, dihydrouridine D , inosine I , and 7 methylguanosine m sup 7 sup G . ref http www.mun.ca biology ... Hayworth.png 95px Chemical structure of inosine br Inosine br I Image xanthosine Hayworth.png ... more details
chembox Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 451993631 ImageFile disodium inosinate.png ImageSize 180px IUPACName Disodium 2 R ,3 S ,4 R ,5 R 3,4 dihydroxy 5 6 oxo 3 H purin 9 yl oxolan 2 yl methyl phosphate ref PubChem 20819 ref OtherNames Disodium 5 inosinate br Sodium 5 inosinate br Disodium inosine 5 monophosphate br Inosine 5 disodium phosphate br Sodium inosinate Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 19594 InChI 1 C10H13N4O8P.2Na c15 6 4 1 21 23 18,19 20 22 10 7 6 16 14 3 13 5 8 14 11 2 12 9 5 17 h2 4,6 7,10,15 16H,1H2, H,11,12,17 H2,18,19,20 q 2 1 p 2 t4 ,6 ,7 ,10 m1.. s1 InChIKey AANLCWYVVNBGEE IMCBXCBXBI SMILES1 Na . Na . O P O O OC C H 3O C H n1cnc2c1N C N C2 O C H O C H 3O StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C10H13N4O8P.2Na c15 6 4 1 21 23 18,19 20 22 10 7 6 16 14 3 13 5 8 14 11 2 12 9 5 17 h2 4,6 7,10,15 16H,1H2, H,11,12,17 H2,18,19,20 q 2 1 p 2 t4 ,6 ,7 ,10 m1.. s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey AANLCWYVVNBGEE IDIVVRGQSA L CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 4691 65 0 CASNo Comment cascite correct CAS PubChem 20819 SMILES C1 NC O C2 C N1 N C N2 C3C C C O3 COP O O O O O. Na . Na Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 10 sub H sub 11 sub N sub 4 sub Na sub 2 sub O sub 8 sub P MolarMass 392.17 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Disodium inosinate E631 ref name fanl cite web last Food Standards Australia New Zealand first authorlink coauthors title Food Additives Numerical List work publisher date url http www.foodstandards.gov.au newsroom publications choosingtherightstuff foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm doi accessdate 1 December 2009 ref is the sodium disodium salt of inosinic acid with the chemical formula C sub 10 sub H sub 11 sub N sub 4 sub Na sub 2 sub O sub 8 sub P. It is used as a food additive and often found in instant noodles, potato chips , and a variety of other sn ... more details
enzyme Name purine nucleoside phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.1 CAS number 9030 21 1 IUBMB EC number 2 4 2 1 GO code 0004731 image width caption In enzymology , a purine nucleoside phosphorylase EC number 2.4.2.1 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction purine nucleoside phosphate math rightleftharpoons math purine alpha D ribose 1 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are purine nucleoside and phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are purine and alpha D ribose 1 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is purine nucleoside phosphate ribosyltransferase . Other names in common use include inosine phosphorylase , PNPase , PUNPI , PUNPII , inosine guanosine phosphorylase , nucleotide phosphatase , purine deoxynucleoside phosphorylase , purine deoxyribonucleoside phosphorylase , purine nucleoside phosphorylase , and purine ribonucleoside phosphorylase . This enzyme participates in 3 metabolism metabolic pathways purine metabolism , pyrimidine metabolism , and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, 85 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1A69 , PDB link 1A9O , PDB link 1A9P , PDB link 1A9Q , PDB link 1A9R , PDB link 1A9S , PDB link 1A9T , PDB link 1B8N , PDB link 1B8O , PDB link 1ECP , PDB link 1FXU , PDB link 1G2O , PDB link 1I80 , PDB link 1K9S , PDB link 1LV8 , PDB link 1LVU , PDB link 1M73 , PDB link 1N3I , PDB link 1NW4 , PDB link 1OTX , PDB link 1OTY , PDB link 1OU4 , PDB link 1OUM , PDB link 1OV6 , PDB link 1OVG , PDB link 1PBN , PDB link 1PF7 , PDB link 1PK7 , PDB link 1PK9 , PDB link 1PKE , PDB link 1PR0 , PDB link 1PR1 , PDB link 1PR2 , PDB link 1PR4 , PDB link 1PR5 , PDB link 1PR6 , PDB link 1PW7 , PDB link 1PWY , PDB link 1Q1G , PDB link 1QE5 , PDB link 1RCT ... more details
