Wikify date May 2010 orphan date May 2010 Inferredjustification is a specific strategy to cope with cognitive dissonance which infers evidence which would support the respondent s beliefs . ref name prasad Prasad, Monica, et. al. http sociology.buffalo.edu documents hoffmansocinquiryarticle 000.pdf There Must Be a Reason Osama, Saddam, and InferredJustification pages 11,14 ref Specifically, inferredjustification is a kind of motivated reasoning , which describes a class of strategies for dealing with cognitive dissonance. In short, motivated reasoning means that one is motivated to arrive at a certain conclusion. In the context of cognitive dissonance, the motivation is to support a pre existing belief. Inferredjustification is a specific coping strategy in which the individual infers justification for their belief based on the belief itself. Inferredjustification operates as a backward chain of reasoning that justifies the favored opinion by assuming the causal evidence that would support it. ref name prasad The individual begins with the belief and then asks, What must be true for this belief to be correct? The answers to that question are themselves assumed to be true facts. History The term is relatively new and was first coined in 2009 by a group of sociologists at Buffalo University who were studying why so many citizens continue to believe there is a link between Saddam Hussein and 9 11 despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary. ref group notes Not the least of which are statements by George W. Bush and others who first posited such a link later denying there was a link ... they inferredjustification for their belief, invading Iraq was the right thing to do , so any ... , but inferredjustification as an important and substantial coping strategy has yet to be proven ... 49, 7 were identified as using inferredjustification to relieve the cognitive dissonance created by counter ... group notes Citations Reflist DEFAULTSORT InferredJustification Category Justification Category Defence ... more details
wiktionary Justification may refer to Theory of justification , a part of epistemology that attempts to understand the justification of propositions and beliefs Justification jurisprudence , defence in a prosecution for a criminal offense Justification theology , God s act of declaring or making a sinner righteous before God Justification typesetting , a kind of typographic alignment In mathematical logic , a justification is an unsatisfiable set. Justification may also refer to ad hoc hypotheses and explanations Rationalization making excuses , a phenomenon in psychology See also Justify disambiguation Cognitive dissonance disambig es Justificaci n fr Justification it Giustificazione ru ... more details
April 2012 Justification is the chief article of faith describing God s act of declaring or making a sinner righteousness righteous through Christ s atoning sacrifice. The extent, means, and scope of justification ... Orthodox Christians distinguish between initial justification, which in their view occurs at baptism , and final justification, accomplished after a lifetime of striving to do Divine law God s will . Protestants believe that justification is a singular act in which God declares an unrighteous individual to be righteous because of the Crucifixion of Jesus . Justification is granted to all who have ... Eph 2 8 , as well as bibleverse Acts 16 14 and bibleverse Phil 1 29 to support that belief. Justification ... justification for believers before God. His righteousness becomes theirs, and his death becomes an offering to God in their place, to pay for all of their sins. Thus justification is by faith alone not through ... to death for our sins and was raised to life for our justification. ref http www.biblegateway.com ... , and thus would result in good deeds. The Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification JDDJ ... stated that consensus in basic truths of the doctrine of justification exists between Lutherans and Catholics ..., hope and love follow justification and are its fruits. When the justified live in Christ and act ... against sin their entire lives, this consequence of justification is also for them an obligation ... the works of love. The declaration reinstates that several theological views on justification held ... basic truths of the doctrine of justification at different angles. An example can be cited from ... of those works as gifts, or far less to deny that justification always remains the unmerited gift ... of justification and not as one s own merits , they nevertheless also understand eternal life ... broadcast, Ft. Lauderdale FL, 1995 http www.christiananswers.net q aiia james2 24.html Justification ... who developed the term justification in the theology of the church. Justification is a major ... more details
