Other uses Ingress disambiguation Ingress Infobox IPA above Ingressive ipa symbol ipa number 661 unicode U 2193 In human speech, ingressive sounds are sounds by which the airstream mechanism air stream flows inward through the mouth or nose. The three types of ingressive sounds are lingual ingressive or velaric ingressive from the tongue and the soft palate velum , glottalic ingressive from the glottis , and pulmonic ingressive from the lung s . The opposite of an ingressive sound is an egressive sound , by which the air stream is created by pushing air out through the mouth or nose. Types of ingressive sounds Lingual ingressive Lingual ingressive, or velaric ingressive, describes an airstream .... The sounds made this way are called click consonant clicks . Glottalic ingressive This term is generally applied to the implosive consonant s, which actually use a mixed glottalic ingressive ..., are quite rare. See implosive consonant . Pulmonic ingressive Pulmonic ingressive sounds are those ingressive sounds in which the airstream is created by the lung s. Pulmonic ingressive sounds ... channel In linguistics backchanneling . Pulmonic ingressive sounds are extremely rare outside of paralinguistic phenomena. A pulmonic ingressive phoneme was found in the apparently constructed ... has a series of nasalized click consonant s in which the nasal airstream is pulmonic ingressive. Ladefoged ... s languages that, even in the middle of a sentence, it may have ingressive pulmonic airflow. Ingressive speech Ingressive speech IS is when sounds are articulated with the flow of air in opposition ... in rather than pushed out. Ingressive speech can be either glottal, veleric or pulmonic. Occurrence ... common in the animal kingdom, frogs, dogs and cats purring . In English ingressive sounds include .... Tsou language Tsou and Damin have both been claimed to possess an ingressive phoneme, neither ... 2007 Distribution Speech technologist Robert Eklund http roberteklund.info has found reports of ingressive ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In human speech, pulmonic sounds are those sounds created by the lung s. Pulmonic sounds may be either Pulmonic egressive egressive created by exhaling or Pulmonic ingressive ingressive created by inhaling . See also Airstream mechanism DEFAULTSORT Pulmonic Sounds Category Speech and language pathology Phonetics stub bg ru ... more details
wikt down The arrow symbol arrow symbol may refer to the downward direction, a relative direction the keyboard cursor control key, an arrow key logical NOR an undefined object, in mathematical well definition a comma category , in category theory Combinatorial game theory Down down game theory , a mathematical game the ingressive sound , in phonetics See also Arrow disambiguation disambiguation disambiguation disambiguation disambig no ... more details
and Ingressive speech ingressive mechanisms however, ingressive mechanisms often only reduce outward ... occur in 16 of the languages. ref Glottalic consonant ref glottalic ingressive, where the air ... consonant ref lingual ingressive, small AKA small velaric ingressive, where the air in the mouth ..., and Togo, a pulmonic ingressive gasped or inhaled vowel is used for back channeling or to express agreement ... , all phoneme s are pulmonic egressives. The only attested use of a phonemic pulmonic ingressive is a lateral ... are ingressive voiceless nasals with delayed aspiration , IPA . Peter Ladefoged ... ingressive vowels such as IPA frequently occur in Scandinavian languages, e.g. Swedish language Swedish , and contrary to the common view that pulmonic ingressive speech is restricted to northern ... see in English . See ingressive sound for details. Glottalic initiation It is possible to initiate .... For ingressive glottalic initiation, the sequence of actions performed in glottalic pressure initiation ... are more commonly known as click consonant clicks , and are almost universally ingressive. The word lingual is derived from Latin lingua , which means tongue. To produce a lingual ingressive airstream ... click . Lingual egressive initiation is performed by reversing the sequence of a lingual ingressive ... may itself be egressive or ingressive, independently of the lingual initiation of the click. Nasal clicks ... 38&seriesId 0&issueId 03 Robert Eklund 2008 . Pulmonic ingressive phonation Diachronic and synchronic .... http ingressivespeech.info Robert Eklund s website devoted to ingressive speech. Maps, sound files ... more details
