Incubator code inh Infobox language name Ingush nativename al aj mott IPA l j mot states Russia , Kazakhstan region Ingushetia , Chechnya speakers 413,000 date 2002 ethnicity Ingush people Ingush familycolor Caucasian fam1 Northeast Caucasian languages Northeast Caucasian fam2 Nakh languages Nakh fam3 Vainakh languages Vainakh nowrap Chechen Ingush nation Ingushetia federal subject of Russia iso2 inh iso3 inh notice IPA Ingush is a language spoken by about 413,000 people 2002 , ref name Ethnologue http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code inh Ethnologue report for Ingush ref known as the Ingush people Ingush , across a region covering republics Ingushetia , Chechnya of Russia and Kazakhstan . In Ingush, the language is called al aj pronounced IPA cau l j . Classification Ingush and Chechen language Chechen , together with Bats language Bats , constitute the Nakh languages Nakh branch of the Northeast Caucasian languages Northeast Caucasian language family. They are not mutually intelligible , though there is pervasive passive bilingualism between Ingush and Chechen. ref Johanna Nichols, Ronald L. Sprouse, Ingush English and English Ingush dictionary. p 1 ref Geographic distribution Ingush is spoken by about 413,000 people 2002 , ref name Ethnologue ... and Jordan . Official status Ingush is, alongside Russian, an official language of Ingushetia , a federal subject of Russia . Writing system Ingush became a written language with an Arabic language ... to be transitional between Chechen and Ingush. The Galanchozh language is considered by many Who date January 2010 to be a separate language, not a dialect. Grammar Ingush is a nominative ... ingush.narod.ru lang book Indigenous Language of the Caucasus Ingush http linguistics.berkeley.edu ingushIngushLanguage Project at UC Berkeley http languageserver.uni graz.at ls desc?id 36&type ... of Russia DEFAULTSORT IngushLanguage Category Northeast Caucasian languages Category Languages ... more details
Ingush may refer to The Ingushlanguage The Ingush people , an ethnic group of the North Caucasus disambig Long comment to prevent listing on Special Shortpages.......................................................................... os ... more details
langs IngushlanguageIngush related Chechen people Chechens , Bats people Bats , Kist people Kists . The IngushIngushlanguageIngush I I Ghalghai , pronounced IPA cau al a are a native ethnic ...ethnic group group Ingush Ghalghay image File Ingush people mosaic.png 240px div style background color ... to themselves as Ghalghai . The Ingush are predominantly Sunni Muslim s and speak the Ingushlanguage . Despite popular misconceptions, Ingush is not mutual intelligibility mutually intelligible Dubious date July 2011 with Chechen language Chechen , though they are closely related. ref Nichols .... ISBN 0415315948. ref The Ingush and Chechen peoples are collectively known as the Vainakh . ref ... and Conflict in the Caucasus . Slavic Research Center ref Religion The Ingush are predominantly Sh fi ... Europe volume 1 year 2003 ref Ingush genetics The Caucasus populations exhibit, on average, less ... of the Ingush greatly resembled that of neighboring Caucasian populations especially Chechens, their linguistic ... A, Stoneking M title Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus evidence from ... Caucasus big paper.pdf ref There has been only one notable study on the Ingush Y chromosome. These following ... for the Ingush. However, they do give an idea of the main haplogroups of the Ingush. Haplogroup J2 Y DNA J2 89 of Ingush have the highest reported frequency of J2 which is associated with the Fertile ... msr126v1 msr126. ref Haplogroup F Y DNA F 27 of Ingush ref name Nasidze2004 This haplogroup was called .... Haplogroup G Y DNA G 27 of Ingush ref name Nasidze2004 Typical of the Middle East, the Mediterranean ... difference in G between Ingush and Chechens in J2 and F , Ingush and Chechens have ..., or mtDNA, the Ingush formed a more clearly distinct population, with distance from other populations ... all much closer to other populations than they were to the Ingush. ref name Nasidze2004 ... the origin of the Batsbi is still disputed , including the Ingush and Chechen people Chechens ... more details
Infobox War Faction name Ingush Jamaat war Second Chechen War , Insurgency in the North Caucasus active since 2000 leaders Ilias Gorchkhanov KIA br Akhmed Yevloyev Emir Magas POW br Isa Khashegulgov Emir Adam opponents Russia , Ingush loyalists, Ossetians Ingush Jamaat , also known as the Ingush sector of the Caucasian Front , is an Islamism Islamist militant organization connected to numerous attacks .... History The origins of the Ingush Jamaat can be found during the First Chechen War . The Ingush people Ingush are closely related to the Chechen people Chechens . Both peoples are part of the Vainakh tribes, speak Nakh languages and share a common culture. Many of the Ingush lived in the Chechen capital ... scattered among various Chechen units under the commands of Ruslan Gelayev and Shamil Basayev . These Ingush ... the Second Chechen War broke out, many of the Ingush fighters that had still felt closely related ... loyal to Aslan Maskhadov and Basayev. The Ingush units reportedly took heavy losses during the retreat ... units tied to a single city or area. Following the changes in the organisation, all Ingush units ... of Maskhadov later this changed to Ingush sector of the South Western Front and finally, when Abdul Halim Sadulayev created the Caucasian Front Chechen War Caucasian Front , Sadulayev referred to it as the Ingush ... as the Ingush Jamaat. ref http politicom.moldova.org stiri eng 69319 The Ingush Jamaat Identity ... the low level Ingush insurgency since 2002 into the increasing unrest ref http www.globalsecurity.org ... Gorchkhanov in Nalchik , the leader of the Ingush Jamaat was Akhmed Yevloyev until his capture in June 2010. ref http www.rferl.org content FSB Captures Legendary Ingush Field Commander 2071011.html FSB Captures Legendary Ingush Field Commander ref Later in 2010, the Jamaat adopted more nationalist rhetoric, vowing to temporarily stop killing Ingush policemen ref http www.rferl.org content Ingushetia ... Ingush lands of Prigorodny District, Republic of North Ossetia Alania Prigorodny District . The group ... more details
Infobox Military Conflict conflict Ingush Chechen fratricide incident date September 13, 2006 place Border between Chechnya and Ingushetia casus result 8 police personnel killed and 20 injured Campaignbox Second Chechen War guerilla phase The Ingush Chechen fratricide incident was a September 13, 2006 incident in which eight police officers were killed ref http www.jamestown.org publications details.php?volume id 416&issue id 3864&article id 2371470 CHECHEN INGUSH POLICE SHOOTOUT CONTINUES TO REVERBERATE ref and about 20 were wounded when Chechen people Chechen and Ingush people Ingush policemen fired on each other on the border between the republics. A motorcade of Chechnya s OMON special police buses was riddled with bullets as it was leaving Ingushetia , heading home with an Ingush prisoner. The Chechen OMON Chief of Staff , Buvadi Dukhiyev , was mortally wounded in the shootout. Isa Kostoyev , a former high ranking prosecutor and Ingushetian senator in the Federation Council of Russia , issued a call to the Ingushetians to resist Chechen police raid s. ref http www.watchdog.cz index.php?show 000000 000005 000004 000133&lang 1 Bloody incident between Chechen and Ingushetian police assessed differently in the two republics ref See also Grozny OMON fratricide incident References Reflist 2 External links http www.themoscowtimes.com stories 2006 09 14 011.html 7 Dead in Police OMON Battle Moscow Times , September 14, 2006. Russia stub coord missing Russia Category Conflicts in 2006 Category 2006 in Russia Category Battles of the Second Chechen War Category Friendly fire incidents Category Law enforcement in Russia ... more details
Ingush Autonomous Oblast lang ru was an Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union autonomous oblast of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian SFSR in the Soviet Union , created on 7 July 1924. It was merged with the Chechen Autonomous Oblast to form the Chechen Ingush Autonomous Oblast on 15 January 1934. References Unreferenced date December 2009 Reflist Autonomous Oblasts of the Soviet Union coord 43 19 N 45 41 E source kolossus fiwiki display title Category 1924 establishments Category 1936 disestablishments Category Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union Category States and territories established in 1924 Soviet stub br OE Ingouchia nl Ingoesjetische autonome oblast pl Inguski Obw d Autonomiczny ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2008 Chechen Ingush Autonomous Oblast lang ru was an autonomous oblast of the Russian SFSR , Soviet Union , created on January 15, 1934 by merging Chechen Autonomous Oblast Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Oblast s. It was elevated in status to Chechen Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on December 5, 1936. coord 43 19 N 45 41 E source kolossus fiwiki display title Category Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union Category States and territories established in 1934 Category 1936 disestablishments Autonomous Oblasts of the Soviet Union be x old br OE Tchetchenia Ingouchetia ca Rep blica Socialista Sovi tica Aut noma de Txetx nia Ing ixia de Tschetscheno Inguschetien ko ka nl Tsjetsjeens Ingoesjetische ASSR ja pl Czecze sko Inguska Autonomiczna Socjalistyczna Republika Radziecka pt Rep blica Aut noma Socialista Sovi tica da Checheno Inguch tia ro Republica Autonom Sovietic Socialist Ceceno Ingu ru fi T et eenien ja inguu ien autonominen sosialistinen neuvostotasavalta Soviet stub ... more details
census1979 1,155,805 611,405 being Chechen people Chechens , 134,744 Ingush people Ingush , the rest ..., 1924, the remains of the Mountain ASSR were split into North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast and Ingush Autonomous Oblast . On January 15, 1934, Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Oblasts were joined into Chechen Ingush Autonomous Oblast , which was elevated in status to that of an ASSR Chechen Ingush ASSR ... sovereignty and in May 1991 an independence independent Chechen Ingush Republic was pronounced, which ... more details
