Unreferenced date December 2009 Image Seoul Ubiquitous Dream 11.jpg thumb 220px Robotic mapping can be used for serving robot guide Robotic mapping is related to cartography . The goal for an autonomous robot to be able to construct or use a map or floor plan and to localize itself in it. Robotic mapping is that branch of one, which deals with the study and application of ability to construct map or floor plan by the autonomous robot and to localize itself in it. Evolutionarily shaped blind action may suffice to keep some animals alive. For some insect s for example, the environment is not interpreted as a map, and they survive only with a triggered response. A slightly more elaborated navigation strategy dramatically enhances the capabilities of the robot. Cognitive map s enable planning capacities, and use of current perceptions, memorized events, and expected consequences. Sources The robot has two sources of information the idiothetic and the allothetic sources. When in motion, a robot can use dead reckoning methods such as tracking the number of revolutions of its wheels this corresponds to the idiothetic source and can give the absolute position of the robot, but it is subject to cumulative error which can grow quickly. The allothetic source corresponds to the sensors of the robot, like a camera, a microphone, laser or sonar . The problem here is perceptual aliasing . This means that two different places can be perceived as the same. For example, in a building, it may be impossible for to determine your location solely with the visual information, because all the corridors may look the same. Map representation The internal representation of the map can be metric or topological ... is commonly referred to as Simultaneous localization and mapping SLAM . An important additional problem ... PatrolBot Robotics suite Occupancy grid Simultaneous localization and mapping SLAM Multi Autonomous ... map a large dynamic urban environment References Reflist Robotics DEFAULTSORT Robotic Mapping ... more details
technology. Modern mapping in California involves the use of modern electronics to refine information ... with all variety of demographic information are as well. Image Insel Kalifornien 1650.jpg right frame 1650 Nicolas Sanson map showing California as an island. History Chronology of Early Surveying and Mapping ... and created a number of 8maps which included Depth sounding information for the Sacramento River and San ... information. ref Davidson, George. Pacific Coast Coast Pilot of California, Oregon, and Washington ... and mapping data in California today. Image Monterey Canyon Bathymetric Chart.JPG thumb right Modern Bathymetric chart of Monterey Canyon. Courtesy of NOAA . Mapping Projects in California Federal Government Agencies Mapping Projects in California http www.usgs.gov United States Geological Survey USGS ... Web Soil Survey State Government Agencies Mapping Projects in California http www.dfg.ca.gov ... http www.consrv.ca.gov CGS California Geological Survey Non Government Organizations Mapping Projects ... Project . Mapping Legislation Alquist Priolo Special Studies Zone Act Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 SMCRA Seismic Hazards Mapping Act General California Map Links http library.humboldt.edu ... more details
No footnotes date August 2011 Image Displacement.jpg thumb Displacement mapping Displacement mapping is an alternative computer graphics technique in contrast to bump mapping , normal mapping , and parallax mapping , using a procedural texture procedural texture mapping texture or heightmap height map ... mapping was a peculiarity of high end rendering systems like PhotoRealistic RenderMan , while ... mapping required an adaptive Tessellation Tessellations and computer models tessellation of the surface ... of the term in different contexts Displacement mapping includes the term mapping which refers to a texture mapping texture map being used to modulate the displacement strength. The displacement ... at arbitrary high frequencies. The use of the term mapping becomes arguable then, as no texture ... REYES algorithm , or similar approaches based on micropolygon s, have allowed displacement mapping ... available renderer to implement a micropolygon displacement mapping approach through REYES was Pixar ... mapping as moving the vertices of these polygons. Often the displacement direction is also limited ... mapping in micropolygon renderers vs. displacement mapping in a non tessellating macro polygon ... have added the ability to do displacement mapping of a quality similar to what a micropolygon ... the displacement mapping. True micropolygon renderers have always been able to do what sub pixel displacement ... mapping really stands for, in 3D computer graphics . In reference to Microsoft s proprietary High Level Shader Language , displacement mapping can be interpreted as a kind of vertex texture mapping ... change the position of vertices. Unlike bump, normal and parallax mapping, all of which can be said to fake the behavior of displacement mapping, in this way a genuinely rough surface can be produced ... Mapping http www.inf.ufrgs.br 7Eoliveira RTM.html Relief Texture Mapping website http www.inf.ufrgs.br 7Eoliveira pubs files Policarpo Oliveira Comba RTRM I3D 2005.pdf Real Time Relief Mapping on Arbitrary ... more details
