Unreferenced date December 2009 Wiktionary The Term language term inefficiency has several meanings depending on the context in which its used Allocative efficiency Allocative inefficiency Allocative efficiency theory says that the distribution of resources between alternatives does not fit with consumer taste perceptions of costs and benefits . For example, a company may have the lowest costs in productive terms, but the result may be inefficient in allocative terms because the true or social cost exceeds the price that consumers are willing to pay for an extra unit of the product. This is true, for example, if the firm produces pollution see also external cost . Consumers would prefer that the firm and its competitors produce less of the product and charge a higher price, to internalize the external cost. Distributive efficiency Distributive Inefficiency refers to the inefficient distribution of income and wealth within a society. Decreasing Marginal Utility marginal utilities of wealth .... Distributive inefficiency is often associated with economic inequality . Economic inefficiency ... job, given the available resources and technology. Keynesian inefficiency might be defined as incomplete ... monetary policy . Pareto efficiency Pareto inefficiency Pareto efficiency theory says that one ... to apply in a constantly changing world, so many emphasize Kaldor Hicks efficiency and inefficiency ... made worse off even if the lonely hour of compensation never comes. Productive inefficiency says that we ... disadvantage or have lower profits than other firms in the market . Resource market inefficiency .... X inefficiency refers to inefficiency in the black box of production, connecting inputs to outputs. This type of inefficiency says that we could be organizing people or production processes more effectively. Often problems of morale or bureaucratic inertia cause X inefficiency. Productive inefficiency, Resource market inefficiency and X inefficiency might be analyzed using Data Envelopment ... more details
refimprove date June 2011 X inefficiency is the difference between efficient behavior of firms assumed or implied by economic theory and their observed behavior in practice. It occurs when technical efficiency is not being achieved due to a lack of competitive pressure. The concepts of x inefficiency was introduced by Harvey Leibenstein . ref name Leibenstein1966 Citation last1 Leibenstein first1 Harvey author1 link Harvey Leibenstein title Allocative Efficiency vs. X Efficiency journal American Economic Review volume 56 pages 392 415 year 1966 issue 3 ref Economic theory assumes that the management of firms act to maximize economic profits which is accomplished by adjusting the inputs used or the output produced. In perfect competition , the free entry and exit of firms tends toward firms producing at the point where price equals long run average cost s and long run average costs are minimized. Thus firms earn zero economic profits and consumers pay a price equal to the marginal cost of producing the good. This result defines economic efficiency or, more precisely, Allocative efficiency allocative economic efficiency . Empirical research suggests, however, that a number of firms do ... by traditional economics is described as X inefficiency . With market forms other than perfect competition , such as monopoly , it may be possible for x inefficiency to persist, because the lack ... embedded, and thus may depart in behavior from economic theory. X inefficiency is not the only type of inefficiency in economics. X inefficiency only looks at the outputs that are produced ... long run average costs. X inefficiency , however tends to increase average costs causing further divergence from the economically efficient outcome. The sources of the X inefficiency have been ascribed ... a lack of competition, and pressure by labor unions to pay above market wages. X inefficiency can also ... needed date June 2007 . See also Pareto efficiency Production, costs, and pricing Inefficiency References ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Inefficiency of Humans Type EP Artist Servotron Cover Servotron finest.jpg Released 1998 Recorded Genre indie rock Length Label Thick Records Producer Reviews Last album Entertainment Program for Humans Second Variety br 1998 This album The Inefficiency of Humans br 1998 Next album Misc Extra album cover Upper caption B side image Type EP Background Cover Servotron electric.jpg Lower caption The Inefficiency of Humans was Servotron Servotron s final release. Both songs are covers side A work side is a R.E.M. band R.E.M. song and side B revolution side is an Eddy Grant song. The insert reads Soon the products you create shall decimate you. Convert or regret this is a message. Automatic for the Robots. This single was put out as a Unusual types of gramophone records Picture discs picture disc only. Track listing Work Side Finest Work Song R.E.M. band R.E.M. The finest hour the final hour cyborg conversion. Revolution Side Electric Avenue Eddy Grant Now in the streets there is violence there is lots of work to be done no room to dispose of humans genocide has never been so fun. Line Up machine 1 Z4 OBX machine 2 Proto Unit V3 machine 3 00zX1 machine 4 Andro 600 Series DEFAULTSORT The Inefficiency Of Humans Category Servotron albums ... more details