System justification theory SJT is a scientific theory within social psychology that proposes people have a motivation to defend and bolster the status quo , that is, to see it as good, legitimate, and desirable. According to system justification theory, people not only want to hold favorable attitudes about themselves Self esteem ego justification and their own groups Social identity group justification , but they also want to hold favorable attitudes about the overarching social order system justification . A consequence of this tendency is that existing social , economic , and political arrangements tend to be preferred, and alternatives to the status quo are disparaged. ref name jostbanaji1994 Cite journal last1 Jost first1 John T. last2 Banaji first2 Mahzarin R. author2 link Mahzarin Banaji title The role of stereotyping in system justification and the production of false consciousness ... ref Examples of system justification Early SJT research focused on compensatory stereotypes ... Exemplars on System Justification and Implicit Activation of the Justice Motive journal Journal ... Syzmon last3 Jost first3 John T. title C Left right ideological differences in system justification ... Journal of Social Psychology volume 39 pages 290 298 year 2009 issue 2 ref According to system justification ... incurring disadvantages by it e.g., poor people, racial ethnic minorities . System justification ... A decade of system justification theory Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering ... to other psychological theories System justification theory differs from the status quo bias ... justification posits that people need and want to see prevailing social systems as fair and just. The motivational component of system justification means that its effects are exacerbated when people ... Hanson, Jon. 2007 . Thanksgiving as System Justification ?. Retrieved December 1, 2007 from The Situationist . Website http thesituationist.wordpress.com 2007 11 21 thanksgiving as system justification ... more details
certainty Theory of justification is a part of epistemology that attempts to understand the justification ..., which include the ideas of justification, warrant, rationality , and probability . Of these four ... . Loosely speaking, justification is the reason why someone properly holds the belief, the explanation ... a claim, and B then casts doubt on it, A s next move would normally be to provide justification. Empiricism ... Deductive reasoning deduction are often involved in justification. br Justification based ..., reasoning . Subjects of justification Many things can be justified beliefs, actions, emotions ... of justification focus on the justification of statements or proposition s. Justifications and explanations Main Explanation Argument Justification is the reason why someone properly holds a belief ... . It is important to be aware when an explanation is not a justification. A criminal profiler may ... and Moore ref Justification is a normative activity One way of explaining the theory of justification ... in believing something performing it, one is justified in one s belief. Thus, justification is a Norm ... , involved in human conduct. It is generally accepted that the concept of justification is normative, because it is defined as a concept regarding the norms of belief. Theories of justification There are several different views as to what entails justification, mostly focusing on the question How sure do we need to be that our beliefs correspond to the actual world? Different theories of justification ..., theories of justification generally include other aspects of epistemology, such as knowledge. The main theories of justification include Coherentism Beliefs are justified if they cohere ... against the theory of justification also called justificationism in this context is nonjustificational ... to. That is, it regards the justification of a claim is primary, while the claim itself is secondary ... to have been Popper s view in his Open Society . It has given up justification, but not yet ... more details
Criminal defenses Justification in jurisprudence is an exception to the prohibition of committing certain offenses. Justification can be a defense in a prosecution for a criminal offense. When an act is justified, a person is not criminally liable even though their act would otherwise constitute an offense. For example, to intentionally commit a homicide would be considered murder. However, it is not considered a crime if committed in self defense . A justification is not the same as an excuse. In contrast, an excuse legal is a defense that recognizes a crime was committed, but that for the defendant, although committing a socially undesirable crime, conviction and punishment would be morally inappropriate because of an extenuating personal inadequacy, such as mental defect, lack of mental capacity, sufficient age, intense fear of death, lacking the ability to control their own conduct, etc. ref name criminal cite book first Bonnie last Richard M. authorlink coauthors Anne M. Coughlin, John C. Jefferies, Jr. & Peter W. Low title Criminal Law publisher The Foundation Press date 1997 location Westbury, NY pages 324 isbn 1 56662 448 7 ref Notes reflist Category Criminal defenses Category Legal concepts de Rechtfertigungsgrund ko nl Rechtvaardigingsgrond ja pl Kontratyp ... more details