orphan date June 2010 Optical mapping ref name OM Text cite book last Zhou first Shiguo coauthors Jill ... s from single, stained molecules of DNA, called optical maps . By mapping the location of restriction ... Restriction Maps of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Chromosomes Constructed by Optical Mapping. Science New ... mapping.jpg thumb 500px right alt The optical mapping workflow. The optical mapping workflow. The modern optical mapping platform works as follows ref name OM Platform Dimalanta, E.T. et al. A microfluidic ... mapping. A single molecule of DNA is stretched or elongated and held in place on a slide under ... are combined to produce a consensus, genomic optical map. History of optical mapping platform Early ... on optical mapping, called Nanocoding , ref name Nanocoding Jo, K., et al. A Single Molecule Barcoding ... DNA molecules in nanoconfinements. Comparisons Other mapping techniques The advantage of OM over traditional mapping techniques is that it preserves the order of the DNA fragment, whereas the order needs to be reconstructed using restriction mapping . In addition, since maps are constructed directly ... , cytogenetics and paired end tag s. Uses Initially, the optical mapping system has been used to construct ... 2001 1584 93. ref ref Lin, J., et al. Whole Genome Shotgun Optical Mapping of Deinococcus Radiodurans .... ref human, ref Kidd, J.M. et al. Mapping and sequencing of structural variation from eight human ... by Optical Mapping. BMC Genomics 8 2007 278. ref and maize. ref Zhou, S. et al. A single molecule ... mapping technology. ref Ramanathan, A., et al. An Integrative Approach for the Optical Sequencing ... Cells are lysed to release genomic DNA. These DNA molecules are untangled, placed onto optical mapping ... of optical mapping. See the above section on Technology Technology for those steps. Step ... e.g. optical mapping surface In addition, different polymerase preference for different fluorochromes ... placed with a greater degree of confidence whereas the short reads suffer from mapping uncertainty ... more details
Substrate mapping , also known as wafer mapping is a process in which the performance of semiconductor device fabrication semiconductor devices on a substrate is represented by a map showing the performance as a colour coded grid. The map is a convenient representation of the variation in performance across the substrate, since the distribution of those variations may be a clue as to their cause. The concept also includes the package of data generated by modern wafer testing equipment which can be transmitted to equipment used for subsequent back end manufacturing operations. History Image wafermap.jpg thumb A wafer map different bins are represented by different colours Image stripmap.jpg thumb A strip map this strip map represents five panels on one strip. The lowerleft square around the die on each panel represents a reference die, which is used to align between wafer testing and die attachment The initial process supported by substrate maps was inkless binning. Each tested die is assigned a bin value, depending on the result of the test. For example, a pass die is assigned a bin value of 1 for a good bin, bin 10 for an open circuit, and bin 11 for a short circuit. In the very early days of wafer test, the dies were put in different bins or buckets, depending on the test results. Physical binning may no longer be used, but the analogy is still good. The next step in the process was to mark the failing dies with ink, so that during assembly only uninked dies were used for die attachment and final assembly. The inking step may be skipped if the assembly equipment is able to access the information in the maps generated by the test equipment. Where the substrate map applies to an entire Wafer 28electronics 29 wafer , the term wafer map would be used, substrate map is a more general term, applied to mapping in other areas of the semiconductors process frames, trays and strips ... could only support standard bin maps, representing bin information, this standard also support transfermaps ... more details
Camera Mapping may refer to Aerial survey , map production from stereo photographs captured from the air Photomapping , production of a map by joining together a series of photographs Photogrammetry , mapping the geometry of an object using photographs, or stereo photographic pairs Videogrammetry , determining three dimensional geometry of an object using pairs of photographs disambig ... more details
Image 7fin.png thumbnail right Scene with shadow mapping Image 3noshadow.png thumbnail right Scene with no shadows Shadow mapping or projective shadowing is a process by which shadow s are added to 3D computer graphics . This concept was introduced by Lance Williams in 1978, in a paper entitled Casting curved shadows on curved surfaces . Since then, it has been used both in pre rendered scenes and realtime scenes in many console and PC games. Shadows are created by testing whether a pixel is visible ... s view, stored in the form of a texture mapping texture . Principle of a shadow and a shadow map ..., the depth buffer is extracted and saved. Because only the depth information is relevant, it is usual ... than simply pass or fail. The shadow mapping technique can also be modified to draw a texture onto ... mapping is that the size and depth of the shadow map determines the quality of the final shadows. This is usually ..., it is not always possible. Commonly used techniques for real time shadow mapping have been developed ... vsm