Drugbox verifiedrevid 456079677 IUPAC name O 2 Diazoacetyl L serine image azaserine.png Clinical data tradename pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU Unscheduled S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL P POM CD Class A, B, C legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number 115 02 6 ATC prefix none ATC suffix PubChem 5284344 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 87299V3Q9W KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D03032 ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 1095699 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 16735688 SMILES O C OC C H N C O O C N N InChI 1 C5H7N3O4 c6 3 5 10 11 2 12 4 9 1 8 7 h1,3H,2,6H2, H,10,11 t3 m0 s1 InChIKey MZZGOOYMKKIOOX VKHMYHEABI StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C5H7N3O4 c6 3 5 10 11 2 12 4 9 1 8 7 h1,3H,2,6H2, H,10,11 t3 m0 s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey MZZGOOYMKKIOOX VKHMYHEASA N Chemical data C 5 H 7 N 3 O 4 molecular weight 173.127 g mol Azaserine is a carcinogen primarily used for researching pancreatic cancer in animal models. It is a glutamine analogue that irreversibly inhibits glutamine utilizing enzymes such as Amidophosphoribosyltransferase Gln Phosphoribosyl Amidotransferase , which is involved in the biosynthesis of Inosine monophosphate IMP . IMP is an important precursor to the purine nucleotide s which include Adenosine monophosphate AMP and Guanosine monophosphate GMP . Further enzymes of purine and pyrimidine metabolism are inhibited as well. Therefore it was tested as anti cancer drug by different authors in different indications not only pancreatic cancer in pre clinical settings. Further glutamine analogues that were tested as anti cancer drugs are 6 Diazo 5 oxo ... more details
chembox Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 384066761 ImageFile Xanthosine monophosphate.svg ImageSize IUPACName 5 xanthylic acid OtherNames xanthine ribotide, br XMP Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 523 98 8 PubChem 122280 SMILES MeSHName Xanthosine monophosphate Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 10 sub H sub 13 sub N sub 4 sub O sub 9 sub P MolarMass 364.206 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Xanthosine monophosphate is an intermediate in purine metabolism . ref name McMurry2007 cite book last McMurry first John title Organic chemistry a biological approach url http books.google.com books?id mAxLryTHDZkC&pg PA1007 accessdate 26 March 2012 year 2007 publisher Cengage Learning isbn 9780495015253 pages 1007 ref It is a ribonucleoside monophosphate . It is formed from Inosine monophosphate IMP via the action of IMP dehydrogenase , and it forms Guanosine monophosphate GMP via the action of GMP synthase . It is abbreviated XMP. ref name Gogia 2011 Cite journal last1 Gogia first1 S. last2 Balaram first2 H. last3 Puranik first3 M. title Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase distorts the purine ring of nucleotide substrates and perturbs the pKa of bound xanthosine monophosphate. journal Biochemistry volume 50 issue 19 pages 4184 93 month May year 2011 doi 10.1021 bi102039b pmid 21486037 ref See also Xanthosine References Reflist Further reading cite journal pmid 19623361 year 2009 last1 Sigel first1 H last2 Operschall first2 BP last3 Griesser first3 R title Xanthosine 5 monophosphate XMP . Acid base and metal ion binding properties of a chameleon like nucleotide volume 38 issue 8 pages 2465 94 doi 10.1039 b902181g journal Chemical Society reviews cite journal pmid 20087997 year 2010 last1 Egli first1 M last2 Pallan first2 PS title Crystallographic studies of chemically modified nucleic acids A backward glance volume 7 issue 1 pages 60 89 doi 10.1002 cbdv.200900177 pmc 2905155 ... more details
Inosine 5 monophosphate dehydrogenase IMPDH is an essential cytoplasmic purine metabolic enzyme that catalyzes the NAD dependent oxidation of inosine monophosphate IMP to xanthosine monophosphate XMP , the first and rate limiting step towards the synthesis of GTP from IMP. IMPDH has an essential role in providing precursors for DNA and RNA bioysynthesis. IMPDH also plays a role in signal transduction pathways that mediate cell differentiation. As purine metabolism is largely conserved across all known organisms, so is the structure and function of IMPDH. IMPDH from pathogenic bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes to human crystallizes as a tetramer . ref name pmid10200156 cite journal doi 10.1021 bi982858v title Characteristics and Crystal Structure of Bacterial Inosine 5 monophosphate Dehydrogenase year 1999 last1 Zhang first1 Rong Guang last2 Evans first2 Gwyndaf last3 Rotella first3 Frank J. last4 Westbrook first4 Edwin M. last5 Beno first5 Don last6 Huberman first6 Eliezer last7 Joachimiak first7 Andrzej last8 Collart first8 Frank R. journal Biochemistry volume 38 issue 15 pages 4691 700 pmid 10200156 ref IMPDH expression is found to be upregulated in tumor