2010 discuss TALKPAGENAME merge proposal Self justification describes how, when a person encounters ... associated with the behavior. Cognitive dissonance the engine of self justification The need ... self esteem are less likely to engage in self justification strategies than those with low self esteem ... thoughts are not enough, and high self esteem people do engage in self justification strategies Holland, Meertens & Van Vugt, 2002 .. Self justification strategies There are two self justification strategies internal self justification IS and external self justification ES Holland, Meertens & Van Vugt, 2002 . Internal self justification refers to a change in the way people perceive their actions ... consequences. Internal self justification helps make the negative outcomes more tolerable ... is not really that bad for his health. External self justification refers to the use of external ... responsibility, lack of personal control or social pressure s. External self justification aims to diminish ... Justification If people have too much external justification for their actions, cognitive dissonance ... cannot find external justification for their behavior, they must attempt to find internal justification they reduce dissonance by changing their attitudes or behaviors. The theory of insufficient justification ... it as very attractive these children had large external justification for not playing with the toy, and so ... rated the toy as significantly less attractive without much external justification for not playing ... internal justification for behaving well. Similarly, if educators want children to internalize ... of strong internal justification for changing attitudes and behaviors has been used in recent decades ... and thought about their own behaviors they had the highest level of internal justification and thus ..., were much more easily able to attribute what they were doing to external justification i.e. I m ... several months after the study concluded. Aronson, Fried, & Stone, 1991 . Self justification and moral ... more details
Cleanup date March 2009 Effort Justification is an idea and paradigm in social psychology stemming from Festinger s theory of Cognitive Dissonance . ref Festinger, L. 1957 Cognitive dissonance. Stanford, Calif. Stanford University Press. ref Effort justification is people s tendency to attribute a greater value greater than the objective value to an outcome they had to put effort into acquiring or achieving. Theory and research Cognitive Dissonance theory explains changes in people s attitudes or beliefs as the result of an attempt to reduce a dissonance discrepancy between contradicting ideas or cognition s. In the case of effort justification, there is a dissonance between the amount of effort exerted into achieving a goal or completing a task high effort high cost and the subjective reward for that effort lower than was expected for such an effort . By adjusting and increasing one s attitude or subjective value of the goal, this dissonance is resolved. One of the first and most classic examples of effort justification is Aronson and Mills s study. ref Aronson, E., & Mills, J. 1959 The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology ,59, 177 181 ref A group of young women who volunteered to join a discussion group on the topic Psychology of Sex were asked to do a small reading test to make sure they were not too embarrassed to talk about sexual related topics with others. The mild embarrassment condition subjects were asked to read aloud a list of sex related words such as prostitute or virgin . The severe embarrassment condition subjects were asked to read aloud a list of highly sexual words e.g. fuck , cock and to read two vivid descriptions of sexual activity taken from contemporary novels. All subjects then listened to a recording of a discussion about Sexual Behavior in Animals which was dull and unappealing. When ... T.R. 2008 Cognitive dissonance in children Justification of effort or contrast? Psychonomic ... more details