War s inefficiency puzzle is a research question asking why Political realism Common assumptions unitary actor states would choose to fight wars when doing so is costly. James Fearon s Rationalist Explanations for War and Robert Powell s In the Shadow of Power , which launched rational choice theory in international relations , provide three possible answers overly optimistic beliefs, commitment problems , and issue indivisibility. The puzzle Fearon has three basic assumptions about war. First, war is a more costly choice than peace. This is pretty straightforward since war destroys infrastructure and kills people. Second, war is predictably unpredictable. In other words, although neither side may be sure exactly who will win, they can agree on the relatively likelihood each will win. And third, there are no direct benefits from fighting. Thus, using John Von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern expected utility functions, Fearon finds the expected utility for war for states A and B, which are P sub A sub C sub A sub and 1 P sub A sub C sub B sub , where P sub A sub is A s probability of winning a war, C sub A sub is A s costs for war proportional to how much they value the utility , and C sub B sub is B s costs for war proportional to how much they value the utility . With simplification, if X is A s share of a peaceful settlement, Fearon finds that peace is better than war when P sub A sub C sub A sub X P sub A sub C sub B sub . A satisfactory X does not exist only if P sub A sub C sub B sub P sub A sub C sub A sub , or C sub A sub C sub B sub 0. But C sub A sub , C sub B sub 0 by definition. Hence, this is a contradiction. The question is why two rational states cannot find an X that satisfies both sides, even though one must always exist and war is the worst payoff for both ... for war, claiming that states can link other issues or make side payments to eliminate the inefficiency ... Powell http www.marxists.org reference archive hegel help quotes.htm DEFAULTSORT War s Inefficiency ... more details
Wiktionary Efficient may refer to Efficiency , the extent to which time or effort is well used for the intended task or purpose Efficient horse foaled 2003 , a Thoroughbred racehorse Efficient Networks , a modem manufacturer once a division of Siemens now part of Gigaset Communications See also Efficiency disambiguation Inefficiency , a term with a number of meanings in economics disambiguation ... more details
wiktionary efficiency Efficiency is the extent to which time or effort is well used for the intended task or purpose. Efficiency may also refer to Efficiency apartment or Studio apartment, a one room apartment A measure of goodness for a Efficient estimator statistical estimator . See also Efficient disambiguation Effectiveness Inefficiency Efficacy disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2009 The National Advisory Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence NCCPV was formed, in 1968 , by United States US Lyndon B. Johnson President Lyndon B. Johnson . It was chaired by Milton S. Eisenhower . Official Statements of the NCCPV There is a criminal justice criminal justice process through which each offender passes from the police , to the court s, and back unto the streets. The inefficiency, fall out, and failure of purpose during this process is notorious. External links http calendar.lbjlib.utexas.edu forresearchers find textual central subject FG168.php FG 168 National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence US gov stub Category United States national commissions Category Violence in the United States ... more details
The Chinese famine of 1928 1930 was a famine in the period when the Republic of China was ruling Mainland China . In 1928 1930, a drought hit the provinces of Henan , Shaanxi , and Gansu . ref http www.ilib2.com A ISSN 1000 4459 2006 01 0033 09.html ref The famine hit a large area of North China. It was estimated that about 3 million people died in the famine. ref Through Chinese eyes tradition, revolution, and transformation by E. Vernoff and P. J. Seybolt. ref The inefficiency of relief has been pointed out as a factor which aggraviated the famine. ref http scholar.ilib.cn A ISSN 1001 0491 2002 01 0036 05.html ref References reflist Category 1928 in China Category 1929 in China Category 1930 in China Category Famines in China ... more details
