orphan date July 2008 unreferenced date July 2008 Infrared IR thermal microscopy is a tool for microelectronic temperature measurement and failure analysis. It is a non contact measurement technique which utilises naturally emitted infrared radiation from a sample. Commercial IR instruments are now available, offering spatial resolutions down to around 2.5 m and a range of options including real time temperature mapping and transient detection. Category Microscopy Category Infrared imaging ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2007 Far infrared astronomy is the branch of astronomy and astrophysics that deals with objects visible in far infrared radiation extending from 30 m towards submillimeter wavelengths around 450 m . In the far infrared, stars are not especially bright, but we can see emission from very cold matter 140 Kelvins or less that is not seen at shorter wavelengths. Huge, cold clouds of gas and dust in Milky Way our own galaxy , as well as in nearby galaxy galaxies , glow in far infrared light. This is due to thermal radiation of Interstellar Dust interstellar dust contained in molecular clouds . In some of these clouds, new stars are just beginning to form. Far infrared observations can detect these protostar s long before they turn on visibly by sensing the heat they radiate as they contract. The center of our galaxy also shines brightly in the far infrared These emissions ... and cause it to glow brightly in the infrared . The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey BGPS Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey mapped the galaxy for the first time in the far infrared. Except for the plane of our own Milky Way galaxy , the brightest far infrared object in the sky is central region of a galaxy called Messier 82 . The nucleus of M82 radiates as much energy in the far infrared as all of the stars in our galaxy combined. This far infrared energy comes from dust heated by a source that is hidden from view. The central regions of most galaxies shine very brightly in the far infrared. Many ... all others galaxies in the far infrared. The Earth s atmosphere is opaque over most of the far infrared ... Array . Most far infrared astronomy is performed by satellites such as the Herschel Space Observatory , Spitzer Space Telescope Spitzer , IRAS , and Infrared Space Observatory ISO . Future missions will include ASTRO F and the airborne Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy SOFIA telescope. See also Infrared astronomy Category Astronomical imaging Category Observational ... more details
Thermal infrared spectroscopy TIR spectroscopy is the subset of infrared spectroscopy that deals with radiation emitted in the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum . The emitted infrared radiation, though similar to blackbody radiation, is different in that the radiation is banded at characteristic vibrations in the material. The method measures the thermal infrared radiation emitted as opposed to being transmitted or reflected from a volume or surface. This method is commonly used to identify the composition of surface by analyzing its electromagnetic spectrum spectrum and comparing it to previously measured materials. It is particularly suited to airborne and spaceborne applications. Thermal infrared spectrometers Airborne TIMS a multispectral radiometer flown on C 130, ER 2, and the Stennis Learjet aircraft. SEBASS a hyperspectral sensor developed and operated by The Aerospace Corporation. Hyper Cam a Hyperspectral imaging hyperspectral thermal infrared camera developed by Telops . OWL a Hyperspectral imaging hyperspectral thermal infrared camera developed by Specim ref name Frost&Sullivan Specim Owl Frost&Sullivan, Technical Insights, Aerospace&Defence Feb 2011 , 5 http www.frost.com prod servlet segment toc.pag?segid D870 00 48 00 00&ctxixpLink FcmCtx3&ctxixpLabel FcmCtx4 World First Thermal Hyperspectral Camera for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles . ref . Spaceborne ISM An imaging spectrometer on board the Soviet Phobos 2 spacecraft. Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer ASTER a multispectral radiometer on board the Earth observing Terra satellite Terra satellite. Thermal Emission Spectrometer TES A hyperspectral spectrometer on board the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. Mini TES a small version of the TES instrument carried on both Mars Exploration Rover s. THEMIS a multispectral thermal infrared imager on board the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft ... colwidth 30em DEFAULTSORT Thermal Infrared Spectroscopy Category Spectrometers Category Infrared ... more details
