File Germanic dialects ca. AD 1.png thumb right 300px The distribution of the primary Germanic languages Germanic dialect groups in Europe in around AD 1 legend Blue North Germanic languages North Germanic legend Red North Sea Germanic , or Ingvaeonic legend Orange Weser Rhine Germanic , or Istvaeonic legend Yellow Elbe Germanic , or Irminonic legend Green East Germanic languages East Germanic Ingvaeonic IPA en vi n k , also known as North Sea Germanic , is a postulated grouping of the West Germanic languages that comprises Old Frisian , Old English language Old English ref Also known as Anglo Saxon . ref and Old Saxon . ref Some include West Flemish . Cf. Bremmer 2009 22 . ref Ingvaeonic is named after the Ingaevones , a West Germanic cultural group or proto tribe along the North Sea coast. It is not thought of as a monolithic proto language , but rather as a group of closely related dialects that underwent several areal changes in relative unison. ref For a full discussion of the areal changes involved and their relative chronologies, see Voyles 1992 . ref The grouping was first proposed in Nordgermanen und Alemanen 1942 by German linguist and philologist Friedrich Maurer linguist Friedrich Maurer 1898 1984 , as an alternative to the strict tree diagram s which had become popular following the work of 19th century linguist August Schleicher and which assumed the existence of a special Anglo Frisian languages Anglo Frisian group. ref http www.germanistik.uni freiburg.de auer ?Geschichte des Lehrstuhls Friedrich Maurer Lehrstuhl f r Germanische Philologie Linguistik ref The other groupings are Low Franconian Istvaeonic , from the Istvaeones , including Netherlandic , Afrikaans , and related languages and High German languages Irminonic , from the Irminones , including the High German languages . Characteristics Linguistic evidence for Ingvaeonic are common innovations observed in Old Frisian, Old English and Old Saxon such as the following The so called Ingvaeo ... more details
English tenthe . The original Germanic tehund , which was regularised to tehun in early Ingvaeonic ... quite a lot of ingvaeonic traits. One must instead think of a region without ingvaeonic traits, and given ... more details
Low German may refer to Low German , a language spoken mainly in Northern Germany and in Northeastern Netherlands. Collective name for what in Wikipedia is divided into Low German or Low Franconian languages . A colloquial term for any non standard language standard variety of the German language . Low Germanic is a term used by the German linguist Theo Vennemann who believes that the primary division of the Germanic languages is the division into Low Germanic and High Germanic see High German consonant shift . See also Ingvaeonic also known as North Sea Germanic , the postulated common ancestor of Old Frisian , Old English language Old English and Old Saxon , the ancestor of Low German. Disambiguation de Niederdeutsch Begriffskl rung it Basso tedesco ... more details
Germanic sound shifts are the phonological developments sound change s from the Proto Indo European language PIE to Proto Germanic , in Proto Germanic itself, and in various Germanic subfamilies and languages. TOCright PIE to Proto Germanic Germanic spirant law Grimm s law Holtzmann s law Sievers law Verner s law In Proto Germanic Germanic a mutation Germanic subfamilies and languages Germanic umlaut all of the early languages except for Gothic Great Vowel Shift English High German consonant shift Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law attested in Old English, Old Frisian and Old Saxon West Germanic gemination See also Germanic languages Germanic substrate hypothesis disambig Category Germanic languages Category Sound laws ... more details
The name, Chaemae , were an ancient Germanic tribe cited by Ptolemy in his Geography 2.10 as Chaimai , which also can be written in English, Khaimai . Ptolemy tells us next to nothing about them, only that they were next to the Bructeri . That little turns out to be a great deal. It is often suggested that the Chaemae and the Banochaemae are alternative names for the Chamavi , based on a common derivation. We know, however, that the Chamavi and their neighbors forcibly expelled the Bructeri from their original lands, which became Hamaland after the Chamavi moved in. The two peoples are not likely to have had neighborly feelings for each other now. All three names probably come from common Germanic haimaz, home , from Indo European tkei , settle. Where the Cham avi reflect the ham form English ham let , the other two reflect the heim form as in Bo haem ia . The monophthong ization was an Ingvaeonic innovation. We are more familiar with ham because a large part of the lowlanders moved to Britain. The Chaemi may reflect a more ancient distribution of people calling themselves settlers or natives. Why they would have done so remains obscure, but the name is of the same type as hed English heath , human and possibly but less certainly man and Aryan . See also Portal Ancient Germanic culture List of Germanic peoples Germanic peoples Category Ancient peoples Category Ancient Germanic peoples Category Germanic peoples Category Ethnic groups in Europe Category History of the Germanic peoples Category Iron Age Europe Euro ethno group stub it Chemi ... more details