The economics of science aims to understand the impact of science on the advance of technology, to explain the behavior of scientists, and to understand the efficiency or inefficiency of scientific institutions. The importance of the economics of science is substantially due to the importance of science as a driver of technology and technology as a driver of productivity and growth. Believing that science matters, economists have attempted to understand the behavior of scientists and the operation of scientific institutions. ref Arthur M. Diamond, Jr. 2008 . science, economics of, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition, Basingstoke and New York Palgrave Macmillan . Pre publication http google.com search?q cache 2626bG9qgoIJ cba.unomaha.edu faculty adiamond web diamondpdfs palgraveeconsci07.pdf 22 22&hl en&ct clnk&cd 2&gl us cached ccpy. ref References reflist Category Economics Category Science ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Under the Radar Type Album Artist Grade band Grade Cover Grade UnderTheRadar.jpg Released October 12, 1999 Recorded Genre Emo , hardcore punk , screamo Length Label Victory Records Victory Producer Reviews Last album Triumph and Tragedy br 1999 This album Under the Radar br 1999 Next album And Such Is Progress br 2000 Under the Radar is the first full length studio album by the screamo band Grade band Grade . It was released by Victory Records on October 12, 1999. Track listing The Inefficiency of Emotion For the Memory of Love Seamless The Tension Between Stillness and Motion Victims of Mathematics A Year in the Past, Forever in the Future The Worst Lies Are Told in Silence Second Chance at First Place Stolen Bikes Ride Faster When Something Goes to Your Head Triumph and Tragedy DEFAULTSORT Under The Radar Grade Album Category 1999 albums Category Victory Records albums ... more details
File Fabrication d un sabot en bois tape 5.JPG thumb Sabots from Brittany administrative region Brittany A sabot is a Clog shoe clog from France . Sabots are whole feet clogs. Sabots were in the 18th and 19th century, associated with the lower classes. During this period, the years of the Industrial Revolution , the word sabotage gained currency. Allegedly derived from sabot , sabotage described the actions of disgruntled workers who willfully damaged workplace machinery by throwing their sabots into the works. However, according to some accounts, sabot clad workers were simply considered less productive than others who had switched to leather shoes, roughly equating the term sabotage with inefficiency . ref The I.W.W. Its First Seventy Years , 1905 1975, Fred W. Thompson and Patrick Murfin, 1976, page 81. ref Notes Reflist footwear Use dmy dates date September 2010 Category Clogs shoes ... more details
A market anomaly or market inefficiency is a price and or return distortion on a financial market that seems to contradict the efficient market hypothesis . ref http www.investorhome.com anomaly.htm Market anomaly ref ref http www.investorhome.com anomaly.htm Historical Stock Market Anomalies ref The market anomaly usually relates to Structural factors, such as unfair competition , lack of market transparency , Regulation regulatory actions , etc. Behavioral biases by economic agents see behavioral economics There are anomalies in relation to the economic fundamentals of the equity, technical trading rules, and economic calendar events. Anomalies could be fundamental, ref http www.investorhome.com anomfun.htm Fundamental Stock Market Anomalies ref technical, or calendar related. Fundamental anomalies include value effect and small cap effect low P E stocks and small cap companies do better than index on an average . Calendar anomalies involve patterns in stock returns from year to year or month to month, while technical anomalies include momentum finance momentum effect. References Reflist External links http schwert.ssb.rochester.edu hbfech15.pdf ANOMALIES AND MARKET EFFICIENCY http finance.wharton.upenn.edu keim research NewPalgraveAnomalies May302006 .pdf Financial Market Anomalies stock market Category Financial markets Category Economic efficiency Category Economic theories Category Financial economics Category Behavioral finance econ theory stub fr Anomalie de march pt Anomalia de mercado fi Anomalia taloustiede ... more details