tissues and tumor cell lines. ref name pmid1356621 cite journal pmid 1356621 year 1992 last1 Collart first1 FR last2 Chubb first2 CB last3 Mirkin first3 BL last4 Huberman first4 E title Increased inosine 5 phosphate dehydrogenase gene expression in solid tumor tissues and tumor cell lines volume 52 issue 20 pages 5826 8 journal Cancer research ref ref name pmid9752721 cite journal doi 10.1016 S0079 6603 08 60827 2 title Inosine 5 Monophosphate Dehydrogenase Regulation of Expression and Role in Cellular Proliferation and T Lymphocyte Activation journal Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology year 1998 last1 Zimmermann first1 Albert G. last2 Gu first2 Jing Jin last3 Laliberte first3 Jos e last4 Mitchell ... JL title Inosine 5 monophosphate dehydrogenase is a rate determining factor for p53 dependent growth ... more details
PBB geneid 3614 Inosine 5 monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 , also known as IMP dehydrogenase 1 , is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the IMPDH1 gene . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene IMP inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 3614 accessdate ref ref name pmid1969416 cite journal author Natsumeda Y, Ohno S, Kawasaki H, Konno Y, Weber G, Suzuki K title Two distinct cDNAs for human IMP dehydrogenase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 265 issue 9 pages 5292 5 year 1990 month March pmid 1969416 doi url issn ref Function IMP dehydrogenase 1 acts as a homotetramer to regulate cell growth. IMPDH1 is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of xanthosine monophosphate xanthine monophosphate XMP from inosinic acid inosine 5 monophosphate IMP . This is the rate limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. ref name entrez Clinical significance Defects in the IMPDH1 gene are a cause of retinitis pigmentosa type 10 RP10 . ref name entrez ref name pmid11875049 cite journal author Kennan A, Aherne A, Palfi A, Humphries M, McKee A, Stitt A, Simpson DA, Demtroder K, Orntoft T, Ayuso C, Kenna PF, Farrar GJ, Humphries P title Identification of an IMPDH1 mutation in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa RP10 revealed following comparative microarray analysis of transcripts derived from retinas of wild type and Rho mice journal Hum. Mol. Genet. volume 11 issue 5 pages 547 57 year 2002 month March pmid 11875049 doi 10.1093 hmg 11.5.547 url issn ref ref name pmid11875050 cite journal author Bowne SJ, Sullivan LS, Blanton SH, Cepko CL, Blackshaw S, Birch DG, Hughbanks Wheaton D, Heckenlively JR, Daiger SP title Mutations in the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 gene IMPDH1 cause the RP10 .... title Retinal isoforms of inosine 5 monophosphate dehydrogenase type 1 are poor nucleic acid binding ... of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase type I and type II after mycophenolate mofetil treatment a 2 ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 notability products date May 2011 Vimax is a brand of male enhancement supplements sold online, primarily through Internet advertising . See Scam The product, which began production in 2001, is distributed by OA Internet Services Ltd, an affiliate network company based in Montreal, Canada . ref name jersey cite news url http www.highbeam.com doc 1P1 147776051.html?refid gnews 209 publisher The record title A suit filed by Montreal based OA Internet Services Ltd. accuses Dean Spinagotti of Totowa and his company, Essential Body Care, of selling the product date 2008 01 06 author Hugh R. Morley ref The distributor claims to pay website owners and advertisers a 50 commission for sales, which are mostly over 200 for 4 bottles of the product. The company also distributes a mechanical penis stretcher and other pills claimed to be aphrodisiacs and to attract the opposite sex. cite needed date March 2012 In January, 2008, OA Internet Services sued Essential Body Care, a former distributor, as well as its owner, for trademark infringement in United States District Court for the District of New Jersey New Jersey District Court . ref name jersey The suit accuses Essential Body Care of buying the product through a legitimate distributor, then re selling the product without approval on amazon.com . ref name jersey Ingredients Dodder seed seman Cuscutae Epimedium Sagittatum 4 1 Ext bark Ginkgo Biloba Panax Ginseng root Tribulus Terestris Powder Saw Palmetto Pwd Hawthorne Berry Fructus Crataegi Inosine Anhydrous Avena Sativa Ext 10 1 Oat Straw Ext Cayenne Pepper Fruit Pwd Other Ingredients Magnesium Stearate Efficacy Dr. Ira Sharlip, a spokesman for the American Urological Association , has said, There is no such thing as a penis pill that works. These are all things that are sold for profit. There s no science or substance behind them. ref name Newsday http pqasb.pqarchiver.com newsday access 345405781.html?dids 345405781 345405781&FMT ABS&FMTS ABS FT&ty ... more details