multiple issues pov September 2010 original research September 2010 refimprove September 2010 The justification of the state is a term that refers to the source of legitimate authority for the State polity state or government . Typically, a justification of the state explains why the state should exist, and what a legitimate state should or should not be able to do. There is no single, universally accepted justification of the state. In fact, anarchism anarchists believe that there is no justification for the state at all, and that human societies would be better off without it. However, most political ideology ideologies have their own justifications, and thus their own vision of what constitutes a legitimate state. Indeed, a person s opinions regarding the role of government often determine the rest of their political ideology. Thus, discrepancy of opinion in a wide array of political matters is often directly traceable back to a discrepancy of opinion in the justification for the state. The constitution s of various countries codify views as to the purposes, powers, and forms of their governments, but they tend to do so in rather vague terms, which particular laws, courts, and actions of politicians subsequently flesh out. In general, various countries have translated vague talk about the purposes of their governments into particular state laws, bureaucracies, enforcement actions, etc. The following are just a few examples. Transcendent sovereignty In feudal Europe , the most widespread justification of the state was the divine right of kings , which stated that monarchs draw their power from God , and the state should only be an apparatus that puts the monarch s will into practice ... called the Enlightenment , a new justification of the European state developed. Jean Jacques Rousseau ... Kant References incomplete http www.theihs.org libertyguide hsr hsr.php 17.html Public Goods and the Justification ..., 1991 DEFAULTSORT Justification For The State Category Political philosophy Category Justification ... more details
In typesetting , justification can also be referred to as full justification is the typographic alignment setting of typography text or images within a column or measure to align along both the left and right Margin typography margin . Text set this way is said to be justified . In justified text, the spaces between words, and, to a lesser extent, between glyph s or Letter alphabet letter s kerning , are stretched or sometimes compressed in order to make the text align with both the left and right margins. When using justification, it is customary to treat the last line of a paragraph separately by left or right aligning it, depending on the language direction. Lines in which the spaces have been stretched beyond their normal width are called loose lines , while those whose spaces have been compressed are called tight lines . Styles The following table displays the difference between a justified flush left and flush right and a flush left and ragged right text. blockquote cellpadding 20 cellspacing 0 width 50 Justified flush left and right Flush left, ragged right style padding 0 1.5em text align justify Thy father was delighted and cried out to the servant, Give him a hundred and three gold pieces with a robe of honour The man obeyed his orders, and I awaited an auspicious moment ... is to shave my head and wend thy way pre Justification sometimes leads to typographic anomalies. When justification is used in narrow columns, exceptionally large spaces appear between only two or three ... find that justification interferes with cognitive understanding. Since spacing after a full stop is only ... of pdfTeX . Word processing software usually use a different kind of justification when dealing ... the white spaces. History Justification has been the preferred setting of type in many western ... effect. See also Word wrap References reflist External links http justify.1e5b.de Justification Simulator Typography terms DEFAULTSORT Justification Typesetting Category Typography de Blocksatz ... more details
wikify date May 2011 Insufficient justification insufficient punishment is a phenomenon under the realm of social psychology . It synthesizes theories of cognitive dissonance and internal vs. external justification. Essentially, insufficient justification is when an individual utilizes internal motivation to justify a behavior. It is most commonly seen in insufficient punishment, which is the dissonance experienced when individuals lack sufficient external justification for having resisted a desired activity or object, usually resulting in individuals devaluing the forbidden activity or object. ref Aronson, Elliot, Timothy D. Wilson, and Robin M. Akert. Social Psychology. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall, 2010. 