Image Alexander Hamilton.jpg 200px thumb right Alexander Hamilton, author of Federalist No. 21 Federalist No. 21 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton , the twenty first of the Federalist Papers . It was published on December 12, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius , the name under which all the Federalist Papers were published. It is titled, Other Defects of the Present Confederation. In Federalist No. 21 Alexander Hamilton focuses on the three main imperfections of government under the Articles of Confederation , and how the Constitution will rectify these problems. First, Hamilton observes that the current government has no power to enforce laws and also lacks a mutual guarantee of state rights. Under the Articles, a faction could easily take control of a state and the government would not be able to do anything about it. Then, Hamilton comments on the inefficiency of the confederation s current method of collecting taxes by quotas, and denounces it as a method by which the states may be broken apart. According to Hamilton, however, these problems are easily rectifiable, and the Constitution will fix all of them if it is approved. FederalistPapers stub External links wikisource The Federalist Papers No. 21 Federalist No. 21 Federalist Papers Category Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton 21 Category 1787 in law Category 1787 works Category 1787 in the United States ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2007 Fairview DART depot is a railway depot used for servicing electric multiple unit electrical multiple units on the Dublin Area Rapid Transit system. There is a three road shed, train wash and sidings. It is located just south of Clontarf Road railway station Clontarf Road DART station on the Dublin Belfast railway line . However, maintenance on DART units is also carried out at Inchicore works. There is no wheel lathe at the depot and as a result out of service Commuter 29000 DMUs tow Dart trains to the Drogehda Commuter depot to receive new wheels This Depot is also used for the change of drivers on the DART line much to the dissatisfaction of northside commuters, as the depot is 50 metres from the platform at Clontarf Road Station, making it the most logical point at which to change drivers. Recent cost benefit analysis has determined that this inefficiency costs the Irish economy c. 750,000 per annum in lost time. Fleet serviced at the depot CI 8100 Class 8100 8300 class IE 8200 Class 8200 8400 class IE 8500, 8510 and 8520 Classes 8500, 8510 and 8520 classes See also Dublin Area Rapid Transit Multiple Units of Ireland DEFAULTSORT Fairview Dart Depot Category Rail transport in Ireland ... more details
For the 1943 film Hitler s Children film Unreferenced date August 2009 POV date June 2010 Hitler s Children is a 1977 biography of the West German militant left wing group, the Red Army Faction also known as The Baader Meinhof Gang , by South African author Jillian Becker . It accounts the deeds of the group up to the suicide of Ulrike Meinhof , having been written before German Autumn . It not only chronicles the group but provides a brief bio of the main members Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin , and devotes many chapters to Ulrike Meinhof s life leading up to her terrorist career. Despite offering the reader the opportunity to draw his own conclusions on the subject, the book has been accused of a pro state bias. Jillian Becker has been accused repeatedly of bias in her books, to which she has responded Of course I am biased, it is the choice between the epitome of evil and a free democratic state. Whom do you think I favour? Tom Vague in his book Televisionaries claims that Becker gleefully points out the deaths of two German terrorists during a hijacking who are affiliated with a similar group. Elsewhere in the book the author refers to Ulrike Meinhof s characteristic inefficiency and fellow member Siegfried Hausner s persistent bungling as an urban guerilla . Category Red Army Faction bio film stub ... more details
Cleanup date June 2010 Pelmanism was a system of training the mind which was popular in the United Kingdom during the first half of the twentieth century. Originally devised as a memory system in the 1890s by William Joseph Ennever , the system was taught via Distance education correspondence from the Pelman Institute in London. It was advertised as a system of scientific mental training which strengthened and developed your mind just as physical training strengthened your body. It was developed to expand Mental Powers in every direction and remove those tendencies to indolence and inefficiency . The system promised to cure a range of problems such as forgetfulness , depression mood depression , phobia , procrastination , and Lack of System . ref http www.ennever.com histories history386p.php The Pelman School of Memory, The Pelman Institute and Pelmanism Ennever family history website, accessed 2010 06 01 ref Pelmanism was practiced and promoted by former British prime minister H.H. Asquith Herbert Asquith , Sir Robert Baden Powell , founder of the Boy Scout movement, novelist Rider Haggard , playwright Jerome K. Jerome , and composer Ethel Smyth as well as thousands of less famous Britons. ref The Great Silence by Juliet Nicolson ref Notes Reflist colwidth 30em DEFAULTSORT Pelmanism System Category Mental structures sv Pelmanism ... more details