Other uses Egress disambiguation Egress Infobox IPA above Egressive ipa symbol ipa number 662 unicode U 2191 In human speech, egressive sounds are sounds by which the airstream mechanism air stream is created by pushing air out through the mouth or nose. The three types of egressive sounds are pulmonic sounds pulmonic egressive from the lung s , ejective consonant glottalic egressive from the glottis , and lingual egressive from the tongue . The opposite of an egressive sound is an ingressive sound , by which the airstream flows inward through the mouth or nose. Pulmonic egressive Pulmonic sounds Pulmonic egressive sounds are those in which the air stream is created by the lung s, rib s, and Thoracic diaphragm diaphragm . The majority of sounds in most languages, such as vowels, are both pulmonic and egressive. Glottalic egressive Glottalic egressive sounds are known as ejective consonant ejective s. Lingual egressive The lingual egressive, also known as velaric egressive , involves a double closure similar to that of the lingual ingressive sounds known as click consonants clicks , but with airflow in the opposite direction. With the soft palate velum closed, the speaker forces air out of the mouth using either the tongue or cheeks, as in the French expression of dismissal. While not known to be used for normal vocabulary in any human language, ref cite book last Ladefoged first Peter authorlink Peter Ladefoged title A Course in Phonetics year 2006 edition 5th publisher Thomson Wadsworth location Boston isbn 1413006884 ref apart from the extinct Australian ritual language Damin , a variation of this airstream mechanism is known to musicians as part of circular breathing . References reflist SOWL See also Airstream mechanism Articulatory phonetics Ingressive Category Phonetics phonetics stub bn de Egressiv lv Pulmon l ekspir cija no Egressiv nn Egressiv sv Pulmonisk egressiv konsonant ... more details
egressive phases and 18.32 Hz ingressive phases , while the much smaller domestic cat purred with an average frequency of 21.98 Hz egressive phases and 23.24 Hz ingressive phases . http roberteklund.info ... phases and between 23.0 and 26.09 Hz for ingressive phases. Sch tz & Eklund 2011 also observed considerable ... egressive and ingressive phases, but that this variation generally occurred within the same general ... Robert Eklund s Ingressive Speech website http www.roberteklund.info Wildlife.htm Robert ... more details
by four other airstream mechanism s lingual ingressive the nasal clicks , glottalic egressive a velar ejective , pulmonic ingressive a lateral fricative , and lingual egressive a bilabial ... fricative consonant Fricative small voiceless ingressive small L IPA The origin of Demiin The origin ... more details
for the concept in criminal law Inchoate offense See also Inchoative verb Expert subject Linguistics date November 2008 Refimprove date December 2008 Inchoative aspect list of glossing abbreviations abbreviated sc inch or sc incho is a grammatical aspect , referring to the beginning of an action or state. ref cite web url http www.merriam webster.com dictionary inchoative work Merriam Webster s Online Dictionary title inchoative ref ref cite web url http www.sil.org linguistics GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms WhatIsInchoativeAspect.htm title What is inchoative aspect? publisher SIL International work Glossary of linguistic terms last Loos first Eugene E. coauthors Susan Anderson Dwight H. Day, Jr. Paul C. Jordan J. Douglas Wingate ref It can be found in conservative Indo European languages such as Latin language Latin and Lithuanian language Lithuanian , and also in Finnic languages . It should not be confused with the prospective aspect prospective ref cite web url http www.sil.org linguistics GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms WhatIsAProspective.htm title What is a prospective? publisher SIL International work Glossary of linguistic terms last Loos first Eugene E. coauthors Susan Anderson Dwight H. Day, Jr. Paul C. Jordan J. Douglas Wingate ref , which denotes actions that are about to start. The English language can approximate the inchoative aspect through the verbs to start or to get combined with a gerund. Some linguists prefer to use the term inchoative aspect to indicate change of state, and use the term ingressive aspect to indicate the starting of an action. Since inchoative is a grammatical aspect and not a grammatical tense tense , it can be combined with tenses to form present inchoative , past inchoative and future inchoative , all used in Lithuanian. In Russian language Russian , inchoatives are regularly derived from unidirectional imperfective verbs of motion by adding the prefix , e.g. to run to start running . Also cf. normal past tense pl ... more details
