants of the CSD in turn, hold in their accounts interests in or in respect of securities either for themselves or for their customers, such as institutional or retail investors or further intermediaries, and so forth until accounts are held for the investors. For reasons of efficiency, depositories that hold securities for investors generally do so through commingled omnibus customers accounts. This structure allows the issuer to deal with a single entity, the CSD. The investors do not appear on any register of ownership maintained by or on behalf of the issuer, nor do they have actual possession of certificates. It is the account rather than the certificates that is the source of the investor ... applicable to cross border transactions have been updated adequately to deal with the indirect holding ... holding of securities, is difficult to apply in the indirect system. Under traditional legal principles ... 26, 2007 DEFAULTSORT Indirect Holding System Category Securities ... more details
Image indirect DNA damage.png thumb right 500px Indirect DNA damage The chromophore absorbs UV light denotes an excited state , and the energy of the excited state is creating singlet oxygen sup 1 sup O sub 2 sub or a hydroxyl radical OH , which then damages DNA through oxidation. ref name DNAoxidation http www.blackwell synergy.com doi abs 10.1111 j.1751 1097.1992.tb04207.x singlet oxygen induced DNA damage ref Indirect DNA damage occurs when a ultraviolet UV photon is absorbed in the human skin by a chromophore that does not have the ability to convert the energy into harmless heat very quickly. ref name Cantrell Molecules that do not have this ability have a long lived excited state . This long Fluorescence Lifetime lifetime leads to a high probability for reactions with other molecules so called bimolecular reactions. ref name Cantrell Melanin and DNA have extremely short excited state lifetimes in the range of a few femtoseconds 10 sup 15 sup s . ref name DNA IC cite web url http www.chemistry.ohio state.edu kohler dna.html title Ultrafast internal conversion of DNA accessdate 2008 02 13 work ref The excited state lifetime of these substances is 1,000 to 1,000,000 times longer than the lifetime of melanin, ref name Cantrell cite journal author Cantrell, Ann McGarvey, David J year 2001 month title 3 Sun Protection in Man journal Comprehensive Series in Photosciences volume 495 issue pages 497 519 id CAN 137 43484 url ref and therefore they may cause damage to living cells that come in contact with them. ref name Damiani2004 cite journal author Armeni, Tatiana Damiani, Elisabetta et al. title Lack of in vitro protection by a common sunscreen ingredient on UVA induced cytotoxicity ... the DNA oxidative stress . It is important to note that indirect DNA damage does not result in any warning signal or pain in the human body. The bimolecular reactions that cause the indirect DNA damage ... areas possibly even inner organs. The traveling nature of the indirect DNA damage can be seen in the fact ... more details
replica of the world. Indirect realism is broadly equivalent to the accepted view of perception ... a description of indirect realism. In On the Soul he describes how the eye must be affected by changes ... in the mind ideas . Indirect realism has been popular in the history of philosophy and has ... essay Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind. Indirect realism is argued to be problematical because ... confusion is that both direct and indirect realism are frankly incredible, although each ... as mysterious as the property of consciousness it is supposed to explain. ref name lehar But the indirect .... Problems with the indirect theory A problem with representationalism is that if simple data flow and information ... theory of perception. Harold I. Brown, Direct Realism, Indirect Realism, and Epistemology ... more details
Indirect memory tests assess the retention of information without direct reference to the source of information. Participants are given tasks designed to elicit knowledge that was acquired incidentally or unconsciously and is evident when performance shows greater inclination towards items initially presented than new items. ref name WFC2 Rajaram, S., Roediger, H. 1993 . Direct comparison of four implicit memory tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 19 4 , 765 776 ref Performance on indirect tests may reflect contributions of implicit memory, the effects of Priming psychology priming , a preference to respond to previously experienced stimuli over novel stimuli. ref name WFC2 Types of indirect memory tests include The Implicit Association Test, The Lexical Decision Task, The Word Stem Completion task, Artificial Grammar Learning, and Word Fragment Completion. Implicit Association Test IAT The Implicit Association Test is a testing method designed by Anthony Greenwald , Debbie McGhee and Jordan Schwartz, and was first introduced in 1998. ref name IAToriginal Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D.E., & Schwartz, J.L.K. 1998 . Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74 6 , 1464 1480 ref The IAT measures the associative strength between categories e.g. Bug, Flower and attributes e.g. Bad, Good by having participants rapidly classify stimuli that represent the categories and attributes of interest on a computer. ref name IATmethod Lane, K.A., Banaji, M.R., Nosek, B.A., & Greenwald, A.G. 2007 . Understanding and using the Implicit Associating Test IV. What we know so far about the method Pp. 59 102 . In B. Wittenbrink & N.S. Schwarz Eds. . Implicit measures of attitudes ... For both direct and indirect tests explicit and implicit, respectively , performance is better for the free ... experiments lexical.html Online Lexical Decision Task References references DEFAULTSORT Indirect Tests ... more details
rainforest . The indirect land use change impacts of biofuels , also known as ILUC , relates to the unintended ... stock of the soil and the biomass, indirect land use change has consequences in the GHG balance ... infoscience.epfl.ch record 121496 files format PDF title Accounting for indirect land use changes in GHG ... ref ref name OpedFarrel Other authors have also argued that indirect land use changes produce other ..., however, considered the effects of indirect land use changes, and though land use impacts ... ARB s Inclusion of Indirect Effects in Low Carbon Fuel Standard publisher Green Car Congress date ... of Scientists and Economists Urge Inclusion of Indirect Land Use Change Effects for Biofuels and All ... RFA to report potential indirect impacts of biofuel production, including indirect land use change ... from indirect land use change requires subjective assumptions and contains considerable uncertainty , and required further examination to properly incorporate indirect effects into calculation methodologies ... review.pdf title The Gallagher Review of the indirect effects of biofuels production ... to factor in GHG emissions from indirect land use change. ref name EU08 ref name ARBproposal cite ... and indirect land use changes. The study examined six conversion scenarios Brazil ian Amazon rainforest ... showed that U.S. corn ethanol production has so far caused indirect land use in other countries ... each contribute to nearly half of the projected indirect deforestation of 121,970 km sup 2 sup ... head per hectare in the average livestock density throughout the country could avoid the indirect ... title Indirect land use changes can overcome carbon savings from biofuels in Brazil author Lapola et ... is not enough hard empirical data to base any sound policy regulation in regards to the indirect ..., questioned the Board intention to include indirect land use change effects into account, wrote While it is likely true that zero is not the right number for the indirect effects of any product ... more details
Infobox Government agency agency name French Customs nativename Direction G n rale des Douanes et Droits Indirects nativename a nativename r logo Logo douane 1055 2 .jpg logo width logo caption seal seal width seal caption formed 1791 preceding1 preceding2 dissolved superseding jurisdiction Government of France headquarters 11, Rue des Deux Communes, Montreuil, Seine Saint Denis , France employees budget minister1 name Fran ois Baroin minister1 pfo Minister of the Economy, Industry and Employment France Minister of Budget minister2 name minister2 pfo chief1 name chief1 position chief2 name chief2 position parent agency child1 agency child2 agency website http www.douane.gouv.fr www.douane.gouv.fr footnotes The Directorate General of Customs and Indirect Taxes lang fr Direction g n rale des douanes et droits indirects, DGDDI is a France French law enforcement agency responsible for levying indirect taxes, preventing smuggling, surveilling borders and investigating counterfeit money. The agency acts as a coast guard , border guard , sea rescue organisation and a customs service. ref http www.douane.gouv.fr page.asp?id 141 Missions of the DGDDI ref In addition, since 1995, the agency has replaced the Direction centrale de la police aux fronti res Border Police in carrying out immigration control at smaller border checkpoint s, in particular at maritime borders and regional airports. ref http ec.europa.eu home affairs doc centre borders docs customs bgs final.pdf Center for the Study of Democracy Study to identify best practices on the cooperation between border guards and customs administrations working at the external borders of the EU ref The Directorate general is controlled by the Minister for the Budget, Public Accounts and the Civil Service lang fr Minist re du Budget, des Comptes publics et de la Fonction publique at the Minister of the Economy, Industry and Employment France Ministry of the Economy, Industry and Employment . It is normally known simply as la Do ... more details
The APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Techniques of Persuasion and Control DIMPAC ref The acronym DIMPAC echoes an alternative naming the task force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control ref formed at the request of the American Psychological Association APA in 1983. The APA asked Margaret Singer , one of the leading proponents of theories of coercive persuasion , to chair a task force to blockquote 1. Describe the deceptive and indirect techniques of persuasion and control that may limit freedom and adversely affect individuals, families, and society. br 2. Review the data base in the field. br 3. Define the implications of deceptive and indirect techniques of persuasion and control for consumers of psychological services. br 4. Examine the ethical, educational ... apologist23.html title Report of the APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Techniques of Persuasion ... Los Angeles accessdate 2008 05 24 author APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Techniques of Persuasion ... and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control for its service but is unable to accept the report of the Task ... reference apologist apologist23.html Report of the APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect ... generated considerable controversy because of their widespread use of deceptive and indirect techniques ... ramifications of deceptive and indirect techniques of persuasion and control, and makes recommendations ... and indirect... The study of deceptive and indirect techniques of persuasion and control should include ... material should be revised in light of the ethical implications of deceptive and indirect techniques ... Policy Because of the sometimes grave consequences of unethical application of deceptive and indirect ..., the report sometimes seems to be characterized by the use of deceptive, indirect techniques .... In 1983 a task force, the Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control DIMPAC , was established ... And Indirect Techniques Of Persuasion And Control Category Mind control Category Organizations ... more details
Elections A by election occasionally also spelled bye election , and known in the United States and the Philippines as a special election is an election held to fill a political office that has become vacant between regularly scheduled elections. Usually, a by election occurs when the incumbent has died ..., for example because of a recall election recall , Nobility ennoblement , a sufficiently serious criminal ... , etc. By elections have also been called as a result of a constituency election being invalidated by voting irregularities see Oldham East and Saddleworth by election, 2011 Oldham East and Saddleworth election petition . Historically, members of some parliaments were required to seek re election ... single member constituencies , whether Two round system with or first past the post election system without a runoff election runoff round. This includes most Commonwealth of Nations Commonwealth ... constituency becomes vacant, the consequences vary. For example, a by election may be held to fill just the vacancy or all the seats in the constituency become up for grabs in the by election ... in a by election for the constituency of Glasgow Anniesland . In the event of the vacancy arising ... by the single transferable vote . Alternatives to holding a by election include having a recount ... from the previous election, who choose to contest the recount to fill the vacancy, as in Tasmania ref ... Vacancies in the Legislative Assembly ref keeping the seat vacant until the next general election . This usually occurs if a vacancy arises shortly before a planned general election within six months ... States, United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, 2010 Scott Brown s election in 2010 ... situation. For example, Andrea Horwath s win in an Ontario provincial by election in 2004 allowed ... in terms of parliamentary privileges and funding. As harbingers and breakthroughs By election upsets ... defeat for a government. Deborah Grey s 1989 by election victory in Beaver River electoral district ... more details