Image Pre roman iron age map .PNG right 200px thumb The Pre Roman Iron Age of Northern Europe, 4th century BC 1st century BC Germanic tribes 750BC 1AD The Iron Age in Scandinavia and Northern Europe begins around 500 BC with the Jastorf culture , and is taken to last until ca. AD 800 and the beginning Viking Age . It succeeds the Nordic Bronze Age with the introduction of ferrous metallurgy by contact with the Hallstatt D La T ne culture La T ne cultures. Pre Roman Iron Age 5th to 1st centuries BC Roman Iron Age 1st to 4th centuries AD Germanic Iron Age 5th to 8th centuries AD Vendel era The Northern European Iron Age is the locus of Proto Germanic culture, in its later stage differentiating into Proto Norse in Scandinavia , and West Germanic Ingvaeonic , High German languages Irminonic , Low Franconian languages Istvaeonic in northern Germany. gallery Image Axe of iron from Swedish Iron Age, found at Gotland, Sweden.jpg iron axe found in Gotland drawing from the Nordisk familjebok , 1904 1926 gallery References Bente Magnus, G Franceschi, Asger Jorn, Men, Gods and Masks in Nordic Iron Age Art 2005 . J. W. Jamieson, The Nordic Face A Glimpse of Iron Age Scandinavia 1996 M Zvelebil, Iron Age transformations in Northern Russia and the Northeast Baltic, Beyond Domestication in Prehistoric Europe 1985 . See also Commons category Nordic Iron Age Proto Germanic Proto Norse Germanic Wars Migration period British Iron Age Three age system Category Iron Age Europe Scandinavia Category Pre Viking Scandinavia Euro archaeology stub ... more details
File Wappen Nordfriesland 2.jpg thumb The coat of arms of North Frisia and the motto Lever duad as Slav Better dead than slave . The coat of arms North Frisia is not identical with that of the district of Nordfriesland. File Nordfriesischeflagge.svg thumb The North Frisian flag has like the coat of arms of North Frisia, the Friisk Ges ts , official status. North Frisians are, in the wider sense, the inhabitants of the district of Kreis Nordfriesland Nordfriesland in Schleswig Holstein . In a narrower sense they are an ethnic sub group of the Frisians from North Frisia and on Heligoland . This people still uses to some extent the different dialects of the North Frisian language , that belong to the group of Ingvaeonic languages . This language is specially protected by the Schleswig Holstein state constitution and by the Friisk Ges ts German Friesisch Gesetz or Frisian Law . North Frisians are counted as an Indigenous peoples autochthonic minority in Germany . It is reckoned that there are about 50,000 members of the Frisian people in North Frisia and on Heligoland, of which about 10,000 still speak the North Frisian dialects. About 1,400 schoolchildren are being taught Frisian. ref cite web url http www.landtag.ltsh.de parlament minderheitenpolitik friesische volksgruppe.html title Die friesische Volksgruppe in Schleswig Holstein language German publisher Diet of Schleswig Holstein accessdate 4 August 2011 ref Around 800 the Frisians migrated into what later became Uthlande in the Duchy of Schleswig . Initially they only settled the offshore islands, but in a second wave of immigration around 1100 also populated the adjacent coastal strip between the rivers Eider and Vid German Wiedau on the Germano Danish border. ref http www.nf verein.de geschichte.htm North Frisian Society ref See also Saterland Frisians East Frisians West Frisians External links http www.sh landtag.de parlament minderheitenpolitik friesen.html Information about the Frisian people Parliament of ... more details
proposed Ingvaeonic languages North Sea Germanic or Ingvaeonic , a common ancestor of Old Frisian , Old ... grouping main Ingvaeonic languages Ingvaeonic languages Ingvaeonic , also known as North Sea ... more details