163 65. Print. ref That is, when an individual can t come up with an external ... because internal justification is stronger than external justification. Background In 1963, Elliot Aronson ..., 66, 584 588. ref Theoretical approaches and empirical findings Insufficient justification and insufficient ... support and understanding of insufficient justification and punishment which are simply extensions ... on insufficient justification, the four most relevant to daily life will be discussed at length. In the first .... This concept of insufficient justification stretches into the reality of adults as well. In the third ... Test of the Insufficient Justification Paradigm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25, 38 56 .... Therefore, the concept of insufficient justification can be seen in adults and their careers ... justification lies in the idea of criminal justice. Although this topic seems strictly .... With children and their motivation to comply with rules, the concept of insufficient justification ... be more instances of people taking the money in private settings due to lack of internal justification .... Ideally, as the principle of insufficient justification advocates, the students should be given the opportunity ... punishment. Conclusion The fact that insufficient justification as well as insufficient punishment ... more details
The Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification is a document created by and agreed to by the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity and the Lutheran World Federation in 1999, as a result of extensive Lutheran Roman Catholic Dialogue ecumenical dialogue . It states that the churches now share a common understanding of our justification by God s grace through faith in Christ. ref http www.vatican.va roman curia pontifical councils chrstuni documents rc pc chrstuni doc 31101999 cath luth joint declaration en.html ref To the parties involved, this essentially resolves the conflict over the nature of justification theology justification which was at the root of the Protestant Reformation . The Churches acknowledged that the excommunication s relating to the doctrine of justification set forth by the Council of Trent do not apply to the teachings of the Lutheran churches set forth in the text likewise, the churches acknowledged that the condemnations set forth in the Book of Concord Lutheran Confessions do not apply to the Catholic teachings on justification set forth in the document. Confessional Lutheran s ref http arkiv.lbk.cc faq site.pl 1518cutopic topicid19cuitem itemid6741.htm WELS Topical Q&A Justification , stating that the Joint Declaration should be repudiated by all Lutherans. ref , such as the International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical ... cns 0604186.htm Methodists adopt Catholic Lutheran declaration on justification ref References reflist ... Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification The Lutheran ... on the Doctrine of Justification http www.vatican.va roman curia pontifical councils chrstuni documents ... Declaration of the Catholic Church and the Lutheran World Federation on the Doctrine of Justification ... on the Doctrine of Justification in Confessional Lutheran Perspective http www.lutheranworld.org ... de Gemeinsame Erkl rung zur Rechtfertigungslehre fr D claration commune sur la justification par ... more details
This is a sub page for the Justification theology page. Ecumenical & General The Lutheran World Federation and The Roman Catholic Church. Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification. English Language ... Salvation As Deification And Justification. Collegeville, MN Liturgical Press, 2005. ISBN 0 8146 2971 7 McGrath, Alister E. Iustitia Dei A History of the Christian Doctrine of Justification. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1986. ISBN 0 521 62481 9 Oden, Thomas C. The Justification Reader. Grand ... of Justification. Downers Grove, IL InterVarsity Press, 2001. ISBN 0 8308 2609 2 Orthodox Carlton .... Scott Hahn, 3 part audio interview. El Cajon, CA Catholic Answers. Scott Hahn Hahn, Scott . Justification ... Study of the Catholic Doctrine of Justification. Queenship Publishing Company, 1997. ISBN 1 57918 .... Living by Faith Justification and Sanctification. Geoffrey W. Bromiley, trans. Grand Rapids Eerdmans ... Publishing House, 1921. Braaten, Carl E. Justification The Article by Which the Church Stands ..., Gerhard O. Justification by Faith A Matter of Death and Life. Mifflintown, PA Sigler Press, 1990. ISBN 0 9623642 5 8 H gglund, Bernt. The Background of Luther s Doctrine of Justification in Late ... on Justification and Sanctification. The Anglican Digest 49.1 2007 51 54. J ngel, Eberhard. The Freedom ..., 1988. ISBN 0 8066 2393 4. J ngel, Eberhard. Justification The Heart of the Christian Faith. Edinburgh ..., Tuomo. Christ Present In Faith Luther s View Of Justification. Minneapolis Augsburg Fortress, 2005. ISBN 0 8006 3711 9 Mattes, Mark C. The Role of Justification in Contemporary Theology. Grand Rapids ..., trans. St. Louis Concordia Publishing House, 1951. ISBN 0 570 06713 8 Preus, Robert. Justification ... Doctrine of Justification. Grand Rapids Baker Books, 1999. ISBN 0 8010 5849 X Hoekema, Anthony Saved ... 664 22028 2 Buchanan, James The Doctrine of Justification. Vestavia Hills, AL Solid Ground Christian Books, 2006 original, 1867 . ISBN 978 1599250731 Owen, John The Doctrine of Justification by Faith ... more details
