Wikify date April 2010 orphan date November 2007 When one eye is presented with a constantly moving visual pattern while the other eye is shown a stationary image, this image is typically suppressed from awareness for long periods of time Mendoza & Chaudhuri 2007 . The duration of this motion induced interocular suppression is comparable to that of continuous flash suppression thus, the two methods can be used alternatively. The duration of suppression in both methods is maximized if the image being suppressed has low luminance contrast or a low spatial frequency spectrum. Motion induced interocular suppression is fundamentally different from motion induced blindness firstly, the latter is due to the interaction of moving and stationary stimuli closely located within the same eye, while the former requires an interaction between stimuli presented to different eyes in corresponding visual areas. Secondly, motion induced interocular suppression can induce invisibility of a large stimulus presented at the fovea, whereas motion induced blindness requires the stimulus to be small and peripherally located. Thirdly, decreasing the contrast of the stimulus to be suppressed increases the duration of motion induced interocular suppression, but decreases the duration of motion induced blindness. Whether motion induced interocular suppression and continuous flash suppression have common neural mechanisms is still unknown. References Mendoza, D. and Chaudhuri, A. 2007 Properties of prolonged interocular suppression of awareness. Presented at the 11th Annual Conference of the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness, Las Vegas, USA, 2007. Category Vision psychology stub ... more details
In mathematics , especially in the area of topology known as algebraic topology , an induced homomorphism is a way of relating the algebraic invariants of topological space s which are already related by a continuous function . ref cite book last Hatcher first Allen authorlink Allen Hatcher title Algebraic Topology publisher Cambridge University Press year 2002 isbn 0 521 79540 0 url http www.math.cornell.edu hatcher AT ATpage.html ref Such homomorphism exist whenever the algebraic invariants are functor ial. For example, they exist for fundamental group s, higher homotopy group s, singular homology , and De Rham cohomology . For the more category theory categorical approach, see induced homomorphism , and for the specific case of fundamental groups, see induced homomorphism fundamental group . Definitions A continuous function math f X to Y math between topological spaces possibly with some additional structure induces homomorphisms between various algebraic structures associated with math X math and math Y math , respectively. Examples A useful example is the induced homomorphism fundamental group induced homomorphism of fundamental groups . Likewise there are induced homomorphisms of higher homotopy group s and homology group s. Any homology theory comes with induced homomorphisms. For instance, simplicial homology , singular homology , and Borel Moore homology all have induced homomorphisms. Similarly, any cohomology comes induced homomorphisms. For instance, ech cohomology , de Rham cohomology , and singular cohomology all have induced homomorphisms. Generalizations such as cobordism also have induced homomorphisms. References reflist Category Algebraic topology topology stub ... more details
Refimprove date January 2010 Orphan date November 2009 In mathematics , a coordinate induced basis is a basis for the tangent space or cotangent space of a manifold that is induced by a certain coordinate system. Given the coordinate system math x a math , the coordinate induced basis math e a math of the tangent space is given by math e a frac partial partial x a math and the dual basis math omega a math of the cotangent space is math omega a dx a. , math References D.J. Hurley, M.A. Vandyck Topics in Differential Geometry a New Approach Using D Differentiation 2002 Springer p. 5 DEFAULTSORT Coordinate Induced Basis Category Differential geometry differential geometry stub ... more details
Exercise induced nausea is a nausea feeling of sickness or vomiting which can occur shortly after exercise has stopped as well as during exercise itself. It may be a symptom of either over exertion during exercise, or from too abruptly ending an exercise session. People engaged in high intensity exercise such as aerobics and bicycling have reported suffering from exercise induced nausea. A study of 20 volunteers conducted at Nagoya University , Japan associated a higher degree of exercise induced nausea after eating. It has been suggested that exercise induced nausea could be caused by increased endorphin levels, which are released while exercising. Endorphins have been associated with nausea and vomiting, so this theory is plausible, but unsupported by evidence. Another