South Germanic is a term used for a number of proposed groupings of the Germanic tribes or Germanic languages dialects . However, it is not widely used and has no agreed definition. The following uses are found As a straightforward synonym for West Germanic . This usage is particularly found in the study of Germanic mythology and Germanic culture culture , where it covers English and German sources in contrast to those from Scandinavia, which are termed North Germanic . The East Germanic tribes are generally ignored because there are no pre Christian texts. But it is also found in the work of linguists for example, Stefan Sonderegger . As a term in Ernst Schwarz s theory of the Germanic languages Germanic dialects. He divides Germanic into a North Germanic and a South Germanic or Continental Germanic group, with the Scandinavian languages and Gothic in the former. A feature of his grouping is the intermediate position of two other groups, Elbe Germanic and Ingvaeonic North Sea Germanic Anglo Frisian and Old Saxon , with the latter viewed floating being initially part of North Germanic in the 2nd Century BC , but moving closer to the more southerly dialects in the subsequent five centuries. This view has received some support, although a number of those who share Schwarz s view, such as Lehmann, use instead the terms Northeast Germanic and Southwest Germanic . Nowadays the five linguistic groups of his definition are mostly considered separate and can be recognized in the division North Germanic , North Sea Germanic , Rhine Weser Germanic , Elbe Germanic and East Germanic , all mutually linked into sets of two to four groups that share linguistic innovations, thus achieving to replace the late 19th century North West East model that tended to overemphasize splits and to obscure gradual transitions and cross relations. ref The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, 22 641 642 ref As a synonym for High German languages High German . This usage seems to be exclusiv ... more details
this article has used the convention BCE CE since its inception, 26 March 2004 File Germanic dialects ca. AD 1.png thumb right 300px The distribution of the primary Germanic languages Germanic dialect groups in Europe in around AD 1 legend Blue North Germanic languages North Germanic legend Red North Sea Germanic , or Ingvaeonic legend Orange Weser Rhine Germanic , or Istvaeonic legend Yellow Elbe Germanic , or Irminonic legend Green East Germanic languages East Germanic The Ingaevones or, as Pliny the Elder Pliny has it, apparently more accurately, Ingvaeones people of Yngvi , as described in Tacitus s Germania book Germania , written c. 98 AD, were a West Germanic cultural group living along the North Sea coast in the areas of Jutland , Holstein , Frisia and the Danish islands , where they had by the 1st century BCE become further differentiated to a foreigner s eye into the Frisii , Saxons , Jutes and Angles . The postulated common group of closely related dialects of the Ingvaeones is called Ingvaeonic or North Sea Germanic . Tacitus source categorized the Ingaevones near the ocean as one of the three tribal groups descended from the three sons of Mannus , son of Tuisto , progenitor of all the Germanic peoples, the other two being the Irminones and the Istaevones . According to de Rafael von Uslar Rafael von Uslar , this threefold subdivision of the West Germanic tribes corresponds to archeological evidence from Late Antiquity . Pliny the Elder Pliny ca 80 CE in his Natural History Pliny Natural History IV.99 lists the Ingvaeones as one of the five Germanic confederations, the others being the Vandals Vandili , the Istvaeones , the Irminones Hermiones and another group he does not name. According to him, the Ingvaeones were made up of Cimbri , Teutons , and Chauci . Stripped of its Latin ending, the Ingvaeon are the Ingwine , friends of Ing familiar from Beowulf , where Hrothgar is Lord of the Ingwine whether one of them or lord over them being ambiguous. Image ... more details
File Germanic dialects ca. AD 1.png thumb right 300px The distribution of the primary Germanic languages Germanic dialect groups in Europe in around AD 1 legend Blue North Germanic languages North Germanic legend Red North Sea Germanic , or Ingvaeonic legend Orange Weser Rhine Germanic , or Istvaeonic legend Yellow Elbe Germanic , or Irminonic legend Green East Germanic languages East Germanic The Irminones , also referred to as Herminones or Hermiones , were a group of early Germanic tribes settling in the Elbe watershed and by the 1st century AD expanding into Bavaria , Swabia and Bohemia . High German languages Irminonic or Elbe Germanic is a conventional term grouping early West Germanic dialects ancestral to High German . The name Irminones comes from Tacitus s Germania book Germania 98 AD who categorized them as one of the tribes of Mannus . Other West Germanic proto tribes were the Ingvaeones and Istvaeones , all of them living in the Central region of Germania, as well as the Suebi , which include the Semnones , the Quadi and the Marcomanni . Pomponius Mela writes in his Description of the World III.3.31 in reference to the Kattegat and the waters surrounding the Danish isles see the Codanus sinus On the bay are the Cimbri and the Teutons Teutoni farther on, the farthest people of Germania , the Hermiones . Mela then begins to speak of the Scythia ns. Pliny the Elder Pliny s Natural History 4.100 claims that the Irminones include the Suebi , Hermunduri , Chatti , and Cherusci . In Nennius the name Mannus see Mannaz and his three sons appear in corrupted form, the ancestor of the Irminones appearing as Armenon . His sons here are Gothus , Valagothus Balagothus , Cibidus , Burgundus , and Longobardus , whence come the Goths and Ostrogoths , Visigoths , Crimean Goths , Valagoths Balagoths , Cibidi , Burgundians and Lombards Langobards . They may have differentiated into the tribes Alamanni , Hermunduri , Marcomanni , Quadi , Suebi by the 1st century AD. At this ... more details