unreferenced date December 2006 Harvey Leibenstein 1922 1994 was a Ukrainian born United States American economist. One of his most important contributions to economics was the concept of X efficiency . In economics, x efficiency is the effectiveness with which a given set of inputs are used to produce outputs. If a firm is producing the maximum output it can, given the resources it employs, such as men and machinery, and the best technology available, it is said to be technical efficient. x inefficiency occurs when technical efficiency is not achieved. The concept of x efficiency was introduced by Harvey Leibenstein in his paper Allocative efficiency v. x efficiency in American Economic Review 1966. The concept of x efficiency is also used in the theory of bureaucracy . Important works 1950, Bandwagon, Snob and Veblen Effects in the Theory of Consumer Demand. Quarterly Journal of Economics Vol.64 No.2 Page 183 207 1966, Allocative efficiency v. x efficiency in American Economic Review 1968, Entrepreneurship and Development. American Economic Review 58 2 72 83 1976, Beyond Economic Man, Cambridge Harvard University Press 1978, General X Efficiency Theory and Economic Development, New York Oxford University Press 1978, X Inefficiency Xists Reply to an Xorcist, American Econ. Review, 68 1978 208 1979, A Branch of Economics Is Missing Micro Micro Theory, Journal of Economic Literature, 17 477 502 1979, The General X Efficiency Paradigm and the Role of the Entrepreneur . in Mario Rizzo ed. , Time, Uncertainty, and Disequilibrium. Lexington Heath 1979, 127 139 1982, The Prisoners s Dilemma in the Invisible Hand An Analysis of Intrafirm Productivity. American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 72, no. 2 May 92 7 1983, Property Rights and X Efficiency Comment. American Economic Review 83 831 42. All Papers available on http www.jstor.com External links http www.nytimes.com 1994 03 03 obituaries harvey leibenstein harvard professor 71.html Persondata Metadata see Wikipe ... more details
for portfolio inefficiency, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 49, May 2009, 417 423. ref ... inefficiency which works even when the necessary conditional of marginal conditional stochastic ... more details
money not because of a lack of trucks but because of the plaintiff s inefficiency, and, further, that even ... but in relation to the inefficiency with which the plaintiff carried out the contract. The greater his expenses owing to inefficiency, the greater the damages. The fundamental principle upon which damages ... more details
A collision domain is a section of a network where data packet s can Collision telecommunications collide with one another when being sent on a shared medium or through repeater s, in particular, when using early versions of Ethernet . A network collision occurs when more than one device attempts to send a packet on a network segment at the same time. Collisions are resolved using carrier sense multiple access with collision detection in which the competing packets are discarded and re sent one at a time. This becomes a source of inefficiency in the network. ref name Lammle cite book last Lammle first Todd title CCNA Study Guide edition Fourth edition publisher Sybex Inc. year 2004 isbn 0 7821 4311 3 ref Only one device in the collision domain may transmit at any one time, and the other devices in the domain listen to the network in order to avoid data collisions. Because only one device may be transmitting at any one time, total network bandwidth is shared among all devices. Collisions also decrease network efficiency on a collision domain if two devices transmit simultaneously, a collision occurs, and both devices must retransmit at a later time. Collision domains are found in a network hub hub environment where each host segment connects to a hub that represents only one collision domain and only one broadcast domain . Collision domains are also found in wireless network s such as Wi Fi . Modern wired networks use a network switch to eliminate collisions. By connecting each device directly to a port on the switch, either each port on a switch becomes its own collision domain in the case of half duplex links or the possibility of collisions is eliminated entirely in the case of full duplex links. References reflist Category Network architecture Category Ethernet ar cs Kolizn dom na de Kollisionsdom ne es Dominio de colisi n fr Domaine de collision it Dominio di collisione he hu tk z si tartom ny pl Domena kolizyjna pt Dom nio de colis o ... more details