chembox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 477237964 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 04Z20NMK31 Reference ref http www.sigmaaldrich.com catalog ProductDetail.do?N4 133337 ALDRICH&N5 SEARCH CONCAT PNO BRAND KEY&F SPEC 4 Acetamidobenzoic acid at Sigma Aldrich ref ref http www.chemindustry.com chemicals 934627.html Acedoben , ChemIndustry.com ref ImageFile Acedoben.png ImageName Skeletal formula ImageFile1 Acedoben 3D balls.png ImageName1 Ball and stick model IUPACName 4 Acetamidobenzoic acid OtherNames N Acetyl PABA 4 Carboxyacetanilide p Acetamidobenzoic acid p Acetaminobenzoic acid PAAB p Acetoaminobenzoic acid Section1 Chembox Identifiers InChI1 1S C9H9NO3 c1 6 11 10 8 4 2 7 3 5 8 9 12 13 h2 5H,1H3, H,10,11 H,12,13 InChIKey1 QCXJEYYXVJIFCE UHFFFAOYSA N SMILES1 O C Nc1ccc cc1 C O O C CASNo Ref cascite changed ?? CASNo 556 08 1 ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 112687 PubChem 19266 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 18177 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank DB04500 SMILES O C Nc1ccc cc1 C O O C InChI 1 C9H9NO3 c1 6 11 10 8 4 2 7 3 5 8 9 12 13 h2 5H,1H3, H,10, 11 H,12,13 InChIKey QCXJEYYXVJIFCE UHFFFAOYAT StdInChI Ref stdinchicite changed chemspider StdInChI 1S C9H9NO3 c1 6 11 10 8 4 2 7 3 5 8 9 12 13 h2 5H,1H3, H,10 ,11 H,12,13 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey QCXJEYYXVJIFCE UHFFFAOYSA N SMILES CC O NC1 CC C C C1 C O O Section2 Chembox Properties C 9 H 9 N 1 O 3 Appearance Density MeltingPt 259 262 C dec. BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Acedoben 4 acetamidobenzoic acid is a chemical compound with the molecular formula of C sub 9 sub H sub 9 sub NO sub 3 sub . It is the acetyl derivative of 4 Aminobenzoic acid para aminobenzoic acid PABA . Acedoben is a component of some pharmaceutical preparations including inosine pranobex . See also N Acetylanthranilic acid N Acetylanthranilic acid References reflist Category acetanilides Category benzoic a ... more details
Multiple issues technical February 2011 orphan February 2011 context February 2011 In genetics , the GRIA 2 gene is located on chromosome 4q32 q33. The gene product is the ionotropic AMPA glutamate receptor 2 also known as Glur2 or GlurB . The protein belongs to a family of ligand activated glutamate Receptor biochemistry receptors that are sensitive to alpha amino 3 hydroxy 5 methyl 4 isoxazole propionate AMPA . Glutamate receptors function as the main excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapse s in the central nervous system . L glutamate , an excitatory neurotransmitter binds to the receptor resulting in a conformational change. This leads to the opening of the channel converting the chemical signal to an electrical impulse . AMPARs are composed of four types of subunits, designated as GluR1 GRIA1 , GluR2 GRIA2 , GluR3 GRIA3 , and GluR4 GRIA4 which combine to form tetramer s. They are usually heterotrimeric but can be homodimeric . ref http www.genecards.org cgi bin carddisp.pl?gene GRIA2&search glur2 ref Each AMPAR has four sites to which an agonist such as glutamate can bind, one for each subunit. 5 RNA editing Editing type The type of editing A to I editing. Adenosine deaminase s acting on RNA ADARs are the RNA editing enzyme s involved in the editing of GRIA2 pre mRNA.ADARs deaminate adenosine bases to inosine bases in a site specific manner in double stranded RNA substrates dsRNA . ADA2 has been proven experimentally to be the editing enzyme. Editing site The pre mRNA of GRIA2 is modified at amino acid 607 founf in the second transmembrane domain of the receptor subunit. Editing regulation Editing occurs in 100 of transcripts from human brain but editing levels are less so in other tissues.Deletion analysis determined that editing requires 5 portion inton B. The predicted minimum fragment required for editing to occur contains inverted repeat structure separated by 120 nucleotides. The inverted repeat contains 3 double stranded elements of 22 23 base pairs ... more details