accessdate 2008 02 14 ref Shadow mapping techniques Simple SSM Simple Splitting PSSM Parallel ... technique often used in Ray tracing graphics ray tracing Photon mapping , a much slower technique ... Forward shadow mapping does the shadow test in eye space rather than light space to keep texture access more sequential. http www.gamerendering.com category shadows shadow mapping Shadow mapping techniques An overview of different shadow mapping techniques References references External links http developer.nvidia.com attach 8456 Hardware Shadow Mapping , NVIDIA nVidia http developer.nvidia.com attach 6769 Shadow Mapping with Today s OpenGL Hardware , nVidia http www.riemers.net Tutorials DirectX Csharp3 index.php Riemer s step by step tutorial implementing Shadow Mapping with HLSL and DirectX ... http www.embege.com shadowmapping Shadow Mapping implementation using Java and OpenGL DEFAULTSORT Shadow Mapping Category Shading de Shadow Mapping it Shadow mapping pt Shadow map zh ... more details
Image Spoon fi.jpg thumb An example of reflection mapping. In computer graphics , environment mapping , or reflection mapping , is an efficient image based lighting technique for approximating the appearance ... environment are employed. The first technique was sphere mapping , in which a single texture ... surpassed by cube mapping , in which the environment is projected onto the six faces of a cube and stored ... that have some superior mathematical or computational properties include the paraboloid mapping , the pyramid mapping , the octahedron mapping , and the HEALPix HEALPix mapping . The reflection mapping approach is more efficient than the classical Ray tracing graphics ray tracing approach of computing ... on the object and mapping it to the texel graphics texel in the environment map. This technique ... of the real reflection. Environment mapping relies on two assumptions that are seldom ... in the reflection only the environment does. Reflection mapping is also a traditional image ... mapping is generally the fastest method of rendering a reflective surface. To further increase ... the need for recalculating every pixel s reflection direction. If normal mapping is used, each ... metal brushed aluminium. Types of reflection mapping Sphere mapping Deleted image removed Image Bubble spheremap.jpg thumb Spherical environment mapping by its very design creates a singularity ... . Sphere mapping represents the sphere of incident illumination as though it were seen in the reflection ... with a spherical mapping. The spherical mapping suffers from limitations that detract from the realism ... resolution to represent the points accurately. The spherical mapping also wastes pixels that are in the square but not in the sphere. The artifacts of the spherical mapping are so severe that it is effective only for viewpoints near that of the virtual orthographic camera. Cube mapping Image cube ... onto the mapped object along with the rest of the texture detail. Cube mapping and other polyhedron ... more details
Curriculum Mapping is a procedure for reviewing the operational curriculum ref cite web first Linda last Starr date 29 May 2006 title Virtual Workshop Curriculum Mapping url http www.education world.com ... of Heidi Hayes Jacobs in Mapping the Big Picture Integrating Curriculum and Assessment K 12 Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development ASCD , 1997 and Getting Results with Curriculum Mapping ... Dakota have adopted Curriculum Mapping on a state wide basis and provide detailed online Curriculum Mapping Resources for their professional staff. ref cite web title South Dakota Department of Education ... 197135 accessdate 06 June 2010 ref Other states such as Indiana have mandated Curriculum Mapping ... Mapping to Build a Learning Community chapterurl http www.ascd.org publications books 104011 chapters Use of Curriculum Mapping to Build a Learning Community.aspx editor Heidi Hayes Jacobs title Getting results with curriculum mapping publisher Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development ... in order to be informed and to revise their work. The curriculum mapping model as originally ... Jacobs authorlink Heidi Hayes Jaoobs title Mapping the Big Picture Integrating Curriculum and Assessment ... cite web title TODCM Open Source Curriculum Mapping Project at http todcm.org url http todcm.org ref ref cite web title Rubicon Atlas Curriculum Mapping url http www.rubicon.com AtlasCurriculumMapping.html ... web title David Douglas OR School District Curriculum Mapping url http mapping.ddouglas.k12.or.us ... http mapster.gstboces.org accessdate 07 June 2010 ref that have generated curriculum mapping software used around the world. Related to mapping, but separate from it, is the concept of a curriculum ... the Curriculum 1999, Sage . Curriculum mapping is not limited to United States Public school ... 93367190 issn 0246 7281 ref A number of independent schools have adopted the curriculum mapping process ..., Mapping, and Structures for Learning Interview with Dr. Heidi Hayes Jacobs publisher National Association ... more details