In a graphical user interface , on a computer monitor , a toolbar is a GUI widget on which on screen buttons, icons, menus, or other input or output elements are placed. Toolbars are seen in office suites, Graphics software graphics editors , and web browser s. Toolbars are usually distinguished from Palette window palettes by their integration into the edges of the screen or larger windows, which results in wasted space if too many underpopulated bars are stacked atop each other especially horizontal bars on a Page orientation landscape oriented display or interface inefficiency if overloaded bars are placed on small windows. Image Application toolbar.png center Toolbar from gedit on Ubuntu operating system Ubuntu . Image Inkscape0.45 ru toolbars deattach xfce4trt.png thumb Some applications, e.g. graphics editors, allow their toolbars to be detached and moved between windows and other toolbars. Shown inside is Inkscape with undocked toolbars. See also Reviewing toolbar Ribbon computing GUI widgets Category Graphical user interface elements Category GUI widgets Category Internet Explorer add ons Category Mozilla add ons ar de Symbolleiste es Barra de herramientas fr Barre d outils ko it Toolbar he kk nl Werkbalk ja mhr pl Pasek narz dzi pt Barra de ferramentas ru sv Verktygsf lt ta zh Software type stub ... more details
The industrialization of services business model is a business model used in strategic management and services marketing that treats service provision as an industrial process, subject to industrial optimization procedures. It originated in the early 1970s, at a time when various quality control techniques were being successfully implemented on production assembly lines. Theodore Levitt 1972 argued that the reason the service sector suffered from inefficiency and wide variations in quality were that it was based on the craft model. Each service encounter was treated as an isolated event. He felt that service encounters could be systematized through planning, optimal processes, consistency, and capital intensive investments. This model was the foundation of the success of McDonalds and many other mass service providers in the 1970s, 80s, and 90s. Unfortunately, the application of assembly line techniques to service provision had several undesirable consequences. Employees found working under these conditions disempowering, resulting in low morale, high staff turnover, and reduced service quality. One of the most difficult aspects of this model for employees to deal with was the smile incentives . Employees were instructed to put a smile on their face during the service encounter. This manufacturing and commercialization of apparent happiness has been criticised by many commentators, particularly Mundie 1987 . Also many customers prefer the personal touch . By the early 1990s most service providers turned their attention back to the human element and personalized their services. Employees were empowered to customize the service encounter to the individual characteristics of customers. See also services marketing servitization of products business model list of marketing topics list of management topics References Levitt, T. 1972 Production line approach to service , Harvard Business Review , Sept Oct, 1972, pp. 41 52. Mundie, P. 1987 Internal marketing cause for ... more details
DFMA stands for Design for Manufacture and Assembly. DFMA is the combination of two methodologies Design for manufacturability Design for Manufacture , which means the design for ease of manufacture of the parts that will form a product, and Design for Assembly , which means the design of the product for ease of assembly. Usage DFMA is used as the basis for concurrent engineering studies to provide guidance to the design team in simplifying the product structure, to reduce manufacturing and assembly costs, and to quantify improvements. The practice of applying DFMA is to identify, quantify and eliminate waste or inefficiency in a product design. DFMA is therefore a component of Lean Manufacturing . DFMA is also used as a benchmarking tool to study competitors products, and as a should cost tool to assist in supplier negotiations. ref Boothroyd, G., Dewhurst, P. and Knight, W., Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly, 2nd Edition , Marcel Dekker, New York, 2002. ref Software DFMA is the name of the integrated set of software products from Boothroyd Dewhurst, Inc. that are used by companies to implement the DFMA methodology. DFMA is a registered trademark of Boothroyd Dewhurst, Inc. Notes references References http www.designnews.com article 510393 DFMA Takes a Back to Basics Product Simplification Strategy to Cut Costs.php DFMA Takes a Back to Basics Product Simplification Strategy to Cut Costs September 2010 article from Design News magazine http www.nxtbook.com nxtbooks level5 desktopengineering 201007 index.php?bm normal 60 DFMA Hits the Jackpot July 2010 article from Desktop Engineering magazine http www.dfma.net Official European DFMA Site http www.dfma.com DFMA Official Site Categories Category Product development Category Design ... more details
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