proceeds by a 10 step pathway to the branch point intermediate Inosine monophosphate IMP , the nucleotide ... PAICS reactions 6, and 7 Inosine monophosphate synthase ATIC reactions 9, and 10 The pathway starts ... group and the ring covalently closed to form the common purine precursor inosine monophosphate IMP . Inosine monophosphate is converted to adenosine monophosphate in two steps. First, GTP hydrolysis ... forming adenosine monophosphate. This step is catalyzed by adenylosuccinate lyase. Inosine monophosphate ... more details
Wiktionary imp TOC right Imp is a fantasy creature. IMP or imp may also refer to Interactive Mathematics Program IMP , a Key Curriculum Press Interactive Math program Isle of Man pound , or Manx pound Imp horse , American Champion Thoroughbred racehorse Imping in falconry is to mend broken flight feathers Hillman Imp , a British car of the 1960s 70s Nickname of Subaru Impreza , a Japanese car Injection Molding Injection Molded Plastic Latin abbreviation used on British coins up to 1947, such as the British two shilling coin Individual Meal Pack , a ration used by the Canadian Armed Forces Integrated Master Plan , a part of project planning Internal Market Program, a.k.a. Single Market In science and medicine Investigational medicinal product, clinical trial medication Inosine monophosphate , a nucleotide Integral membrane protein , a class of proteins attached to cell membranes imipenem cilastatin , an antibiotic combination Iofetamine 123I N Isopropyl sup 123 sup I p iodoamphetamine , or iofetamine sup 123 sup I , a medical diagnosis diagnostic radiopharmaceutical In computing and technology Interface Message Processor , a packet switching node for connecting computers to ARPANET modern term router IMP programming language , a systems programming language for the CDC 6600 Edinburgh IMP , a systems programming language used in the EMAS operating system Internet Messaging Program , a webmail client InterMUD Message Protocol, a UDP protocol used for communication between MUDs Intercept Modernisation Programme , a proposal by the UK government to centralise the storage electronic communications traffic data Information Module Profile , a subset of the Mobile Information Device Profile BBC iPlayer , a peer to peer media player from the BBC formerly Interactive Media Player or iMP International MARC Programme, a former Universal Bibliographic Control programme s activity to develop and maintain the UNIMARC format In fiction Imp She Ra , a character in She Ra Princess of ... more details
Merge to Mycophenolic acid date September 2011 chembox verifiedrevid 476999346 ImageFile Mycophenolate mofetil.svg ImageSize IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 128794 94 5 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG C07908 PubChem 5281078 ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 1456 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank DB00688 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 4444535 InChI 1 C23H31NO7 c1 15 5 7 19 25 30 13 10 24 8 11 29 12 9 24 4 6 17 21 26 20 18 14 31 23 20 27 16 2 22 17 28 3 h4,26H,5 14H2,1 3H3 b15 4 InChIKey RTGDFNSFWBGLEC SYZQJQIIBO StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C23H31NO7 c1 15 5 7 19 25 30 13 10 24 8 11 29 12 9 24 4 6 17 21 26 20 18 14 31 23 20 27 16 2 22 17 28 3 h4,26H,5 14H2,1 3H3 b15 4 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey RTGDFNSFWBGLEC SYZQJQIISA N SMILES CC1 C C C C2 C1COC2 O O CC C C CCC O OCCN3CCOCC3 OC Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 23 sub H sub 31 sub NO sub 7 sub MolarMass 433.49474 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Mycophenolate mofetil MMF brand names CellCept, Myfortic is an immunosuppressant and prodrug of mycophenolic acid , used extensively in transplant medicine. It is a reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase ref name Fulton Fulton B, Markham A. Mycophenolate mofetil a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacy in renal transplantation. Drugs. 