On Language was a regular column in the weekly New York Times Magazine on the English language discussing popular etymology , new or unusual usages, and other language related topics. The inaugural column was published on February 18, 1979 and it was a regular popular feature. Many of the columns were collected in books. Columnist and journalist William Safire was one of the most frequent contributors from the inception of the column until Safire s death in 2009. He wrote the inaugural On Language column in 1979. ref http www.nytimes.com 2009 10 11 magazine 11FOB onlanguage t.html New York Times On Language The Maven, Nevermore about Safire s legacy ref starting it with the greeting How do you do. This is a new column about language. In more than 30 years, he contributed more than 1300 installments to the column. Safire was succeeded by Ben Zimmer , who wrote the column until its final edition on February 25, 2011. ref http www.nytimes.com 2011 02 27 magazine 27fob onlanguage t.html New York Times On Language The Future Tense ref About the cancellation of the column, the incoming editor of New York Times Magazine Hugo Lindgren explained this and other changes to the magazine It is mine now. I m in charge. We re going to be doing some significant redesign work, and have a newish magazine by the end of January. The big thing is, I want to create a kind of new identity for the front of the book section. That doesn t mean that everything s being tossed out. We re looking at everything and evaluating what sort of fits. ref http nymag.com daily intel 2010 11 new times magazine editor hugo.html New York Magazine New Times Magazine Editor Hugo Lindgren on His Plans Big Subjects, More T, and the End of The Way We Live Now ref References Reflist External links http topics.nytimes.com topics features magazine columns on language index.html A collection of On Language columns published in The New York Times DEFAULTSORT On Language Category English language Category The New York ... more details
About the properties of language in general other uses Language disambiguation File Lakhovsky Conversation.jpg ... Cuneiform is one of the first known forms of written language , but spoken language is believed to predate writing by tens of thousands of years at least. Language may refer either to the specifically ... of such a system of complex communication. The scientific study of language in any of its senses ... salient examples, but natural language s can also be based on visual rather than auditory stimulus physiology stimuli , for example in sign language s and written language . Code s and other kinds of constructed language artificially constructed communication systems such as those used for programming language computer programming can also be called languages. A language in this sense is a system ... ultimately from Latin lingua , language, tongue , via Old French . ref name AHD cite encyclopedia title language encyclopedia The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language edition 3rd year 1992 location Boston publisher Houghton Mifflin Company ref When used as a general concept, language .... Language as a communication system is thought to be fundamentally different from and of much ... a finite number of elements. Language is thought to have originated when early hominids first started ... with an increase in brain volume, and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative functions. Language is neurolinguistics processed in many ... Wernicke s area s. Humans language acquisition acquire language through social interaction in early childhood, and children generally speak fluently when they are around three years old. The use of language ... identity , social stratification and for social grooming and entertainment . The word language ... from sequences of words. Languages language change evolve and diversify over time, and the history ... of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family . The languages ... more details
Infobox language name To nativename states Cameroon , Central African Republic ethnicity speakers none date NA ref e16 familycolor Niger Congo fam2 Atlantic Congo languages Atlantic Congo fam3 Mbum Day languages Mbum Day fam4 Mbum languages Mbum fam5 unclassified iso3 toz To is an unclassified Mbum languages Mbum language of northern Cameroon and the Central African Republic . It is only used as a second language , as the secret male initiation language of the Gbaya people Gbaya . References reflist Category Languages of Cameroon Category Adamawa languages Category Initiation languages Cameroon stub ... more details