possible cause of exercise induced nausea is water logging, another word for overhydration. Drinking too much water before, during, and or after exercise or at any time can cause nausea, diarrhea, confusion, and muscle tremors. If the overhydration is significant enough, it can be fatal. Excessive water consumption reduces or dilutes electrolyte levels in the body. It is encouraged to control your level of water intake when working out, and also to eat salty snacks when you have consumed too much water sodium and potassium are electrolytes . See http www.erowid.org culture health health water poisoning.shtml. References Kondo T, Nakae Y, Mitsui T, Kagaya M, Matsutani Y, Horibe H Department of Human Nutrition, Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Japan. http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez query.fcgi?cmd Retrieve&db PubMed&list uids 11237347&dopt Abstract Exercise induced nausea is exaggerated by eating . See also Hyponatremia External links http skinnybulkup.com exercise induced nausea Tips for avoiding exercise induced nausea during weight training Category Symptoms Category Exercise physiology ... more details
In Computational complexity theory complexity theory and graph theory , induced subgraph isomorphism is an NP complete decision problem that involves finding a given graph as an induced subgraph of a larger graph. Formally, the problem takes as input two graph theory graph s G sub 1 sub V sub 1 sub , E sub 1 sub and G sub 2 sub V sub 2 sub , E sub 2 sub , where the number of vertices in V sub 1 sub can be assumed to be less than or equal to the number of vertices in V sub 2 sub . G sub 1 sub is graph isomorphism isomorphic to an induced subgraph of G sub 2 sub if there is an injective function f which maps the vertices of G sub 1 sub to vertices of G sub 2 sub such that for all pairs of vertices x , y in V sub 1 sub , edge x , y is in E sub 1 sub if and only if the edge f x , f y is in E sub 2 sub . The answer to the decision problem is yes if this function f exists, and no otherwise. This is different from the subgraph isomorphism problem in that the absence of an edge in G sub 1 sub implies that the corresponding edge in G sub 2 sub must also be absent. In subgraph isomorphism, these extra edges in G sub 2 sub may be present. The special case of finding a long path graph theory path as an induced subgraph of a hypercube graph hypercube has been particularly well studied, and is called the snake in the box problem. The maximum independent set problem is also an induced subgraph isomorphism problem in which one seeks to find a large Independent set graph theory independent set as an induced subgraph of a larger graph, and the maximum clique problem is an induced subgraph isomorphism problem in which one seeks to find a large clique graph as an induced subgraph of a larger graph. Category NP complete problems Category Computational problems in graph theory combin stub ... more details
Cleanup date December 2007 Androgen induced hermaphroditism is a syndrome resulting from a hermaphroditic birth defect of the genital organs. They are induced in the 46, XX gonadally female fetus. This occurs when there is too much androgens masculinizing hormone transmitted through the placenta . The external genitalia are that of a male. If there is an excess of androgens in a male fetus it will give rise to infant hercules syndrome . References J Money Sin, Sickness, or Status? Homosexual Gender Identity and Psychoneuroendocrinology sex stub disease stub Category Supernumerary body parts Category Intersexuality ... more details
Radiation induced erythema multiforme may occur when phenytoin is given prophylactically to neurosurgical patients who are receiving whole brain therapy and systemic steroids. ref name Andrews James, William Berger, Timothy Elston, Dirk 2005 . Andrews Diseases of the Skin Clinical Dermatology . 10th ed. . Saunders. ISBN 0 7216 2921 0. ref rp 130 See also Skin lesion References reflist Category Ionizing radiation induced cutaneous conditions Cutaneous condition stub ... more details
Spectral induced polarisation SIP or Complex resistivity is a geophysical survey technique and an extension of the induced polarization induced polarisation IP method, being itself an extension of measuring the Earth s resistance at a single frequency or under direct current a technique commonly known by the name Resistivity logging resistivity . ref name reynolds1997 cite book last Reynolds first John title An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics publisher Wiley year 1997 pages 533 537 isbn 9780471955559 ref SIP measures the frequency dependent i.e. spectral complex Electrical impedance impedance , equivalent to the amount of Electrical resistance resistance and Phase waves phase shift between electrical current electricity current and voltage . The usual frequency range for alternating current AC applied during SIP surveys is tens of kHz to mHz . As with other geophysical methods, SIP aims to distinguish material properties of the subsurface, such as salinity and aquifer saturation . References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Spectral Induced Polarisation Geophysics stub Category Geophysical imaging de Spektrale Induzierte Polarisation ... more details