File DIRBE.svg thumb right DIRBE instrument lightpath Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment DIRBE ref name giapage137 was an experiment on NASA s COBE mission, ref name giapage137 to survey the diffuse infrared sky. The DIRBE instrument was an absolute radiometer with an off axis folded Gregorian reflecting telescope, with 19 cm diameter aperture. ref name giapage137 http books.google.com books?id 7bNzSbqpeYMC&pg PA137&dq Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment&hl en&ei zL24TODfPIL48AaQ9dzTDg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CCkQ6AEwAA v onepage&q Diffuse 20Infrared 20Background 20Experiment&f false Riccardo Giacconi, Daniela Calzetti, Mario Livio, Piero Madau, Space Telescope Science Institute U.S. Extragalactic background radiation a meeting in honor of Riccardo Giacconi proceedings of the Extragalactic Background Radiation Meeting, Baltimore, 1993 May 18 20, Volume 1993 Page 137 Google Books accessed October 2010 ref The goal was to obtain brightness maps of the universe at ten frequency bands ranging from the near to far infrared 1.25 to 240 micrometer . ref name giapage137 Also, linear polarization was measured at 1.25, 2.2, and 3.5 micrometers. ref name giapage137 During the mission, the instrument could sample half the celestial sphere each day. ref name giapage137 See also COBE mdash COBE DIRBE DIRBE Infrared astronomy Cosmic infrared background References reflist Other infrared surveys IRAS small 1983 small Wide field Infrared Survey Explorer WISE small 2010 small Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope WFIST small 2020 planned small External links http lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov product cobe dirbe overview.cfm NASA DIRBE Overview Tags Refimprove date July 2009 Category Infrared imaging Category Infrared telescopes Category Astronomical surveys zh NASA stub ... more details
The Meteosat visible and infrared imager or MVIRI is the scientific instrument package on board the seven Meteosat first generation geostationary Weather satellite meteorological satellites . This Measuring instrument instrument is capable of capturing images in the Visible spectrum visible , infrared , and Water vapor Radar and satellite imaging water vapor regions of the electromagnetic spectrum . External links http www.eumetsat.int idcplg?IdcService SS GET PAGE&nodeId 45&l en Meteosat First Generation EUMETSAT page on the Meteosat first generation satellites. http www.wmo.ch web sat en ap10 02.htm The MVIRI The Meteosat Visible and Infrared Imager page from the World Meteorological Organization DEFAULTSORT Meteosat Visible And Infrared Imager Category Spacecraft instruments Category Satellite meteorology and remote sensing electromagnetism stub Europe spacecraft stub ... more details
Infobox Journal cover File Infrared Physics and Technology.gif discipline Physics website http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 525439 description description publisher Elsevier country abbreviation ISSN 1350 4495 eISSN history to present Infrared Physics and Technology is a peer review ed scientific journal published by Elsevier devoted to the publication of new experimental and theoretical papers about applications of physics to the field of infrared physics and technology. The current editor is Harvey Rutt , at the University of Southampton . External links http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 525439 description description Homepage Category Physics journals Category Infrared imaging Category Submitted By Bethi Shruthi physics journal stub ... more details
File Cepheus B.jpg thumb right Composite image showing young stars in and around molecular cloud Cepheus B. File Carina Nebula in infrared light captured by the Hubble Space Telescope .jpg thumb 300px Infrared File Eagle nebula pillars.jpg right thumb Star formation An infrared dark cloud IRDC is a cold, dense region of a giant molecular cloud . They can be seen in silhouette against the bright diffuse mid infrared emission from Galactic plane . ref http web.ipac.caltech.edu staff carey dark dark.html ref ref http www.astro.ufl.edu jt irext ms.pdf ref Discovery Infrared dark clouds have only been recently discovered in 1996 using the Infrared Space Observatory ISO ref http www.mpia hd.mpg.de homes stein EPoS Onlinematerial fuller irdcs.pdf.gz ref and therefore are in need of further research. ref http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2010arXiv1005.4955F ref Importance Astronomer s believe that they represent the earliest stage in the formation of high mass stars ref http iopscience.iop.org 0004 637X 715 1 310 ref and are therefore of great importance for understanding the star formation process as a whole. ref http iopscience.iop.org 0004 637X 715 1 310 ref Statistics and Mass Expand section date December 2010 ref http www.astro.ufl.edu jt irext ms.pdf ref See also Galactic plane Intergalactic Stars Star Formation References Reflist colwidth 30em Star DEFAULTSORT Infrared Dark Cloud Category Star formation pt Nuvem escura de infravermelho ... more details