Infobox Language name Are states Papua New Guinea region Milne Bay Province , tip of Cape Vogel speakers 1,230 familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Western Oceanic languages Western fam5 Papuan Tip languages Papuan Tip fam6 Kilivila nowrap Nuclear Papuan Tip fam7 Are Taupota languages Are Taupota fam8 Are languages Are iso3 mwc The Are language is an Austronesian language of the eastern Papua New Guinea n mainland, It s spoken by about 1,230 people. External links ethnologue mwc Category Nuclear Papuan Tip languages Category Languages of Papua New Guinea PapuaNewGuinea stub au lang stub fr Are langue hr Are jezik is Are ... more details
Infobox language name Then states CHN region Pingtang County , southern Guizhou speakers 15,000 date 1999 ethnicity familycolor Tai Kadai fam2 Kam Sui languages Kam Sui iso3 tct The Then language also known as Y nghu ng in Chinese alternate spellings T en and Ten is a Kam Sui language spoken in Pingtang County , southern Guizhou . Phonology Yanghuang has 71 consonants total, including those with secondary articulation s. There are a total of 71 rhymes, 9 vowels, and 8 codas Bo 1997 . References Reflist Bo, Wenze. 1997. Yanghuang yu yan jiu A Study of Yanghuang Then . Beijing Zhong yang min zu da xue chu ban she. External links http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian language.php?id 719 Then word list from the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database Tai Kadai languages Category Languages of China Category Kam Sui languages tk lang stub fr T en ... more details
Infobox language name rsh nativename ethnicity rs people states region modern Armenia extinct antiquity familycolor Caucasian fam1 Northeast Caucasian languages Northeast Caucasian ? fam2 Nakh languages Nakh ? iso3 none notice The rsh language was the language of the r sc aka rs people . According to placenames, it was a Nakh language , a kin to the language of the historical Malkh nation, as well as modern Chechen language Chechen , IngushlanguageIngush and Batsbi , and possibly others. ref name Jaimoukha Jaimoukha, Amjad. The Chechens A Handbook . Routledge Curzon Oxon, 2005. ref Examples of Placenames The capital of the rs which was later turned into a fortress by Urartu was called ribuni later turned into and used as a fortress by the Urartian state . Buni is a from Nakh root, meaning shelter or home, which was probably around bun giving rise to the modern Chechen word bun, a cabin, or small house . Hence, ribuni meant the home of the rs . It corresponds to modern Yerevan ref See hy icon cite book last Israelyan first Margarit A title ryebowni Byerd Kaghaki Patmowt hown, Erebuni The History of a Fortress City publisher Hayastan Publishing Press location Yerevan, Armenian SSR year 1971 pages 8 15 isbn ref which was spelled Erivan until relatively recently van is a common Armenian rendering for the root bun . In the Georgian Chronicles , Leonti Mroveli refers to Lake Sevan as Lake Ereta . The name of the Arax is also attributed to the rs. ref name Jaimoukha It is also called the Yeraskhi. The Armenian name is Yeraskhadzor which Jaimoukha identifies as r khi a Nakh water body suffix Armenian dzor gorge . ref name Jaimoukha References references DEFAULTSORT Ersh Language Category Northeast Caucasian languages language stub ... more details
relatives, Chechen language Chechen and IngushlanguageIngush , Batsbi retains the lateral fricative ...Infobox language name Bats nativename batsba motjiti states Georgia country Georgia region Zemo Alvani in Kakheti speakers 3,420 date 2000 familycolor Caucasian fam1 Northeast Caucasian languages Northeast Caucasian fam2 Nakh languages Nakh iso3 bbl notice IPA Bats also Batsi , Batsbi , Batsb , Batsaw , Tsova Tush is the language of the Bats people , a Caucasus Caucasian minority group, and is part of the Nakh languages Nakh family of Caucasian language s. It had 2,500 to 3,000 speakers in 1975. There is only one dialect. It exists only as a spoken language, as the Bats people use Georgian language Georgian as their written language. The language is not mutually intelligible with either Chechen language Chechen or IngushlanguageIngush , the other two members of the Nakh family. History Until the middle of the 19th century, the Tsovians lived in Tushetia , the mountain region of Northeast Georgia. They were expected to have come settled with Tush people in mid centuries later became assimilated with other Tush people and now are known as one of four tush subgroups. The Tsova Gorge in Tushetia was inhabited by four Bats communities the Sagirta, Otelta, Mozarta and Indurta. Later they settled on the Kakhetia Plain , in the village of Zemo Alvani , where they still live. Administratively they are part of the Akhmeta district of Georgia. There are some families of Bats in Tbilisi and other bigger towns in Georgia. Classification Bats belongs to the North central Caucasian languages Nakh family of Caucasian language s. Geographic distribution Most speakers of Bats live in the village of Zemo Alvani , on the Kakhetia Plain , in the Akhmeta district of Georgia. There are some families of Bats in Tbilisi and other bigger towns in Georgia. Phonology Vowels Batsbi has a typical triangular ... report DEFAULTSORT Bats Language Category Northeast Caucasian languages Category Languages ... more details