Surface induced dissociation SID is a technique used in mass spectrometry to Fragmentation chemistry fragment molecular ions in the gas phase by collision of an ion with a surface under high vacuum. ref name Grill2001 citation last Grill first Verena year 2001 title Collisions of ions with surfaces at chemically relevant energies Instrumentation and phenomena journal Review of Scientific Instruments volume 72 pages 3149 doi 10.1063 1.1382641 ref ref name Mabud1985 citation last Mabud first M. year 1985 title Surface induced dissociation of molecular ions journal International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes volume 67 pages 285 doi 10.1016 0168 1176 85 83024 X ref See also Tandem mass spectrometer Collision induced dissociation References Reflist mass spectrometry Category Tandem mass spectrometry ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2008 In economics , supplier induced demand SID may occur when asymmetry of information exists between Distributor business supplier and consumer . The supplier can use superior information to encourage an individual to demand a greater quantity of the good or service they supply than the pareto efficient level, should asymmetric information not exist. The result of this is a welfare loss. Health economics Supplier induced demand is particularly important in health economics and healthcare markets, whereby doctors may encourage patients to demand healthcare they do not necessarily need. In this case the patient is induced to consume healthcare that he she would not, if he she had the same information as the doctor. There is limited evidence for supplier induced demand with the exception of surgical services. Supplier induced demand is easier with surgery because surgeons typically have a greater ability to manipulate demand. Especially true in the case of fee for service payments, physicians have incentives to promote more expensive procedures and care. A 1996 article by Johnathan Gruber and Maria Owings looked at the relationship between physician financial incentives and cesarean section delivery by examining declining fertility rates in the United States. See also Principal agent problem Health Economics Market Failure Category Demand Economics stub ... more details
Infobox disease ICD10 ICD10 I 42 9 i 30 Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy , also known as chronotropic cardiomyopathy and tachycardiomyopathy , is a weakening of the myocardium the muscle of the heart that is due to prolonged periods of a tachycardia fast heart rate . The rate and duration of the elevation in heart rate necessary to cause a cardiomyopathy is unclear and is likely dependent on a number of unknown factors. Treatment The primary treatment for a tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy is correct the underlying tachycardia. Supportive agents such as beta blocker s and ACE inhibitor s Angiotensin II receptor antagonist angiotensin receptor blockers are of benefit to try to prevent remodeling of the left ventricle . If the tachycardia can be abolished, the heart muscle can recover after some time. ref cite journal author Calo L, Sciarra L, Scioli R, Lamberti F, Loricchio ML, Pandozi C, Santini M. title Recovery of cardiac function after ablation of atrial tachycardia arising from the tricuspid annulus. journal Ital Heart J. year 2005 volume 6 issue 8 pages 652 7 pmid 16161499 ref Not only is there a need to control the tachycardia that is responsible for causing tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy, but also treating underlying conditions that cause tachycardia. For instance, treatment of hyperthyroidism can also lead to reversal of tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy. See also Cardiomyopathy Congestive heart failure References reflist Category Cardiomyopathy disease stub ... more details
unreferenced date March 2011 Venom induced consumption coagulopathy VICC is a medical condition caused by the effects of some snake venoms on hemostasis . Important coagulation factors are activated by the specific toxins , and as they become exhausted coagulopathy develops. Category Toxicology Category Coagulopathies med toxic stub ... more details