A quantum well infrared photodetector QWIP , is an infrared photodetector made from semiconductor materials which contain one or more quantum well s. These can be integrated together with electronics and optics to make infrared camera s for thermography . A very common well material is gallium arsenide , used with barrier material aluminium gallium arsenide . There are several companies world wide manufacturing infrared systems which use QWIPs. It is also considered a game changing technology for such applications as air to air missiles, where it can detect objects which are well outside the visual range of the pilot. External links http qwip.jpl.nasa.gov NASA qwip research http www.armyscienceconference.com manuscripts N NO 001.pdf Corrogated QWIP for megapixel sensors Twenty Seventh Army Science Conference Category Optical devices Category Image sensors Category Infrared imaging optics stub de Quantentopf Infrarot Photodetektor fr QWIP ... more details
Infobox Photographic film name Kodak High Speed Infrared film maker Kodak image Kodak High Speed Infrared HIE fair use.jpg speed Not applicable ref name kodakguide Kodak, http www.kodak.com global en professional support techPubs f13 f13.pdf ref type p bw yes app Infrared photography Kodak High Speed Infrared film , also known as Kodak HIE was a popular Infrared photography Black and white infrared film black and white infrared photographic film from Kodak . The prominent blooming or glow often seen in the highlights of infrared photographs is an artifact of HIE and not of infrared light itself. This is because although conventional photographic films have an Anti halation backing anti halation layer that absorbs scattered light, HIE lacks this backing. Kodak HIE must only be loaded and unloaded in total darkness. ref This is because HIE lacks anti halation layers and has a completely transparent base rather than being directly due to infrared sensitivity. Film usually has a slightly fogged base and anti halation layers coated on it in order to stop light bouncing around in the substrate once the image has been taken. Light can enter film through the tail protruding from a 35mm canister and without a fogged base it will be piped into the film and expose it. Without an anti halation layer any light entering the substrate through the emulsion will be reflected back and forth inside the film, becoming diffuse as it travels and causing halation. HIE lacked a fogged base and anti halation ... and it was difficult to find any way of treating the film that would be effective at infrared wavelengths ... 2, 2007, KODAK is preannouncing the discontinuance of HIE Infrared 35 mm film stating the reasons ... kodakannounce Due to declining demand, KODAK High Speed Infrared Film HIE has been discontinued, effective ... At the time of this notice, HIE Infrared 135 36 was available at a street price of around 12.00 a roll at US mail order outlets. Despite the discontinuance of HIE, other newer infrared sensitive emulsions ... more details
Image Infrared Gas Analyzer.jpg thumb right Kozo Ishida s design for an infrared gas analyzer. See it http www.google.com patents?id YGY3AAAAEBAJ&dq infrared gas analyzer&rview 1 here Image Atmosfaerisk ... infrared radiation An infrared gas analyzer measures trace gases by determining the Absorption electromagnetic radiation absorption of an emitted infrared light source through a certain air sample. Trace gases found in the Earth s atmosphere get excited under specific wavelengths found in the infrared ... longwave radiation long wave infrared radiation that is reflected back into space. If the planet ... which act as an Thermal insulation insulative blanket. The infrared gas analyzer works using a similar principle. Infrared gas analyzers usually have two chambers, one is a reference chamber while the other chamber is a measurement chamber. Infrared light is emitted from some type of source on one ... infrared sensor . It is the first improved analyzer that is able to detect more than one component ... also has lower absorption bands in the infrared spectrum in addition to its principal absorption band ... which both have an optically aligned infrared source and detector, and are both filled with one of the gases ... ends. One contains a reference gas and one will contain the gas to be analyzed. Between the infrared ... dioxide , the chambers must contain a certain amount of these gases. The infrared light is emitted ... chamber absorbs some of the infrared radiation, it heats up and expands. This causes a rise ... can then be compared to the output voltages from the reference chamber. The latest Infrared Gas Analyzers Like earlier infrared gas analyzers, modern analyzers also use Nondispersive infrared sensor nondispersive infrared technology to detect a certain gas by detecting the absorption of infrared wavelengths that is characteristic of that gas. Infrared energy is emitted from a heated filament. By optically ... measured. A detector measures the energy after the infrared energy has passed through the gas to be measured ... more details