In genetics , HAPPY Mapping , first proposed by Paul H. Dear and Peter R. Cook in 1989, is a method used to study the Genetic linkage linkage between two or more DNA sequences . ref name pmid2780310 cite journal author Dear PH, Cook PR title Happy mapping a proposal for linkage mapping the human genome journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 17 issue 17 pages 6795 807 year 1989 month September pmid 2780310 pmc 318413 doi 10.1093 nar 17.17.6795 url ref According to the http www.mrc lmb.cam.ac.uk happy HappyGroup happyhomepage.html Single Molecule Genomics Group , it is Mapping based on the analysis of approximately HAPloid DNA samples using the PolYmerase chain reaction . In genomics , HAPPY mapping can be applied to assess the synteny and orientation of various DNA sequences across a particular genome the generation of a genomic map. As with linkage mapping , HAPPY mapping relies on the differential probability of two or more DNA sequences being separated. In genetic mapping, the probability of a Genetic recombination recombination event between two genetic Locus genetics loci on the same chromosome is directly proportional to the distance between them. HAPPY mapping replaces recombination with fragmentation instead of relying on recombination to separate genetic loci, the entire genome is fragmented, for example, by radiation or mechanical shearing. If the DNA is broken on a random basis, the longer the distance between two DNA sequences, the higher the chances of it to break between the two, and vice versa. HAPPY mapping retains the benefits of genetic mapping while removing some of the problems associated with recombination. I.e., the need for Polymorphism biology polymorphism ..., Rowland T, Saks K, Eisen JA, Orias E title Use of HAPPY mapping for the higher order assembly of the Tetrahymena ... pmc 3169840 doi 10.1016 j.ygeno.2006.05.002 url ref HAPPY mapping has also been adapted to allow ... doi 10.1002 path.2413 ref References Reflist Category Genetic mapping Category Genomics ... more details
unreferenced date February 2008 cleanup rewrite date March 2012 Perceptual mapping is a diagram matic technique used by asset marketing marketers that attempts to visually display the perceptions of customers or potential customers. Typically the positioning marketing position of a product business product , product line , brand , or company is displayed relative to their competition. Perceptual maps can have any number of dimensions but the most common is two dimensions. The first perceptual map below shows consumer perceptions of various automobile s on the two dimensions of sportiness conservative and classy affordable. This sample of consumers felt Porsche was the sportiest and classiest of the cars in the study top right corner . They felt Plymouth was most practical and conservative bottom left corner . Image PerceptualMap1.png center frame Perceptual Map of Competing Products Cars that are positioned close to each other are seen as similar on the relevant dimensions by the consumer. For example consumers see Buick, Chrysler, and Oldsmobile as similar. They are close competitors and form a competitive grouping. A company considering the introduction of a new model will look for an area on the map free from competitors. Some perceptual maps use different size circles to indicate the sales volume or market share of the various competing products. Displaying consumers perceptions of related products is only half the story. Many perceptual maps also display consumers ideal points. These points reflect ideal combinations of the two dimensions as seen by a consumer. The next diagram shows a study of consumers ideal points in the alcohol spirits product space . Each dot represents ... can arise, but at least the information is coming directly from the consumer. There is an assortment ... References reflist External links http www.perceptionmapping.com Organization Perception Mapping http www.mktgeng.com Positioning Analysis Mapping software Category Product management Category Strategic ... more details
Expert verify date July 2008 File Bump map demo full.png thumb right 400px A sphere without bump mapping ... of the surface Bump mapping is a technique in computer graphics for simulating bumps and wrinkles ... mapping was introduced by Blinn in 1978. ref name Blinn Blinn, James F. http portal.acm.org citation.cfm ... SIGGRAPH ACM August 1978 ref Normal mapping is the most common variation of bump mapping used ref name ... of Wrinkled Surfaces Revisited , 2008 PDF ref . Bump mapping basics File Bump map vs isosurface2.png thumb right 400px Bump mapping is limited in that it does not actually modify the shape of the underlying ... realistically. Bump mapping is a technique in computer graphics to make a rendering computer ..., unlike traditional displacement mapping , the surface geometry is not modified. Instead only the surface ... the appearance of detail instead of a smooth surface. Bump mapping is much faster and consumes less resources for the same level of detail compared to displacement mapping because the geometry remains unchanged. There are primarily two methods to perform bump mapping. The first uses a heightmap ... invented by Blinn ref name Blinn and is usually what is referred to as bump mapping unless specified ... changes as lights in the scene are moved around. The other method is to specify a Normal mapping ... mapping today ref name Mikkelsen . There are also extensions which modifies other surface features in addition to increase the sense of depth. Parallax mapping is one such extension. The primary limitation with bump mapping is that it perturbs only the surface normals without changing the underlying ... displacements. This limitation can be overcome by techniques including the displacement mapping where bumps are actually applied to the surface or using an isosurface . Realtime bump mapping techniques ... bump mapping at a lower computational cost. One typical way was to use a fixed geometry, which allows ... for a full screen effect. This method was a common demo effect visual effect when bump mapping ... more details