Mummering is a Christmastime house visiting tradition still practiced in Newfoundland and Labrador . Also known as mumming or janneying, it typically involves a group of friends or family who dress in disguise and visit homes within their community or neighbouring communities during the twelve days of Christmas . If the mummers are welcomed into a house, they often do a variety of informal performances that may include dance, music, jokes, or recitations. The hosts must guess the mummers identities before offering them food or drink. They may poke and prod the mummers or ask them questions. To make this a challenge for the hosts, the mummers may stuff their costumes, cross dress, or speak while inhaling ingressive speech . ref http www.mun.ca ich inventory profiles xmastrad index.php ref Once the mummers have been identified they remove their disguise, spend some social time with the hosts, and then travel as a group to the next home. History and Revivals An old Christmas custom from England, mummering in a version of its modern form can be traced back in Newfoundland into the 19th century. Although it is unclear precisely when this tradition was brought to Newfoundland by the English, the earliest record dates back to 1819. ref http www.heritage.nf.ca arts p arts.html ref The tradition varied, and continues to vary, from community to community. Some formal aspects of the tradition, such as the mummers play have largely died out, with the informal house visiting remaining the predominant form. For a time even the old house visiting tradition of mummering or jannying seemed to fade, especially in the larger centres of Newfoundland. In the 1980s mummering experienced a revival, thanks to the locally popular musical duo, Simani , who wrote and recorded The Mummer s Song in 1982. One researcher has noted that, in common with many other folk revivals, the resurgence of Christmas mumming in Newfoundland is largely based on a selective and idealised conceptualisation of th ... more details
compactTOC8 side yes top yes num yes A Acoustic phonetics Active articulator Affricate Airstream mechanism Alfred C. Gimson Allophone Alveolar approximant Alveolar consonant Alveolar ejective fricative Alveolar ejective Alveolar flap Alveolar nasal Alveolar ridge Alveolar trill Alveolo palatal consonant Apical consonant Approximant consonant Articulatory phonetics Aspect of articulation Aspiration phonetics aspiration Auditory phonetics B Back vowel Bilabial click Bilabial consonant Bilabial ejective Bilabial nasal Bilabial trill Breathy voice C Cardinal vowel Central consonant Central vowel Checked vowel Click consonant Close back rounded vowel IPA u Close back unrounded vowel IPA Close central rounded vowel IPA Close central unrounded vowel IPA Close front rounded vowel IPA y Close front unrounded vowel IPA i Close vowel Close mid back rounded vowel IPA o Close mid back unrounded vowel IPA Close mid central rounded vowel IPA Close mid central unrounded vowel IPA Close mid front rounded vowel IPA Close mid front unrounded vowel IPA e Close mid vowel Co articulated consonant Coarticulation Consonant Creaky voice D Daniel Jones phonetician Daniel Jones Dental click Dental consonant Dental ejective Dental nasal Diphthong E Eclipsis Ejective consonant Elision Epenthesis Epiglottal consonant Epiglottal plosive F Formant Fortis phonetics Fortis and lenis Free vowel Fricative consonant Front vowel G Gemination Glottis Glottal consonant Glottalic consonant ingressive, egressive Glottal stop H Hard palate High Rising Terminal Hiatus linguistics Hush consonant I Implosive consonant Ingressive speech International Phonetic Alphabet International Phonetic Association Intonation linguistics Intonation J John C. Wells John Local K Kirshenbaum L Labialization Labial palatal approximant Labial palatal consonant Labial velar approximant Labial velar consonant Labiodental approximant Labiodental consonant Labiodental nasal Laminal consonant Lateral alveolar approximant ... more details