Direct election is a term describing a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the person, persons or political party that they desire to see elected. The method by which the winner or winners of a direct election are chosen depends upon the voting system electoral system used. The most commonly used systems are the Plurality electoral system plurality system and the two round system for single winner elections, such as a presidential election, and party list proportional representation for the election of a legislature . Examples of directly elected bodies are the European Parliament and the United States Senate since 1917 . By contrast, in an indirectelection , the voters cast elect an assembly which in turn elects the officeholder in question. See also Direct election republican model Australia http www.idea.int publications esd index.cfm A Handbook of Electoral System Design from http www.idea.int International IDEA http www.aceproject.org ace en topics es Electoral Design Reference Materials from the http www.aceproject.org ACE Project http www.aceproject.org ACE Electoral Knowledge Network Expert site providing encyclopedia on Electoral Systems and Management, country by country data, a library of electoral materials, latest election news, the opportunity to submit questions to a network of electoral experts, and a forum to discuss all of the above election stub Category Elections es Sufragio directo fr Scrutin direct ko ja ru sv Direkt val tr Tek dereceli se im uk vi B u c tr c ti p zh ... more details
Preston by election may may refer to one of several by election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Preston UK Parliament constituency Preston , in Lancashire Preston by election, 1903 Preston by election, 1915 Preston by election, 1929 Preston by election, 1940 Preston by election, 1946 Preston by election, 2000 disambig ... more details
1832 election may refer to Newfoundland general election, 1832 United Kingdom general election, 1832 United States presidential election, 1832 disambig ... more details
Aberdare by election could refer to two by election by elections held for the Parliament of the United Kingdom Aberdare by election, 1946 Aberdare by election, 1954 disamb ... more details
1832 election may refer to Louisiana gubernatorial election, 1812 United Kingdom general election, 1812 United States presidential election, 1812 United States House of Representatives elections, 1812 disambig ... more details
Blackburn by election may refer to Blackburn by election, 1853 Blackburn by election, 1869 Blackburn by election, 1875 disambig fr lection partielle Blackburn ... more details
Paisley by election may refer to one of five parliamentary by elections held in the constituency of Paisley in Renfrewshire, Scotland Paisley by election, 1884 Paisley by election, 1891 Paisley by election, 1920 Paisley by election, 1948 Paisley by election, 1961 See also Paisley South by election disambiguation disambig ... more details
Greenock by election may refer to one of six by elections for the British House of Commons constituency of Greenock, in Renfrewshire, Scotland Greenock by election, 1845 Greenock by election, 1878 Greenock by election, 1884 Greenock by election, 1936 Greenock by election, 1941 Greenock by election, 1955 See also Greenock UK Parliament constituency disambig ... more details
Carmarthen by elections are the by elections held on occasion for the British House of Commons constituency of Carmarthen in North Wales Carmarthen by election, 1878 Carmarthen by election, 1882 Carmarthen by election, 1924 Carmarthen by election, 1928 Carmarthen by election, 1941 Carmarthen by election, 1957 Carmarthen by election, 1966 See also Carmarthen UK Parliament constituency List of United Kingdom by elections SIA ... more details
Henley by election may refer to either of three by election s in the United Kingdom Parliament UK parliamentary constituency of Henley UK Parliament constituency Henley Henley by election, 1917 Henley by election, 1932 Henley by election, 2008 disambig ... more details
wiktionary election An election is a political process. Election may also refer to Election novel Election novel , by Tom Perrotta Election 1999 film Election 1999 film , an American comedy directed by Alexander Payne Election 2005 film Election 2005 film , a Hong Kong action thriller directed by Johnnie To Election TV series Election TV series Predestination , a religious concept Conditional election Unconditional election A List of The Vicar of Dibley episodes Series One 1994 first series episode of the TV series The Vicar of Dibley Leader election , a concept in distributed computing disambig it Election ... more details
Election Night usually refers to the evening after an Election Day politics election day , when the votes are being counted and everyone is waiting for the election result. Election Night can also refer to Election Night The West Wing Election Night episode 72 of The West Wing TV series The West Wing TV series . Election Night film Election Night film , a short Danish film disambig ... more details
Rochdale by election may refer to one of three by elections held for the British House of Commons constituency of Rochdale in Lancashire Rochdale by election, 1940 , an unopposed war time election Rochdale by election, 1958 , the first televised election in the UK Rochdale by election, 1972 See also Rochdale List of United Kingdom by elections disambig ... more details
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