In computing , memory mapping may refer to Memory mapped file , also known as code mmap code Memory mapped I O , an alternative to port I O a communication between CPU and peripheral device using the same instructions, and same bus, as between CPU and memory Virtual memory , technique which gives an application program the impression that it has contiguous working memory, while in fact it is physically fragmented and may even overflow on to disk storage disambig de Memory mapping ... more details
Alpha mapping is a technique in 3D computer graphics where an image is mapped assigned to a 3D object, and designates certain areas of the object to be transparency and translucency transparent or translucent . The transparency can vary in strength, based on the image texture, which can be greyscale , or the alpha channel of an RGBA image texture. See also Mask computing Image masks Category 3D imaging Category Texture mapping Category Visual effects Compu graphics stub sr ... more details
mapping process involves assigning pixels in the image to surface mappings on the polygon, usually ..., a sphere is given a checkered texture, first without and then with UV mapping. Without UV mapping, the checkers tile XYZ space and the texture is carved out of the sphere. With UV mapping, the checkers ... areas of the texture map. The UV Mapping process at its simplest requires three steps unwrapping ... mapping Texture mapping NURBS Polygon mesh Mesh parameterization Sculpted prim Least squares conformal ... Blender3D LSCM.png LSCM Mapping image with Blender software Blender http en.wikibooks.org wiki Blender 3D Noob to Pro UV Map Basics Blender UV Mapping Tutorial with Blender software Blender http blog.nobel joergensen.com 2011 04 05 procedural generated mesh in unity part 2 with uv mapping Rare practical example of UV mapping from a blog not related to a specific product such as Maya or Blender . Category Texture mapping de UV Koordinaten ko UV lt UV em lapio sudarymas nl UV mapping pl UV mapping ro Mapare UV ru UV th UV mapping ... more details
Association mapping , also known as linkage disequilibrium mapping , is a method of mapping quantitative trait locus quantitative trait loci QTLs that takes advantage of historic linkage disequilibrium to link phenotype s observable characteristics to genotype s the genetic constitution of organisms . Theory Association mapping is based on the idea that traits that have entered a population only recently will still be linked to the surrounding genetic sequence of the original evolutionary ancestor, or in other words, will more often be found within a given haplotype , than outside of it. It is most ... of association mapping is that it can map quantitative traits with high resolution in a way that is statistically very powerful. Association mapping, however, also requires extensive knowledge ... and statistical power of nested association mapping in maize journal Genetics volume 178 pages 539 ... pmid 18202393 issue 1 ref Association mapping has been most widely applied to the study of human disease ... 8. Types and Variations A Association mapping in population where members are assumed to be independent ... to affected offspring. B Association mapping population where members are assumed to be related ... association mapping has been modified to control population stratification or relatedness in nested association mapping . Still there is one other limitation in population based QTL mapping when the frequency ... . Another variant of association mapping in related populations is family based association mapping. In family based association mapping instead of multiple unrelated individuals multiple unrelated families or pedigrees are used. The family based association mapping ref Rosyara U.R., J.L. Gonzalez Hernandez, K.D. Glover, K.R. Gedye and J.M. Stein. 2009. Family based mapping of quantitative trait loci .... One of popular family based association mapping Transmission disequilibrium test. For details please read Family based QTL mapping . See also QTL mapping Family based QTL mapping Linkage disequilibrium ... more details
phenotypic information about severe male factor infertility. Footnotes references DEFAULTSORT Fna Mapping ... severe male infertility. An example of this is use of testicular FNA mapping to systemically assess ... findings from testis fine needle aspiration mapping in obstructed and non obstructed azoospermic ... of male infertility. Newer concepts FNA Mapping It has become clear to reproductive urologists ..., nonobstructed testes. This clinical need led to the development of testis FNA mapping in male ... Figure 1 . Image extended fna mapping template.jpg frame Figure 1. Extended FNA mapping template for men ... fine needle aspiration of the testis correlation to biopsy and results of organ mapping for mature sperm in azoospermic men. Urology 1997 49 743 748. ref The concept for mapping testis for sperm ... of active spermatogenesis in failing testes. Testicular FNA mapping is performed using classic FNA technique ... and intracytoplasmic sperm injection guided by prior fine needle aspiration mapping