Image SunsetFromIOTAWithTelescope.png thumb Infrared Optical Telescope Array instrument cupola at sunset The Infrared Optical Telescope Array IOTA began with an agreement in 1988 among five Institutions, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory , Harvard University , the University of Massachusetts , the University of Wyoming , and MIT Lincoln Laboratory , to build a two telescope stellar interferometer for the purpose of making fundamental astrophysical observations, and also as a prototype instrument on which we could perfect techniques which could later lead to the development of a larger, more powerful array. On site construction went on for all 1993 and 1994, with first fringes in December 1993. It is located at Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory . In 2000 the third telescope came online providing closure phase observations, allowing aperture synthesis aperture synthesis imaging to be performed for the first time at IOTA. The array was decommissioned and disassembled in summer 2006. See also List of astronomical interferometers at visible and infrared wavelengths External links http tdc www.harvard.edu IOTA Infrared and Optical Telescope Array IOTA on the internet Commons category Infrared Optical Telescope Array coord 31.691526 110.884908 type landmark display title Category Telescopes Category Interferometric telescopes Category Buildings and structures in Santa Cruz County, Arizona observatory stub es Telescopio ptico infrarrojo fr Infrared Optical Telescope Array zh ... more details
single source date February 2012 Unidentified Infrared Emissions UIE are infrared emissions from stars, interstellar space and galaxies for which the source is unknown. This phenomenon has been studied for approximately 30 years. ref name CBS origin cite web url http www.cbsnews.com 8301 205 162 20126579 new clues to the origin of creation title New clues to the origin of creation publisher CBS News date 2011 10 27 accessdate 2012 02 21 ref Some astronomers hypothesize that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon s PAH molecules cause UIE. ref name CBS origin Analysis by Kwok and Zhang of data from the ESA Infrared Space Observatory and NASA s Spitzer Space Telescope have led them to hypothesize that UIEs come from chemicals that are more complex than PAH molecules. Kwok and Zhang hypothesize that UIEs first appear with stars in the protoplanetary nebula stage, and increase as the stars mature into the planetary nebula phase. ref name CBS origin References reflist See also http adsabs.harvard.edu full 1987ApJ...314..422B Amorphous carbon and the unidentified infrared bands http adsabs.harvard.edu full 1989IAUS..135..141D The Infrared Emission Features and HAC Particles http adsabs.harvard.edu full 1990ApJ...354..247C The infrared emission from dust surrounding newly formed O stars Category Unsolved problems in astronomy ... more details
Image IRAS 19297 0406.jpg right thumb 199px Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy IRAS 19297 0406 A luminous infrared galaxy LIRG , is a galaxy galactic body whose defining characteristic is in emitting more than 10 sup 11 sup solar luminosities in the Far infrared astronomy far infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. A more luminous system, emitting more than 10 sup 12 sup Solar luminosity solar luminosities in the far infrared, is called ultraluminous infrared galaxy ULIRG . An even more luminous system, emitting more than 10 sup 13 sup solar luminosities in the far infrared, is called hyperluminous infrared galaxy HLIRG . Most LIRGs and ULIRGs emit at least 90 of their light in the infrared . Most LIRGs and all ULIRGs show signs of recent or continuing interactions and disruptions. Many are starburst galaxies , and some also contain an active galactic nucleus . On average, ULIRGs spawn about 100 new stars yearly, as compared to our own galaxy which spawns one new star a year. ULIRGs are implicated in a variety of interesting astrophysical phenomena including the formation of quasar s and elliptical galaxy elliptical galaxies . Local examples of ULIRGs are often used as analogs of Galaxy formation and evolution galaxy formation at high redshift. ULIRGs seem to be embedded in dark matter halo with masses of around 10 trillion solar mass es. See also II Zw 96 a luminous infrared galaxy containing young powerful starburst regions. NGC 6240 a luminous infrared galaxy with two nuclei. Arp 220 the closest known ultraluminous infrared galaxy. External links http www.skynightly.com reports Nearby Extreme Galaxies Linked To Humble Roots.html Nearby Extreme Galaxies Linked To Humble Roots SkyNightly Jun 07, 2006 http www.spacedaily.com reports How To Bake A Galaxy.html How To Bake A Galaxy SpaceDaily Jun 19, 2006 http goals.ipac.caltech.edu The Great Observatory All sky LIRG Survey Galaxy DEFAULTSORT Luminous Infrared Galaxy Category Active galaxy types Category Starburst galaxies ... more details