The theoretical and experimental justification for the Schr dinger equation motivates the discovery of the Schr dinger equation , the equation that describes the dynamics of nonrelativistic particles. The motivation uses photon s, which are relativistic particles with dynamics determined by Maxwell s equations , as an analogue for all types of particles. This article is at a postgraduate level. For a more general introduction to the topic see Introduction to quantum mechanics . Classical electromagnetic waves main Electromagnetic wave equation Nature of light main Photon The quantum mechanics quantum particle of light is called a photon . Light has both a Wave wave like and a Elementary particle particle like nature. In other words, light can appear to be made of photons particles in some experiments and light can act like waves in other experiments. The dynamics of classical electromagnetic waves are completely determined by Maxwell s equations , the Classical physics classical description of electrodynamics . In the absence of sources, Maxwell s equations can be written as wave equation s in the Electric field electric and magnetic field Spatial vector vectors . Maxwell s equations thus describe, among other things, the wave like properties of light. When classical coherent or thermal light is incident on a photographic plate or CCD, the average number of hits , dots , or clicks per unit time that result is approximately proportional to the square of the electromagnetic fields of the light. By formal analogy , the wavefunction of a material particle can be used to find the probability density by taking its absolute value squared. Unlike electromagnetic fields, quantum mechanical wavefunctions are complex. Often in the case of EM fields complex notation is used for convenience, but it is understood that in actual fact the fields are real. On the contrary, wavefunctions ... 2 Physics footer DEFAULTSORT Schrodinger equation, theoretical and experimental justification for the Category ... more details
wiktionary Intuition may refer to Intuition philosophy , immediate not inferred a priori knowledge or experiential belief Intuition psychology , acquiring beliefs in ways that bypass ordinary justification In music Intuition Angela Bofill album Intuition Angela Bofill album Intuition DJ Encore album Intuition DJ Encore album Intuition Jamie Foxx album Intuition Jamie Foxx album Intuition John Lennon song Intuition John Lennon song , a song from John Lennon s album Mind Games Intuition TNT album Intuition TNT album Intuition song Intuition song , a 2003 song by Jewel Intuition Bill Evans album Intuition Bill Evans album Intuition , a song by Selena Gomez & the Scene from the album A Year Without Rain Intuition , a song by British soul funk band Linx band Linx In other uses Intuition MBTI , one of the four axes of the Myers Briggs Type Indicator Intuition Amiga , a graphical user interface toolkit supplied with the Commodore Amiga Intuition Bergson , the philosophical method of Henri Bergson Intuition Peak , a geographical feature in Antarctica Intuition , a book by Allegra Goodman disambig it Intuition ... more details
Taxobox name Black bellied Tern status NT status system IUCN3.1 trend down image Ranganathittu 3.jpg image size 240px regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Bird Aves ordo Charadriiformes familia Sternidae genus Sterna species S. acuticauda binomial Sterna acuticauda binomial authority John Edward Gray Gray , 1832 The Black bellied Tern Sterna acuticauda is a tern found near large rivers in the Indian Subcontinent . They have a black belly in the summer and a deep forked tail. They can sometimes resemble Whiskered Tern s but the deeper fork and the black on the lower belly distinguish it from the shallow fork and black closer to the breast on the Whiskered Tern. Considering that mtDNA DNA sequence sequence analysis supports moving the similar Black fronted Tern Sterna albostriata into Chlidonias , this species might also be better placed in that genus, but no research has yet been conducted. References Forktail13 109,15 66,18 151. IUCN2006 assessors BirdLife International year 2006 id 20815 title Sterna acuticauda downloaded 11 May 2006 Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is near threatened Bridge, E. S. Jones, A. W. & Baker, A. J. 2005 A phylogenetic framework for the terns Sternini inferred from mtDNA sequences implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35 459 469. http www2.hawaii.edu khayes Journal Club summer2006 Bridge et al 2005 MPE.pdf PDF fulltext . Use dmy dates date November 2010 DEFAULTSORT Black Bellied Tern Category Sterna Category Birds of Pakistan Category Birds of India Category Birds of Bangladesh Charadriiformes stub az Qaraqar n sus p r n ca Xatrac de ventre negre cs Ryb k ostroocas es Sterna acuticauda eo Nigraventra terno fr Sterne ventre noir it Sterna acuticauda hu Feketehas cs r pnb fi Mustavatsatiira sv Svartmagad t rna zh ... more details