in nonobstructive ... retrieval guided by prior FNA mapping found sufficient sperm for all eggs at IVF in 95 of cases ... with atrophic or solitary testes, and sperm retrieval guided by information from prior FNA maps can ... can provide crucial information with respect to the precise location of sperm in the testis and can ... and who desire more complete information about spermatogenesis before proceeding with reconstruction ... from FNA Mapping From a comprehensive study of 118 consecutive azoospermic, infertile men who underwent FNA mapping, much has been learned about the geography of spermatogenesis in both normal obstructed ... azoospermia with bilateral testicular biopsy. J Urol 1999 161 342. ref FNA mapping has also been ... testes. Thus, FNA mapping is a valuable Diagnosis diagnostic tool that not only guides the treatment of infertile men but can also provide a wealth of phenotypic information about the infertility ... in the literature, how do the global organ findings from testis FNA mapping compare to biopsy ... more details
Data transformation inline date June 2010 Data mapping is the process of creating data element Map mathematics mapping s between two distinct data model s. Data mapping is used as a first step for a wide variety of data integration tasks including Data transformation or data mediation between a data source and a destination Identification of data relationships as part of data lineage analysis Discovery of hidden sensitive data such as the last four digits social security number hidden in another user id as part of a data masking or de identification project Data consolidation Consolidation of multiple ... with other companies might use data mapping to create data maps from a company s data to standardized ... Language OWL and standardized metadata registry will make data mapping a more automatic process. This process ... data mapping is a very difficult problem see Semantic translation . Hand coded, graphical manual Data ... graphical mapping tools that automatically generate executable transformation programs. These are graphical .... Some graphical data mapping tools allow users to Auto connect a source and a destination. This feature ... mapping This is the newest approach in data mapping and involves simultaneously evaluating actual ... logic. Semantic mapping Semantic mapping is similar to the auto connect feature of data .... Semantic mapping is only able to discover exact matches between columns of data and will not discover ... edi Bots open source software for data mapping References reflist Bibliography Bogdan Alexe, Laura Chiticariu, Ren e J. Miller , Wang Chiew Tan http dx.doi.org 10.1109 ICDE.2008.4497409 Muse Mapping ... 02463 4 12 Clio Schema Mapping Creation and Data Exchange. Conceptual Modeling Foundations and Applications ... A. Hern ndez http www.informatik.uni trier.de ley db conf vldb MillerHH00.html Schema Mapping as Query Discovery . VLDB 2000 77 88 External links DEFAULTSORT Data Mapping Category Data mapping fr Data mapping pl Mapowanie ru ... more details
Multiple issues orphan January 2012 context December 2011 unreferenced December 2011 Visual mapping is a formalized movement, a branch off from projectioning of the visual and motion art form of VJing . The term mapping is closely associated for visual projection on surfaces and to the use of spatial and structural visualization most popularized on side of the buildings. The live video performance, i.e. Vjing are done on the surface of spatial structure with video projectors. Mapping require special software created for visual artist and vjing the proprietary company like madmapper by Modul8 and Resolume 4 can be use to do visual mapping, without a media server . History Video Projection Mapping is an exciting new projection technique that can turn almost any surface into a dynamic video display. Specialized software is used to warp and mask the projected image to make it fit perfectly on irregularly shaped screens. When done right, the end result is a dynamic projection installation that transcends ordinary video projection. See also VJing Performance art Relevant Works http www.lvthn.com work amon Visualizing Isam Amon Tobin Category Visual music Category Video art Category Media occupations ... more details
Animated mapping is the application of animation , either computer or video, to add a temporal component to a map displaying change in some dimension. Most commonly the change is shown over time , generally at a greatly changed scale either much faster than real time or much slower . An example would be the animation produced after the 2004 Tsunami showing how the waves spread across the Indian Ocean. File 2004 Indonesia Tsunami 100px.gif framed 100px Animation of the 2004 Indonesian Tsunami History The concept of animated maps began in the 1930s, but did not become more developed by cartographers until the 1950s Slocum et al. 2005 . In 1959, Norman Thrower published Animated Cartography , discussing the use of animated maps in adding a new dimension that was difficult to express in static maps time. These early maps were created by drawing snap shots of static maps, putting a series of maps together to form a scene and creating animation through photography tricks Thrower 1959 . Such early maps rarely had an associated scale, legends or oriented themselves to lines of longitude or latitude Campbell and Egbert 1990 . With the development of computers in the 1960s and 1970s, animation programs were developed allowing the growth of animation in mapping. Waldo Tobler created one of the first animations, using a 3 D computer generated map to portray population growth over a specified ... With the growth of animated mapping came the development of guidelines for creating animated ... with non temporal animation. See also Portal Atlas Cartography Geovisualization Geographic information system Geographic Information System GIS Geocode List of cartographers Map projection Pictorial ... Information Systems 19 4 201 214, 165 266. Alan MacEachren MacEachren, Alan M. 1998. Cartography ... Kraak etal 97.pdf Living and Learning on the line a digital mapping history demonstration, http www.trincoll.edu ... information systems ... more details