Opioid induced hyperalgesia ref name Angst et al 2006 Angst, MS & Clark, DJ Opioid induced hyperalgesia A qualitative systematic review. Anesthesiology 2006 104 570 87 ref or opioid induced abnormal pain sensitivity ref name Mao 2002 Mao J Opioid induced abnormal pain sensitivity Implications in clinical opioid therapy. Pain 2002 100 213 7 ref is a phenomenon associated with the long term use of opioid s such as morphine , hydrocodone , oxycodone , and methadone . Over time, individuals taking opioids can develop an increasing sensitivity to noxious stimuli, even evolving a painful response to previously non noxious stimuli allodynia . Some studies on animals have also demonstrated this effect occurring after only a single high dose of opioids. ref name Celerier et al 2001 Celerier E, Laulin J P, Corcuff J B, Le Moal M, Simonnet G Progressive enhancement of delayed hyperalgesia induced by repeated heroin administration A sensitization process. J Neurosci 2001 21 4074 80 ref Although tolerance and opioid induced hyperalgesia both result in a similar need for dose escalation, they are nevertheless caused by two distinct mechanisms. ref Chu LF, Angst MS, Clark D. Opioid induced hyperalgesia in humans molecular mechanisms and clinical considerations. Clin J Pain . 2008 Jul Aug 24 6 479 96. DOI 10.1097 AJP.0b013e31816b2f43 PMID 18574358 ref The similar net effect makes the two phenomena difficult to distinguish in a clinical setting. Under chronic opioid treatment, a particular individual s requirement for dose escalation may be due to tachyphylaxis tolerance desensitization of antinociceptive mechanisms , opioid induced hyperalgesia sensitization of pronociceptive mechanisms , or a combination ..., doing so to compensate for opioid induced hyperalgesia may worsen the patient s condition by increasing ... in dose, they may be experiencing opioid induced hyperalgesia. In this case, they may benefit from complete ... Review 2006 2 19 21 ref The precise mechanisms underlying opioid induced hyperalgesia are poorly understood ... more details
Refimprove date January 2007 orphan date November 2009 Bughole Induced Outgassing is a phenomenon occurring when applying a protective coating or lining to concrete predominantly vertically cast in place where air becomes entrapped within bughole cavities and releases into or through the protective coating , thereby causing pinholes and holidays in the coating film. ref O Dea, Vaughn. ftp ftp.asm intl.org uploads Production MP May 2007 nacemp4605p036.pdf , Materials Performance , May 2007. ref As a requirement of the SSPC SP13 NACE No. 6 Surface Preparation of Concrete Joint Standard, bugholes are to be filled prior to coating application. ref O Dea, Vaughn and Savage, Dan. http www.sspc.org pdfs JPCL1205.pdf , JPCL , December 2005. ref references DEFAULTSORT Bughole Induced Outgassing Category Concrete Civil engineering stub ... more details
Drug induced aseptic meningitis is a form of aseptic meningitis that is caused by the administration of certain medications. ref cite journal doi 10.1001 archinte.159.11.1185 pmid 10371226 title The Challenge of Drug Induced Aseptic Meningitis year 1999 last1 Moris first1 G. journal Archives of Internal Medicine volume 159 issue 11 pages 1185 1194 last2 Garcia Monco first2 JC ref Causes include non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs NSAIDs Amoxicillin Azathioprine Methotrexate Intravenous immunoglobulin Isoniazid Allopurinol Lamotrigine References reflist disease stub Diseases of meninges Category Meningitis ... more details
Drug induced thrombocytopenic purpura is a skin condition result from a low platelet count due to drug induced anti platelet antibodies caused by drugs such as heparin , sulfonamines, digoxin , quinine , and quinidine . ref name Andrews cite book author James, William D. Berger, Timothy G. et al. title Andrews Diseases of the Skin clinical Dermatology publisher Saunders Elsevier location year 2006 pages isbn 0 7216 2921 0 oclc doi accessdate ref rp 821 See also Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Skin lesion References reflist Cutaneous condition stub Category Vascular related cutaneous conditions ... more details
Drug induced purpura is a skin condition that may be related to platelet destruction, vessel fragility, interference with platelet function, or vasculitis . ref name Andrews cite book author James, William D. Berger, Timothy G. et al. title Andrews Diseases of the Skin clinical Dermatology publisher Saunders Elsevier location year 2006 pages isbn 0 7216 2921 0 oclc doi accessdate ref rp 824 See also Food induced purpura Rumpel Leede sign Skin lesion References reflist Cutaneous condition stub Category Vascular related cutaneous conditions ... more details