of the vowel in IngushlanguageIngush Chechen IPA ts a one , Ingush IPA tsa , which she analyzes ...Infobox language name Chechen nativename br Nox iyn mott states Russia region Republic of Chechnya ... Nakh fam3 Vainakh languages Vainakh nowrap Chechen Ingush nation Chechnya , Dagestan iso1 ce iso2 che iso3 che notice IPA The Chechen language Nox iyn mott Arabic orthography ... . Classification Chechen is an Ergative absolutive language ergative agglutinative language . Linguistically, it is, together with IngushlanguageIngush and Bats language Bats , a member of the Nakh languages Nakh branch of the Northeast Caucasian languages Northeast Caucasian language family .... Official status Chechen is an official language of Chechnya ref Constitution, Article 10.1 ref ... to practice their own culture and language. Chechen language usage is strong among the Chechen community ... by the Arab Nationalist Ba ath Party , which had little tolerance for non Arab language ... books?id O56A3HB4jo4C&pg PA239&dq preserve their language and culture chechens syria iraq v onepage&q ... of consonants and sounds similar to Arabic language Arabic and the Salishan languages of Northern America and a large vowel system resembling those of Swedish language Swedish and German language German . Consonants The Chechen language has, like most indigenous languages of the Caucasus , a large ... adjective agrees. However, Chechen is not a pro drop language ref Dryer, Matthew S. Expression of Pronominal Subjects , in Martin Haspelmath et al. eds. The World Atlas of Language Structures ... and Gal v, Muhammad, Chechen p. 11. ISBN 0 7818 0446 9 ref Chechen is an ergative language ergative , dependent marking language using eight grammatical case cases nominative case nominative , genitive ... branching language left branching like in Japanese language Japanese or Turkish language Turkish , so ... challenges for lexicography , as creating new words in the language relies on fixation of whole phrases ... more details
So language may refer to So language Democratic Republic of Congo , a Bantu language S language , a Katuic language Mon Khmer of Laos and Thailand Swo language , a Bantu language of Cameroon disambiguation ... more details
Boro language may refer to Bodo language , a Tibeto Burman language spoken in India, official language of Assam state Boro language Ghana , an extinct and unclassified language of Ghana Boro language Ethiopia , an Omotic language of Ethiopia disambig ko ... more details
saved book title Language subtitle cover image cover color White Language Overview Language Origin of language Core topics Alphabet Communication Dialect Expression language Expression Semiotics Speech Sublanguage Universal grammar Vocabulary Study of language Linguistics Historical linguistics Logos Philology Philosophy of language Types of languages Animal language Alien language Constructed language Controlled natural language Extinct language Formal language International auxiliary languageLanguage family Mathematics as a language Natural language Programming language Second language Sign language Visual language Whistled language Miscellany Cultural emphasis Information and media literacy Language preservation Language production Linguistic competence Linguistic performance Speech production Speech repetition World languages Indo European languages English language Languages of Spain Spanish languages Russian language Hindi Hindi language Swedish language Latin Latin language Bengali language Portuguese language Japanese language Hebrew language Arabic language Standard Mandarin Less commonly taught languages Tamil language Nafaanra language Turkish language Wagiman language Mongolian language Indigenous languages of the Americas Greenlandic language Ottawa language Mayan languages Nahuatl Otomi language ... more details
wiktionary target language Target language may refer to Target language, in applied linguistics and language education, the language which a person is learning, also called second language Target language, in translation , the language to which a source text is translated Target language, in computer science, the computer language that a compiler translates into source code See also Source language disambig Category Language acquisition Category Language education Category Translation Category Compilers mk zh ... more details
Lele is the name of four different languages Lele language Chad , an Afro Asiatic language Lele language Democratic Republic of the Congo , a Bantu language Lele language Guinea , a Mande language Lele language Papua New Guinea , an Austronesian language The Ly l language of Burkina Faso also goes by the form Lele . disambig ... more details
Han language may refer to H n language , an endangered Native American language spoken in Eagle, Alaska and Dawson City, Yukon. Chinese language See also Han disambiguation Language disambiguation disambiguation ... more details
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