Infobox language name Old Saxon nativename region northwest Germany , northeast Netherlands era developed into Middle Low German in the 12th century familycolor Indo European fam2 Germanic languages Germanic fam3 West Germanic languages West Germanic script Latin script Latin iso3 osx Old Saxon , also known as Old Low German , is the earliest recorded form of Low German , ref http www.britannica.com eb article 9056981 Old Saxon language Old Saxon language at Encyclop dia Britannica ref documented from the 8th century until the 12th century, when it evolved into Middle Low German . It was spoken on the north west coast of Germany and in the Netherlands by Saxon people s. It is close enough to Old Anglo Frisian Old Frisian , Old English that it partially participates in the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law it is also closely related to Old Low Franconian Old Dutch . It was Mutual intelligibility List of mutually intelligible languages in ancient times mutually intelligible with Old English. ref cite book title Indo European Language and Culture An Introduction page 315 url http books.google.de books?id 5hOtPBF6XWwC&pg PA315&dq 22old english 22 22old saxon 22 mutually intelligible&cd 4 v onepage&q 22old 20english 22 20 22old 20saxon 22 20mutually 20intelligible&f false first Benjamin W. last Fortson publisher Wiley Blackwell year 2004 isbn 1405103167 ref Phonology Old Saxon does not participate in the High German consonant shift , and thus preserves stop consonants p , t , k that have been shifted in Old High German to various fricative s and affricate s. The Germanic diphthongs ai , au consistently develop into long vowels , , whereas in Old High German they appear either as ei , ou or , depending on the following consonant. Old Saxon, alone of the West Germanic languages, consistently preserves Germanic j after a consonant, e.g. lang osx h liand savior lang goh heilant , lang ang h lend , lang got h iljands . Germanic umlaut , when it occurs with short a , is inc ... more details
Sound change Compensatory lengthening in phonology and historical linguistics is the lengthening of a vowel sound that happens upon the loss of a following consonant , usually in the syllable coda . This may be considered an extreme form of Fusion phonetics fusion Crowley 1997 46 , or possibly arise from speakers attempts to preserve a word s Mora linguistics moraic count. ref name Hayes1989 cite journal last Hayes first Bruce year 1989 title Compensatory Lengthening in Moraic Phonology journal Linguistic Inquiry volume 20 issue 2 pages 253 306 publisher The Massachusetts Institute of Technology ref An example from the history of the English language history of English is the lengthening of vowels that happened when the voiceless velar fricative IPA x and its voiceless palatal fricative palatal allophone IPA ref name Millward1996 cite book last Millward first C. M. title A Biography of the English Language publisher Wadsworth location Boston date 1996 page 84 ref were lost from the language. For example, in Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucer s time the word night was phonemically IPA nixt later the IPA x was lost, but the IPA i was lengthened to IPA i to compensate. Later the IPA i became IPA a by the Great Vowel Shift . Both the Germanic spirant law and the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law show vowel lengthening compensating for the loss of a nasal. Non rhotic forms of English have a lengthened vowel before a historical post vocalic r in Scottish English, girl has a short i followed by a light alveolar r , as presumably it did in Middle English in Southern British English, the r has dropped out of the spoken form and the vowel has become a long schwa . Greek Compensatory lengthening is very common in Ancient Greek Greek . It is particularly notable in forms where n or nt comes together with s , y , or i . The development of nt y was perhaps thus mont y montsa palatalization ty ts m tsa nasal vowel nasalization and vowel lengthening m ssa m sa shortening ss s m sa denasal ... more details