expert subject date July 2011 Refimprove date February 2009 Image Pilot induced oscillation rating scale.svg right thumb 300px Pilot induced oscillation rating scale, start position at bottom left Pilot induced oscillations , as defined by MIL HDBK 1797A, ref DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE INTERFACE STANDARD, Flying qualities of piloted airplanes, Washington, D.C. ref are sustained or uncontrollable oscillations resulting from efforts of the pilot to control the aircraft and occurs when the aviator pilot of an aircraft inadvertently commands an often increasing series of corrections in opposite directions, each an attempt to cover the aircraft s reaction to the previous input with an overcorrection in the opposite direction. An aircraft in such a condition can appear to be porpoising switching between upward and downward directions. As such it is a coupling of the frequency of the pilot s inputs and the aircraft s own frequency. During flight test , pilot induced oscillation is one of the handling ... terms have been suggested to replace pilot induced oscillation . These include aircraft pilot coupling ... B, An Investigation Relating Longitudinal Pilot Induced Oscillation Tendency Rating To Describing ... induced by the lag of the pilot s response. The problem has been mitigated in some cases by adding ... to stabilize the vertical speed because the airspeed also constantly changes. Pilot induced oscillations ... lifting body program. The most dangerous pilot induced oscillations can occur during landing ... elevator starts the cycle over again. While Pilot Induced oscillations often start with fairly ... Induced Oscillations and Human Dynamic Behavior url http hdl.handle.net 2060 19960020960 work NASA ..., Sweden. Pilot induced oscillation as a result of an over sensitive, yet slow response steering ... induced oscillation was blamed for the 1992 crash of the prototype F 22 Raptor , landing at Edwards ... of YF 22 porpoising before crashing DEFAULTSORT Pilot Induced Oscillation Category Aviation risks ... more details
refimprove date March 2007 Infobox disease Name Exercise induced asthma Image Caption DiseasesDB 31728 ... D001250 Exercise induced asthma , or E.I.A. , is a Disease medical condition that occurs when the airways narrow as a result of exercise. The preferred term for this condition is exercise induced bronchoconstriction ... induced asthma exercising in a high allergen environment Citation needed date March 2007 e.g. walking ... induced asthma can be difficult to diagnose clinically given the lack of specific symptoms and frequent ... respiratory complaints, the diagnosis of exercise induced asthma based on history and self reported .... Effectiveness of screening examinations to detect unrecognized exercise induced bronchoconstriction ... HR. Self reported symptoms and exercise induced asthma in the elite athlete. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 ... induced asthma, evidence shows they will be incorrect 50 of the time. ref Parsons JP, Kaeding C, Phillips G, Jarjoura D, Wadley G, Mastronarde JG. Prevalence of exercise induced bronchospasm in a cohort ... treatment for asthma. However, most individuals who experience exercise induced asthma will have normal baseline lung function, and spirometry alone is not adequate to diagnose exercise induced asthma ... methods for diagnosing exercise induced asthma, but may result in false negatives if the exercise stimulus ... of two challenge tests for identifying exercise induced bronchospasm in figure skaters. journal Chest ... exercise induced asthma in Olympic Games Olympic athletes. ref name McKeagMoeller2007 cite book ... challenge test, have a lower sensitivity for detection of exercise induced asthma in athletes and are also not a recommended first line approach in the evaluation of exercise induced asthma. ref name ... M et al. title American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Work Group report exercise induced ... is a promising new method for documenting exercise induced asthma ref name pmid9769270 cite journal ... subjects with exercise and hyperventilation induced asthma. journal Am J Respir Crit Care Med year ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Metal induced crystallization MIC is a method by which amorphous silicon , or a Si, can be turned into polycrystalline silicon at relatively low temperature s. In MIC an amorphous Si film is deposited onto a substrate, usually glass or Si, and then capped with a metal , such as aluminium . The structure is then annealed at temperatures between 150 Celsius scale C and 400 C which causes the a Si films to be transformed into polycrystalline silicon. In a variant of this method, called Metal induced lateral crystallization MILC , metal is only deposited on some area of the a Si. Upon annealing, crystallization starts from the portion of a Si which is covered by metal and proceeds laterally. Unlike MIC process, where metal contamination in the obtained polysilicon is relatively high, the laterally crystallized silicon in MILC process contains very small amount of metal contamination. The crystallization speed is low, but is adequate for applications such as fabrication of thin film transistors . In this case, metal is deposited on the source drain area of the transistor and the channel is laterally crystallized. It has been also shown that applying an electric field increases the speed of lateral crystallization dramatically. Moreover, the crystallization proceeds unidirectionally. DEFAULTSORT Metal Induced Crystallization Category Semiconductor device fabrication Category Inorganic chemistry Category Chemical engineering Category Chemical processes Category Crystallography ... more details