distinguish glottal consonant glottalization Tone date May 2011 A glottalic consonant is a consonant produced with some important contribution a movement, a closure of the glottis the opening that leads from the nose and mouth cavities into the larynx and the lungs . Glottalic sounds may involve motion of the larynx upward or downward, producing an egressive or ingressive glottalic airstream mechanism respectively. An egressive glottalic airstream produces ejective consonant s , while an ingressive glottalic airstream produces implosive consonant s . Ejectives are almost always voiceless stops plosives or affricates , while implosives are almost always voiced stops. Etymology However, when a sound is said to be Glottalization glottalized , this is not normally what is meant. Rather, glottalization implies that a normal pulmonic airstream is interrupted by closure of the glottis. Sonorant s including vowels may be glottalized in this fashion. There are two ways this is represented in the IPA a the same way as ejectives, with an apostrophe or, b more properly with the under tilde for creaky voice . For example, the Yapese language Yapese word for sick with a glottalized m could be transcribed as either IPA m aar or m aar . In some typefaces, the apostrophe would occur above the em. When glottalic consonants of different types are present in a language, they tend to form a single Phonology phonological class. This can also be seen from how a language that has one kind of glottalized consonant is also more likely to have other kinds than could be expected by random chance. The connection is particularly strong between ejectives and glottalized sonorants, though this may be an areal feature rather than an inherent feature of the sounds in question. Furthermore, since none of the three types are very common, languages containing more than one type are still quite rare. ref name wals Maddieson, Ian. 2008. Glottalized Consonants. In Haspelmath, Martin & Dryer, Matthew S. & ... more details
Infobox language name Hamer Banna states Ethiopia region South Omo River Omo Region speakers 74,400 date 2007 date census ethnicity Hamer people Hamer , Banna people Banna , Karo people Ethiopia Karo familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 Omotic languages Omotic fam3 South Omotic languages South Omotic dia1 Hamer dia2 Banna dia3 Karo language Karo iso3 amf Hamer or Hamer Banna is an Omotic languages Omotic language of the Afro Asiatic languages Afro Asiatic language family . It is spoken primarily in the southern part of Ethiopia by the Hamer people Hamer , Banna people , and Karo people Ethiopia Karo peoples. Phonology This is a sketch of the phonology of the non Karo branch of Hamer ref Lydall, Jean 1976 ref . Consonants Hamer has six places of articulation for consonants, and eleven manners of articulation, though the system is not entirely orthogonal. Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal Pulmonic Stops b p d t c g k Ejective Stop q Ingressive Stops Fricatives f z s x h Affricate t s Nasals m n Flap Lateral l Semivowels w j Consonants marked with parentheses are surface forms only, appearing predictably due to phonotactics or morphophonemic processes. Consonant length is distinctive non initially. Long is realized as a trilled r . Vowels There are five basic vowels i u e o a The vowels are further subdivided into two main categories with a third being a surface umlaut phenomenon see below . Category I vowels are shorter, pharyngealized, and have retracted tongue root. Category II vowels are longer, non pharyngealized, and have advanced tongue root. Vowel Harmony exists in that every root word and every suffix belongs to either category I or II. When the category of a root and its suffix d ... more details
Thucydides el 7 1 3 ref Ingressive In verbs denoting a stative verb state or continuing action ... ingressive aorist also inceptive or inchoative aspect inchoative . ref name ingressive Smyth. p. 430, sect. 1924 ingressive aorist. ref I am king present I became king or I ruled ... more details
. All ejectives are voiceless. Implosive consonant Implosive s , which are glottalic ingressive . Here ... , which are lingual ingressive . Here the back of the tongue is used to create a vacuum in the mouth ... more details
?fromPage online&aid 3117564 Robert Eklund 2008 Pulmonic ingressive phonation Diachronic and synchronic ... Gasp and its North Atlantic Cousins , Eleanor Josette Thom, A study of Ingressive Pulmonic Speech ... more details
IPA IPA Ingressive voiceless nasal with delayed aspiration IPA IPA k h IPA IPA k ... by pulmonic pulmonic ingressiveingressive nasal airflow. Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 268 state that This X ... of a sentence, it may have ingressive pulmonic airflow. Taa is the only language known to contrast ... more details
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