Infobox language name Old Frisian region Netherlands , Germany , Southern Denmark era 8th to 16th c. familycolor Indo European fam2 Germanic languages Germanic fam3 West Germanic languages West Germanic fam4 Anglo Frisian languages Anglo Frisian script Anglo Saxon runes br Latin script Latin iso3 ofs notice IPA Old Frisian is a West Germanic languages West Germanic language spoken between the 8th and 16th centuries in the area between the Rhine and Weser on the European North Sea coast. The Frisian settlers on the coast of South Jutland today s Northern Friesland also spoke Old Frisian but no medieval texts of this area are known. The language of the earlier inhabitants of the region between the Zuiderzee and Ems River the Frisii Frisians famously mentioned by Tacitus is attested in only a few personal names and place names. Old Frisian evolved into Middle Frisian , spoken from the 16th to the 19th century. In the early Middle Ages, Frisia stretched from the area around Bruges , in what is now Belgium , to the Weser River, in northern Germany . At the time, the Frisian language was spoken along the entire southern North Sea coast. This region is referred to as Greater Frisia or Frisia Magna, and many of the areas within it still treasure their Frisian heritage. However by 1300, their territory had been pushed back to the Zuiderzee now the IJsselmeer , and the Frisian language survives along the coast only as a substrate. The people from what are today northern Germany and Denmark who settled in England from about 400 onwards came from the same regions and spoke more or less the same language as the people who lived in Frisia as medieval Friesland is usually called to distinguish it from the present day regions with that name . Hence, a close relationship exists between Old Frisian and Old English language Old English . Phonology see also Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Early sound developments Generally, Old Frisian phonologically resembles Old English. In particular, ... more details
Scots , and Frisian languages Frisian as the North Sea Germanic or Ingaevones Ingvaeonic languages ... the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law some dialects have us , os for us whereas others have uns ... to Old Anglo Frisian Old Frisian , Old English , partially participating in the Ingvaeonic nasal ... more details
File Continental.coast.150AD.Germanic.peoples.jpg frameless 240px right The Chamavi were a Germanic tribe of Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages European Dark Age . They first appear under that name in the 1st century AD Germania book Germania of Tacitus as a Germanic tribe that, for most of their history, existed along the North bank of the Lower Rhine in the region today called Hamaland after them, which is in the Gelderland province of the Netherlands . Tacitus op. cit. wikisource Germania XXXIV 34 locates them to the west of the Frisii . Origins Tacitus says 35 that the Chamavi had moved into the lands of the Bructeri . As to why the Bructeri were no longer there, the Latin is phrased in such a way as not to reveal the details pulsis Bructeris ac penitus excisis vicinarum consensu nationum... the Bructeri having been expelled and utterly destroyed by an alliance of neighboring peoples... As these same neighbors became the later Salian Franks , the consensus mentioned is the first known agreement among them. These passages in Tacitus raise the question, if Hamaland is the former territory of the Bructeri, where were the Chamavi before then? One answer is that they occupied the coastal plain to the north Germans moved almost invariably from north to south . Many settlements are named Hamm, including possibly a modern city, Hamburg . The name may have come from the Germanic equivalent of Chamavi. The best etymology derives Ham from common Germanic haimaz, home , from Indo European tkei , settle , from which the High German languages High German place name suffix, heim. The ham form, settlement , seems to have come from Ingvaeonic North Sea Germanic id. name Henry disambiguation Henry , as we acquired it through Dutch language Dutch and French language French . The avi, an adjectival ending, later resulted in au in other place names, but was dropped in this one. Citation needed date May 2008 Chamavi in this derivation would mean men of the settlements or settle ... more details
, or Ingvaeonic legend Orange Weser Rhine Germanic , or Istvaeonic legend Yellow Elbe Germanic , or Irminonic ... West Germanic , namely North Sea Germanic Ingvaeonic , ancestral to Anglo Frisian and Low German ... more details
vowel. The nasalization was eventually lost, but remained through the Ingvaeonic period. Hence ... changes up through the split of Ingvaeonic and High German languages High German c. AD 400 . Starting ... , following Ingvaeonic nasalization loss of nasals before fricatives. Rhotacism Rhotacization IPA z ... giefe gift dat. sing. . Ingvaeonic and Proto Anglo Frisian period This period is estimated to be c. AD ... from Ingvaeonic , followed by the split of pre Old English language Old English from pre Old Frisian ... that at least IPA was retained into the separate history of Anglo Frisian. Ingvaeonic nasal spirant ... more details
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