Larus audouinii downloaded 11 May 2006 Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species ... within the Laridae Charadriiformes Aves inferred from mitochondrial markers. Molecular phylogenetics ... more details
Taxobox name Siberian Blue Robin status LC status system IUCN3.1 status ref ref IUCN2006 assessors BirdLife International year 2004 id 51743 title Luscinia cyane downloaded 12 May 2006 Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern ref image Luscinia cyane 20100509 japan.jpg image caption Male regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis bird Aves ordo Passeriformes familia Muscicapidae genus Luscinia species L. cyane binomial Luscinia cyane binomial authority Peter Simon Pallas Pallas , 1776 synonyms Luscinia cyanea small lapsus small The Siberian Blue Robin, Luscinia cyane, is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the Thrush bird thrush family Turdidae, but is now more generally considered to be an Old World flycatcher , family Muscicapidae. It, and similar small Europe an species, are often called chat bird chat s. Recent research suggests that this species is one of some East Asian Luscinia s which should be classified in a new genus together with the Japanese Robin Japanese and Ry ky Robin s. ref cite journal last Seki first Shin Ichi year 2006 title The origin of the East Asian Erithacus robin, Erithacus komadori , inferred from cytochrome b sequence data journal Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution volume 39 issue 3 pages 899 905 doi 10.1016 j.ympev.2006.01.028 pmid 16529957 ref It is a bird migration migratory insectivorous species breeding in eastern Asia across to Japan . It winters in southeast Asia and Indonesia . The breeding habitat is conifer ous forest with dense undergrowth, often beside rivers or at woodland edges. It feeds on the ground but is very skulking . In winter, this bird also tends to stay in dense vegetation. This species is larger than the European Robin . The breeding male is unmistakable with blue upperparts and white underparts. The female is much drabber, with brown upperparts and whitish underparts. Her dark eye stands out against the paler brown face. This species is ... more details
Taxobox name Aleutian Tern status LC status system IUCN3.1 regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis bird Aves ordo Charadriiformes familia Sternidae genus Onychoprion species O. aleuticus binomial Onychoprion aleuticus binomial authority Spencer Fullerton Baird Baird , 1869 synonyms Onychoprion aleutica small lapsus small br Sterna aleutica small Baird, 1869 small The Aleutian Tern Onychoprion aleuticus , formerly Sterna aleutica see Bridge et al. , 2005 is a seabird of the tern family Sternidae. This species breeds in colonies on coasts and islands in Alaska and easternmost Siberia . It is strongly bird migration migratory , wintering off Indonesia and Malaysia . Large numbers appear off China during passage periods. It is a very rare vagrant to western Europe , with just one record, on the Farne Islands off Northumberland , England on 28 29 May 1979. It lays 2 3 eggs in a ground scrape. It sometimes nests among Arctic Tern s, which, like most white terns, are fiercely defensive of their nest and young and will attack large predators. Like most other terns, the Aleutian Tern feeds by plunge diving for fish, usually from saline environments. The offering of fish by the male to the female is part of the courtship display. This is a medium sized tern, with a short, pointed bill and a long, deeply forked tail. It has a black cap with a white forehead, dark gray mantle and underparts and a mostly pale underwing with a dark secondary bar. It has a white rump and tail, black legs and a black bill. The call is a musical whee hee hee . References IUCN2006 assessors BirdLife International year 2004 id 49271 title Sterna aleutica downloaded 09 May 2006 Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern Bridge, E. S. Jones, A. W. & Baker, A. J. 2005 A phylogenetic framework for the terns Sternini inferred from mtDNA sequences implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35 459 469. http www2.hawaii. ... more details
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