A nondispersive infrared sensor or NDIR sensor is a simple spectroscopic device often used as gas detector . File NDIR.JPG thumb right 250px NDIR Analyzer with one double tube for CO and another double tube for hydrocarbons Principle The main components are an infrared source lamp , a sample chamber or light tube, a wavelength sample chamber, and gas concentration is measured electro optically by its Absorption electromagnetic radiation absorption of a specific wavelength in the infrared IR . The IR light is directed through the sample chamber towards the detector. In parallel there is another chamber with an enclosed reference gas, typically nitrogen . The detector has an optical filter in front of it that eliminates all light except the wavelength that the selected gas molecules can absorb. Ideally other gas molecules do not absorb light at this wavelength, and do not affect the amount of light reaching the detector.to compensate for interfering components. For instance, carbon dioxide CO sub 2 sub and water molecule H sub 2 sub O often initiate cross sensitivity in the infrared spectrum. As many measurements in the IR area are cross sensitive to H sub 2 sub O it is difficult to analyse for instance sulfur dioxide SO sub 2 sub and nitrogen dioxide NO sub 2 sub in low concentrations using the infrared light principle. The IR signal processing signal from the source is usually chopped or modulated so that thermal background signals can be offset from the desired signal ref http www.habmigern2003.info future trends infrared analyser ndir ndir.htm NDIR principle ref . Applications Infrared gas analyzer Infrared point sensor References reflist External links http www.intl lighttech.com applications ndir gas sensors.html NDIR Gas Sensor Lamp Selection Application Notes Category Gas sensors de Nichtdispersiver Infrarotsensor es Sensor de Infrarrojo No Dispersivo nl Niet dispersieve infraroodsensor ... more details
The Infrared Spatial Interferometer ISI is an astronomical interferometer array of three 65 inch 1.65 m telescopes operating in the mid infrared . The telescopes are fully mobile and their current site on Mount Wilson California Mount Wilson allows for placements as far as 70 m apart, giving the resolution of a telescope of that diameter. The signals are converted to radio frequencies through heterodyne circuits and then combined electronically using techniques copied from radio astronomy . ISI is run by the UC Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory . The longest 70m baseline provides a resolution of 0.003 arcsec at a wavelength of 11 micrometers. On July 9, 2003, ISI recorded the first closure phase aperture synthesis measurements in the mid infrared. External links http isi.ssl.berkeley.edu Category Telescopes Category Interferometric telescopes ca Interfer metre Espacial Infraroig de Infrared Spatial Interferometer es Interfer metro Espacial Infrarrojo zh ... more details
A Mobile Infrared Transmitter MIRT is an electronic traffic preemption device that city buses and emergency vehicles use to control the traffic light traffic control equipment for intersections they are approaching, in order to pass through the intersection as efficiently or safely as possible. Description A MIRT device consists of a timer circuit connected to an infrared Light emitting diode LED array. The timer causes the infrared LEDs to strobe at specific frequencies, such as 10 Hertz Hz for low priority buses or 14 Hz for high priority emergency vehicles http www.themirt.com . Low Priority transmitters will control the intersection to perform a normal light change, while High Priority transmitters will change an entire intersection immediately http www.themirt.com . Usage restrictions Certain cities use specially encoded infrared pulses to prevent the use of home made transmitters. It is a federal offense in the United States for an unauthorized person to use any traffic preemption device. This is due to the Safe Intersection Act of 2005. Category Road safety ... more details
POV date September 2010 Directional Infrared Counter Measures DIRCM is a system produced by Elbit Systems , Northrop Grumman , ITT Corporation and BAE Systems to protect aircraft from infrared homing heat seeking MANPADS man portable missiles. It is a lightweight, compact system designed to provide mission vulnerable aircraft with increased protection from common battlefield threats. It is more advanced than conventional infrared countermeasures . The term DIRCM is used as a generic term to describe any infrared countermeasure system that tracks and directs energy toward the threat. Method of Operation The system uses an active method of jamming of infrared homing infrared missile seekers through the sensor aperture. The system can be placed in either active or standby mode. In the standby mode the aircrew must select the active mode to begin jamming IR threats. The pulsing flashes of IR energy confuse the missile guidance system. AN AAQ 24 Nemesis The AN AAQ 24 system is a directional infrared countermeasure DIRCM system. It consists of a missile warning system AN AAR 54 , an integration unit, a processor, and laser turrets Small Laser Targeting Assembly, SLTA . Early