Neuroleptic Induced Deficit Syndrome is a clinical syndrome that develops in some patients taking too high dose of an antipsychotic for too long time ref cite web url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 7903967 title Neuroleptic Induced Deficit Syndrome ref It is most often caused by high potency typical antipsychotic s, but can also be caused by high doses of many Atypical antipsychotic atypicals , especially those which are closer in profile to typical ones i.e. have higher D2 dopamine receptor affinity and relatively low 5 HT2 serotonin receptor binding affinity , like risperidone and amisulpride . Symptoms Neuroleptic induced deficit syndrome is characterized by principally the same symptoms that constitute the negative symptoms of schizofrenia emotional blunting, apathy , hypobulia, difficulty in thinking, difficulty or total inability in concentrating attention, autism , desocialization. This can easily lead to misdiagnosis and mistreatment instead of decreasing the antipsychotic, the doctor may try to increase their dose in order to try to improve what he perceives to be negative symptoms of schizofrenia, rather than antipsychotic side effects. References reflist 2 Category Adverse effects of psychoactive drugs ru ... more details
refimprove date October 2007 In aerodynamics , lift induced drag , induced drag , vortex drag , or sometimes ... a downforce . With other parameters remaining the same, induced drag increases as the angle of attack increases. ref name Clancy5.17 Clancy, L.J., Aerodynamics , Section 5.17 ref Source of induced drag Image Induce drag downwash.png right thumb 400px Induced drag is directly related to the amount of induced ... rearwards through an angle corresponding to the induced downwash angle. The total aerodynamic ... parasitic drag on an object which is proportional to the square of the airspeed , for a given lift, induced ... of the aircraft. Consequently in straight and level flight, the induced drag is inversely proportional to the square of the airspeed. At the speed for minimum drag, induced drag is equal to parasitic drag. ref name Clancy5.25 Clancy, L.J., Aerodynamics , Section 5.25 ref Reducing induced drag Theoretically a wing of infinite wingspan span and constant airfoil section would produce no induced drag ... many modern wings are tapered. However, an elliptical planform is more efficient as the induced ..., straight wings produce between 5 15 more induced drag than an elliptical wing. Similarly, a high wing aspect ratio aspect ratio wing will produce less induced drag than a wing of low aspect ratio because the size of the wing vortices will be much reduced on a longer, thinner wing. Induced drag can ... the spanwise flow of air around the wingtip. Calculation of Induced drag For a wing with an elliptical lift distribution, induced drag is calculated as follows math D i frac 1 2 rho V 2 ... ratio , math C Di , math is the induced drag coefficient see Lifting line theory , math C L , math is the lift coefficient , math D i , math is the induced drag, math e , math is the wing span efficiency value by which the induced drag exceeds that of an elliptical lift distribution, typically ... induced, parasitic, and combined drag vs airspeed Induced drag must be added to the parasitic drag ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2009 Neutron induced swelling is the increase of volume and decrease of density of materials subjected to intense neutron radiation . Neutrons impacting the material s lattice rearrange its atoms, causing buildup of dislocation s, void s, and Wigner energy . Together with the resulting strength reduction and embrittlement , it is a major concern for materials for nuclear reactor s. Materials show significant differences in their swelling resistance. See also Radiation hardening Category Radiation effects Category Nuclear technology Category Materials degradation physics stub ... more details
protein Name serum glucocorticoid regulated kinase caption image width HGNCid 10810 Symbol SGK AltSymbols EntrezGene 6446 OMIM 602958 RefSeq NM 005627 UniProt O00141 PDB ECnumber 2.7.1.37 Chromosome 6 Arm q Band 23 LocusSupplementaryData Serum and glucocorticoid induced kinase is a serine threonine specific protein kinase which interacts with the mineralocorticoid receptor . See also Aldosterone External links MeshName serum and glucocorticoid regulated kinase biochemistry stub ... more details
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