with a black dot. The upper image shows the net polyhedron net of the cube mapping as seen from that viewpoint ... graphics , cube mapping is a method of environment mapping that uses a six sided cube as the map ..., MA, USA. Chapter 7 Environment Mapping Techniques ref In the majority of cases, cube mapping is preferred over the older method of sphere mapping because it eliminates many of the problems that are inherent in sphere mapping such as image distortion, viewpoint dependency, and computational inefficiency. Also, cube mapping provides a much larger capacity to support real time rendering of reflections relative to sphere mapping because the combination of inefficiency and viewpoint dependency severely limit the ability of sphere mapping to be applied when there is a consistently changing viewpoint. History Cube mapping was first proposed in 1986 by Ned Greene in his paper Environment Mapping and Other Applications of World Projections ref Greene, N. 1986. Environment mapping and other applications ... MCG.1986.276658 http dx.doi.org 10.1109 MCG.1986.276658 ref , ten years after environment mapping ... cube mapping without further technological developments. This problem was remedied in 1999 with the release of the Nvidia GeForce 256 . Nvidia touted cube mapping in hardware as a breakthrough ... reflections. Accelerated in hardware, cube environment mapping will free up the creativity of developers .... ref Nvidia, Jan 2000. Technical Brief http developer.nvidia.com object Cube Mapping Paper.html Perfect Reflections and Specular Lighting Effects With Cube Environment Mapping ref Today, cube mapping is still used in a variety of graphical applications as a favored method of environment mapping. Advantages Cube mapping is preferred over other methods of environment mapping because of its relative simplicity. Also, cube mapping produces results that are similar to those obtained by ray tracing graphics ... for by large gains in efficiency. Predating cube mapping, sphere mapping has many inherent ... more details
In computer graphics , sphere mapping or spherical environment mapping is a type of reflection mapping that approximates reflective surfaces by considering the environment to be an infinitely far away spherical wall. This environment is stored as a texture depicting what a mirrored sphere would look like if it were placed into the environment, using an orthographic projection as opposed to one with perspective graphical perspective . This texture contains reflective data for the entire environment, except for the spot directly behind the sphere. For one example of such an object, see Escher s drawing Hand with Reflecting Sphere . To use this data, the surface normal of the object, view direction from the object to the camera, and or reflected direction from the object to the environment is used to calculate a texture coordinate to look up in the aforementioned texture map. The result appears like the environment is reflected in the surface of the object that is being rendered. Usage example In the simplest case for generating texture coordinates, suppose The map has been created as above, looking at the sphere along the z axis. The texture coordinate of the center of the map is 0,0 , and the sphere s image has radius 1. We are rendering an image in the same exact situation as the sphere, but the sphere has been replaced with a reflective object. The image being created is orthographic, or the viewer is infinitely far away, so that the view direction does not change as one moves across the image. At texture coordinate math x,y math , note that the depicted location on the sphere is math x,y,z math where z is math sqrt 1 x 2 y 2 math , and the normal at that location is also math x,y,z math . However, we are given the reverse task a normal for which we need to produce a texture ... math . See also Cube mapping Skybox video games Reflection mapping HEALPix , mapping with little distortion, arbitrary precision, and equal sized fragments Category Texture mapping compu graphics stub ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 In mathematics , specifically algebraic topology , the mapping cylinder of a function mathematics function math f math between topological space s math X math and math Y math is the quotient space quotient math M f 0,1 times X amalg Y , , sim math where the union is disjoint, and is the equivalence relation math 0,x sim f x quad text for each x in X. math That is, the mapping cylinder math M f math is obtained by gluing one end of math X math × math 0,1 math to math Y math via the map math f math . Notice that the top of the cylinder math 1 times X math is homeomorphic to math X math , while the bottom is the space math Y math . See ref Algebraic ... defined, because math 0,x s cdot 0,x math for all math s math . Interpretation The mapping cylinder ... sense Given a map math f colon X to Y math , the mapping cylinder is a space math M f math , together ... f to Y math equals f . Image Mapping cylinder.png right Thus the space Y gets replaced with a homotopy ... Injective function inclusion . Applications Mapping cylinders are quite common homotopical tools. One use of mapping cylinders is to apply theorems concerning inclusions of spaces to general maps ... One can use the mapping cylinder to construct homotopy limits Citation needed date June 2010 given a diagram, replace the maps by cofibrations using the mapping cylinder and then take the ordinary pointwise limit one must take a bit more care, but mapping cylinders are a component . Conversely, the mapping ... id X colon X to X math . Mapping telescope Given a sequence of maps math X 1 to f 1 X 2 to f 2 X 3 to cdots math the mapping telescope is the homotopical direct limit . If the maps are all already ..., but in general one must use the mapping telescope. The mapping telescope is a sequence of mapping ... i Bigr 0,x i sim 1,f x i math References Reflist See also Mapping cylinder homological algebra DEFAULTSORT Mapping Cylinder Category Algebraic topology fr Cylindre d application pl Cylinder przekszta cenia ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2010 UVW mapping is a mathematical technique for coordinate mapping . In computer graphics , it is most commonly a math mathbb R 2 math to math mathbb R 3 math map, suitable for Texture mapping converting a 2D image a wikt texture texture to a three dimensional object of a given topology . UVW , like the standard Cartesian coordinate system , has three dimensions the third dimension allows texture maps to wrap in complex ways onto irregular surfaces. Each point in a UVW map corresponds to a point on the surface of the object. The graphic designer or programmer generates the specific mathematical function to implement the map, so that points on the texture are assigned to XYZ points on the target surface. Generally speaking, the more orderly the unwrapped polygons are, the easier it is for the texture artist to paint features onto the texture. Once the texture is finished, all that has to be done is to wrap the UVW map back onto the object, projecting the texture in a way that is far more flexible and advanced, preventing Artifact error graphic artifacts that accompany more simplistic texture mappings such as planar projection . For this reason, UVW mapping is commonly used to texture map non platonic solids , non geometric primitive s, and other irregularly shaped objects, such as Character computing characters and furniture . See also UV mapping UVW mapping is a mathematical technique for coordinate mapping. In computer graphics, it is most commonly a to map, suitable for converting a 2D image a texture to a three dimensional object of a given topology. UVW , like the standard Cartesian coordinate system, has three dimensions the third dimension ... texture mappings such as planar projection. For this reason, UVW mapping is commonly used to texture ... and furniture. External links http oman3d.com tutorials 3ds texture stealth UVW Mapping Tutorial Category Texture mapping compu graphics stub ... more details
multiple image align right direction vertical header Color mapping example header align center header background footer footer align center footer background width image1 Img HistMatch Source.jpg width1 200 alt1 caption1 Source image image2 Img HistMatch Target.jpg width2 200 alt2 caption2 Reference image image3 Img HistMatch SourceAfter.jpg width3 200 alt3 caption3 Source image color mapped using histogram matching Color mapping is a Function mathematics function that maps transforms the color s of one source Digital image image to the colors of another target image. A color mapping may be referred to as the algorithm that results in the mapping function or the algorithm that transforms the image colors. Color mapping is also sometimes called color transfer or, when Grayscale grayscale images are involved, brightness transfer function BTF . Algorithms There are two types of color mapping algorithms those that employ the statistics of the colors of two images, and those that rely on a given pixel correspondence between the images. An example of an algorithm that employs the statistical properties of the images is histogram matching . This is a classic algorithm for color mapping, suffering from the problem of sensitivity to image content differences. Newer statistic based algorithms deal with this problem. An example of such algorithm is adjusting the mean and the standard deviation of Lab color space Lab channels of the two images. ref http www.cse.iitd.ac.in pkalra cs783 assignment2 ColorTransfer.pdf Color Transfer between Images ref A common algorithm for computing the color mapping when the pixel correspondence is given is building the Frequency distribution Joint frequency distributions joint histogram see also co occurrence matrix of the two images and finding the mapping by using dynamic programming based on the joint histogram values. ref http www.porikli.com mysite ... Color mapping can serve two different purposes one is calibrating the colors of two cameras for further ... more details
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