versions used an arc lamp to generate the jamming signal. Newer versions produced by NGC use diode based pump systems are known by the GUARDIAN name, and will likely be fitted to many commercial carriers in the near future pending the completion of many tests on the viability of such options. It will be installed ... for the Northrop Grumman Guardian system marketed for commercial aircraft. Large Aircraft Infrared Counter Measure system LAIRCM was a requirement for protecting Large Aircraft from infrared guided ... components. See also Infrared countermeasures , first type of countermeasures Missile Approach ... Category Joint Electronics Type Designation System de Directed Infrared Counter Measures it Directional Infrared Counter Measures ... more details
Infrared Science Archive official Web site http exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu NASA ... Web site http wise.ssl.berkeley.edu Wide field Infrared Survey Explorer official Web site http www.usvao.org ... more details
unreferenced date December 2009 Infrared cut off filters , sometimes called IR filters or heat absorbing filters , are designed to reflect or block mid infrared wavelengths while passing visible spectrum visible light. They are often used in devices with bright incandescent light bulb s such as slide projector slide and overhead projector s to prevent unwanted heating. There are also filters which are used in solid state electronics solid state Charge coupled device CCD or CMOS video cameras to block IR due to the high sensitivity of many camera Charge coupled device sensors to near infrared light. These filters typically have a blue hue to them as they also sometimes block some of the light from the longer red wavelength s. IR transmitting passing filters in photography File IR filters 01 Pengo.jpg thumb IR transmitting filters, used in photography. In contrast to the naming convention of Filter optics optical filters where the name of the filter denotes the wavelengths that are blocked, and in line with the convention for air filter s and oil filter s, photographic filter s are named for the color of light they pass . Thus a blue filter makes the picture look blue. A blue filter marginally ... to filters that pass infrared light while completely blocking other wavelengths. However, in some applications the term IR filter still can be used as a synonym of infrared cut off filter. Unlike ... extending into the near infrared. Such sensors may extend to 1000 Nanometer nm . Digital cameras are usually ... filters, and or removal of factory IR blocking filters, are commonly used in infrared photography to pass infrared light and block visible light visible and ultraviolet light. Dark black sections of processed film works to pass infrared light and is commonly used as a cheap alternative to expensive ... in the far red and near infrared. Removal of factory filters increases sensitivity to such targets ... filter Cold mirror and Hot mirror Interference filter DEFAULTSORT Infrared Cut Off Filter Category ... more details
Infobox chemical analysis name Blackbody infrared radiative dissociation image caption acronym BIRD classification Mass spectrometry analytes manufacturers related Infrared multiphoton dissociation br Collision induced dissociation br Electron capture dissociation hyphenated In mass spectrometry blackbody infrared radiative dissociation BIRD is a method for Fragmentation chemistry fragmenting gas phase ions for tandem mass spectrometric analysis structural elucidation . BIRD uses the light from black body radiation to thermally vibrationally excite the ions until a bond breaks. ref name pmid16525512 cite journal author Schnier PD, Price WD, Jockusch RA, Williams ER title Blackbody Infrared Radiative Dissociation of Bradykinin and Its Analogues Energetics, Dynamics, and Evidence for Salt Bridge Structures in the Gas Phase journal Journal of the American Chemical Society volume 118 issue 30 pages 7178 7189 year 1996 pmid 16525512 doi 10.1021 ja9609157 pmc 1393282 ref ref name pmid14732935 cite journal author Dunbar RC title BIRD blackbody infrared radiative dissociation evolution, principles, and applications journal Mass spectrometry reviews volume 23 issue 2 pages 127 58 year 2004 pmid 14732935 doi 10.1002 mas.10074 ref This is very similar to infrared multiphoton dissociation with the exception of the source of radiation. ref name pmid15481084 cite journal author Sleno L, Volmer DA title Ion activation methods for tandem mass spectrometry journal Journal of mass spectrometry JMS volume 39 issue 10 pages 1091 112 year 2004 pmid 15481084 doi 10.1002 jms.703 ref This technique is most often studied in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. See also Infrared multiphoton dissociation Collision induced dissociation Electron capture dissociation Photodissociation References reflist mass spectrometry Category Tandem mass spectrometry ... more details
P1220870.jpg thumb upright Navigation infrared pod by Thales Group Thales Forward looking infrared FLIR cameras, typically used on military aircraft, use an imaging technology that senses infrared radiation ... installed in forward looking infrared cameras, as well as those of other thermal imaging cameras, use detection of infrared radiation, typically emitted from a heat source, to create the picture assembled ... at night, and in fog, or detect warm objects against a cooler background. The wavelength of infrared ... in the visible light and near infrared ranges 0.4 to 1.0 micrometre m . Design There are two basic ranges of infrared long wave infrared and medium wave infrared. The long wave infrared LWIR cameras, sometimes called far infrared , operate at 8 to 12 m and can see heat sources, such as hot engine ... the infrared light is absorption optics absorbed , scattering scattered , and refraction refracted ... cooled, typically for several minutes before use, although moderately sensitive infrared ... looking infrared cameras are uncooled such as some LWIR Enhanced Vision Systems EVS . Cameras which operate in the 3 to 5 m range are called medium wave infrared MWIR and can see almost as well, as those ... quality. infrared imaging sensor arrays often have wildly inconsistent sensitivities from pixel ... image with an infrared spectrum image to produce better results than a single spectrum image alone. ref ... forward looking thermal imaging systems from sideways tracking infrared systems, also known as Push ... of travel. History of the forward looking infrared systems In 1956 Texas Instruments began research on infrared technology that led to several line scanner contracts and with the addition of a second scan mirror the invention of the first forward looking infrared camera in 1963 with production ... also Infra red search and track Night vision Infrared camera Surveillance References refs External links ... 101 6.pdf Thermal Imaging Sensors Defence Today Category Film and video technology Category Infrared ... more details
Infobox space telescope Name Wide Field Infrared Explorer image Image Wire.jpg 250px caption organization NASA major contractors alt names Explorer 75 br SMEX WIRE br Small Explorer WIRE br Wide Field Infrared Explorer br 25646 nssdc id 1999 011A location orbit type height period velocity accel gravity launch date 1999 03 05 02 56 00 Coordinated Universal Time UTC launch location Vandenberg Air Force Base launch vehicle Lockheed L 1011 L 1011 Stargazer Pegasus rocket Pegasus XL mission length wavelength mass 250.0 kg style diameter area focal length instrument 1 name instrument 1 characteristics instrument 2 name instrument 2 characteristics instrument 3 name instrument 3 characteristics website http www.ipac.caltech.edu wire www.ipac.caltech.edu wire The Wide Field Infrared Explorer WIRE was a satellite launched on 5 March 1999 on the Pegasus rocket Pegasus XL rocket into a polar orbit between 409 km and 426 km above the Earth s surface. WIRE was intended to be a four month infrared survey of the entire sky at 21 27 micrometres and 9 15 micrometres, specifically focusing on Starburst galaxy starburst galaxies and luminous Protogalaxy protogalaxies . The science team was based at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center in Pasadena, California. Flight operations, integration, and testing were from Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland. The telescope was built by Space ... Infrared Survey Explorer Wide field Infrared Survey Explorer WISE mission which was successfully launched ... cite web author Dave Shupe, Russ Laher, Joe Mabry, Tom Barlow title Wide Field Infrared Explorer ... program Category Infrared technology Category Space accidents and incidents cs Wide Field Infrared Explorer de Wide Field Infrared Explorer es Wide Field Infrared Explorer fr Wide Field Infrared Explorer it Wide field Infrared Explorer ja WIRE pt Wide Field Infrared Explorer ru Wide Field Infrared Explorer sk Wide Field Infrared Explorer ... more details
Lead missing date October 2009 Cosmic infrared background CIB is a mysterious infrared light coming from outer space . It is slowly being resolved into specific sources by infrared telescope s. In some ... the re emission of this absorbed energy in the infrared . At that time Jim Peebles pointed out, that in a Big Bang created Universe there must have been a cosmic infrared background CIB different ... difficult to observe. Later the discovery and observations of high luminosity infrared galaxies in the vicinity ... infrared galaxies , which are very bright in the infrared. He also pointed out, that the CIB ... began after the era of astronomical satellites working in the infrared, started by the Infrared Astronomy Satellite IRAS , and followed by the Cosmic Background Explorer COBE , the Infrared Space ... title The Cosmic Infrared Background Measurements and Implications journal Annual Review of Astronomy ... title Cosmic infrared background and early galaxy evolution journal Physics Reports volume 409 ......409..361K ref Origin of the cosmic infrared background One of the most important questions ... is not observed directly. Dust in the host galaxies can absorb it and re emit it in the infrared ... bright in the infrared and at the same time faint often almost invisible in the optical. These ultraluminous infrared galaxies ULIRGs are just in a very active star formation period they are just ... amount of dust, and the galaxy is bright in the infrared due to the same reason. Galaxy collisions and mergers ... is the infrared emission by quasars . In these systems most of the gravitational potential energy ... in the infrared, and in total gives about 20 30 of the full power of the CIB however at some specific ... in the Solar System from near to mid infrared Thermal emission of small asteroids in the Solar System from near to mid infraredinfrared cirrus Galactic cirrus emission far infrared Faint Galactic star s in the near infrared , 20 m Infrared emission of Intracluster medium intracluster dust ... more details
A infrared point sensor is a point gas detector based on the nondispersive infrared sensor technology. Principle Dual source and Passive infrared sensor dual receivers are used for self compensation of changes in alignment , light source intensity and component efficiency. The transmitted beams from two infrared sources are superimposed onto an internal beam splitter . 50 of the overlapping sample and reference signal is passed through the gas measuring path and reflected back onto the measuring detector. The presence of combustible gas will reduce the intensity of the sample beam and not the reference beam , with the difference between these two signals being proportional to the concentration of gas present in the measuring path. The other 50 of the overlapped signal passes through the beam splitter and onto the compensation detector . The compensation detector monitors the intensity of the two infrared sources and automatically compensates for any long term drift. Mean time between failures may go up to 15 years. Micro heaters Micro Heating element heaters can be used to raise the temperature from optical surfaces above ambient to enhance performance and to prevent condensation on the optical surfaces. Range Toxic gases are measured in the low parts per million Parts per notation ppm range. Flammable gases are measured in the 0 100 lower flammable limit LFL or lower explosive limit LEL range. See also List of sensors Maintenance free operating period Service life ATEX directive II 1G EEx ia IIC T6 http www.innovision.us RF02 16ATEX.htm Atex certified Reed Sensor Infrared gas analyzer for gas monitoring and analysis, rather than leak detection. External links http www.fs business.com FAQ FAQGasDetection.asp What 20are 20the 20requirements 20for 20all 20point 20detection 20methods? Point detection Category Gas sensors ... more details
refimprove date November 2011 List of largest infrared telescopes , by diameter of entrance aperture, oriented towards large observatories dedicated to infrared astronomy . Overall class wikitable sortable style font size 94 Name class unsortable Image Effective br aperture br meter m inch in Wavelength br Coverage Site Year Refs VISTA telescope VISTA 4.1 m 161 Paranal Observatory Paranal Obs. , Chile 2008 ref name mess117 Emerson, J.P., Sutherland, W.J., McPherson, A.M., Craig, S.C., Dalton, G.B., Ward, A.K. 2005 . http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2004Msngr.117...27E The Visible & Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy . The Messenger ref United Kingdom Infrared Telescope UKIRT File UKIRT at sunset.jpg 70px 3.8 m 150 Mauna Kea Observatories Mauna Kea Obs. , Hawaii 1978 Herschel Space Observatory Herschel Obs. 3.5 m 138 60 672 m Space, Earth lagrange point L2 2009 ref name Amos cite news author title ESA launches Herschel and Planck space telescopes url http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi science nature 8099105.stm publisher BBC date 14 June 2009 accessdate 10 November 2011 first Jonathan last Amos ref Infrared Telescope Facility IRTF File NASA Infrared Telescope Facility.jpg 70px 3 m 118 Mauna Kea, Hawaii 1979 ref http irtfweb.ifa.hawaii.edu information about.php IRTF homepage ref Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy SOFIA File SOFIAoverSierras.jpg 70px convert 2.5 m in sigfig 3 abbr on Boeing 747 747SP Stratosphere 2010 ref name nasa ref name krabbe cite conference first Alfred ... location Munich, Germany arxiv astro ph 0004253 ref Wyoming Infrared Observatory WIRO File WyomingInfraRedObservatory.jpg ... ref name nasa Infrared Space Observatory ISO 60 cm 2.5 240 m 1996 ref name nasa IRAS 57 ... m 1998 Wide field Infrared Survey Explorer WISE 40 cm 3 25 m 2010 ref name nasa Human Eye 1 cm 0.39 0.75 m nowiki nowiki For comparison See also Infrared telescope List of largest optical reflecting telescopes References reflist Category Lists of telescopes Category Infrared telescopes ... more details
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