1996, 51 2 278 98. ref IMPDH in purine biosynthesis specifically guanine synthesis which is necessary for the growth of T cells and B cells . Other cells are able to recover purines via a separate, scavenger, pathway and are, thus, able to escape the effect. MMF is a less toxic alternative to azathioprine. MMF is also used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases , such as Beh et s disease , pemphigus vulgaris , and systemic lup ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency Image Caption DiseasesDB 11044 ICD10 ICD10 D 81 5 d 80 ICD9 ICD9 277.2 ICDO OMIM 613179 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj ped eMedicineTopic 1957 MeshID Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency , often called PNP deficiency , is a rare autosome autosomal dominance genetics recessive ref name pnpar cite pmid 9737781 ref inborn errors of metabolism metabolic disorder which results in severe combined immunodeficiency . Signs and symptoms In addition to the symptoms associated with immunodeficiency, such as depletion of T cells, decline of lymphocyte activity, and an abrupt proliferation of both benign and opportunistic infections, PNP deficiency is often characterized by the development of autoimmune disorder s. lupus erythematosus Lupus erythematosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia , and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura have been reported with PNP deficiency. ref name pnpone cite journal author Markert ML title Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency journal Immunodefic Rev. volume 3 issue 1 pages 45 81 year 1991 pmid 1931007 ref Neurological symptoms, such as developmental decline, hypotonia , and mental retardation have also been reported. Cause, Pathophysiology and Genetics Image Autorecessive.jpg thumb right Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. The disorder is caused by a mutation of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase PNP gene, located at chromosome chromosome 14 human 14q13.1 . ref OMIM 164050 ref ref name pmid9122228 PNP is a key enzyme in the purine salvage pathway, and is required for purine degradation. Specifically, it catalyzes the conversion of inosine and guanosine to hypoxanthine . A deficiency of it leads to build up of elevated deoxy GTP dGTP levels resulting in T cell toxicity and deficiency. ref name pmid9122228 cite journal author Snyder FF, Jenuth JP, Mably ER, Mangat RK title Point mutations at the purine nucleoside phosphorylase ... more details
enzyme Name phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo ligase EC number 6.3.3.1 CAS number 9023 53 4 IUBMB EC number 6 3 3 1 GO code 0004641 image Biochem.jpg width caption AIR Synthetase reaction AIR synthetase is the fifth enzyme in the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides . It catalyzes the reaction to form 5 aminoimidizole ribonucleotide AIR from formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide FGAM. This reaction closes the ring and produces a 5 membered imidazole ring of the purine nucleus AIR . AIR synthetase catalyzes the transfer of the oxygen of the formyl group to phosphate. It is a sequential mechanism in which ATP binds first to the enzyme and ADP is released last. This enzyme hydrolyzes ATP to activate the oxygen of the amide in order to carry out a nucleophilic attack by a nitrogen. In humans and many other organisms, this enzyme is contained within the trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine 3 polypeptide. Nomenclature The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2 formamido N1 5 phosphoribosyl acetamidine cyclo ligase ADP forming . Other names in common use include AIR synthetase, 5 aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase, 2 formamido 1 N 5 phosphoribosyl acetamidine cyclo ligase ADP forming , phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase, and phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo ligase. Purine Synthesis Purines are one of the two types of nitrogenous heterocyclic bases, which are one of the three components of the nucleotides that make up nucleic acids. Synthesis can be de novo or salvage AIR synthetase is a component of the de novo pathway. The first committed step of the de novo pathway begins with phosphoribose pyrophosphate PRPP and the end product is inosine monophospate IMP . IMP is eventually converted to either AMP or GMP purines. The purine ring structure is composed by the attachment of 1 or 2 atoms at a time to the ribose sugar. The de novo pathway tends to be conserved across most organisms. Cowpea AIR synthetase AIR synthetase is found in b ... more details
enzyme Name Adenylosuccinate synthase EC number 6.3.4.4 CAS number 9023 57 8 IUBMB EC number 6 3 4 4 GO code 0004019 image width caption Infobox protein family Symbol Adenylsucc synt Name Adenylsucc synt image PDB 1dj3 EBI.jpg width caption structures of adenylosuccinate synthetase from triticum aestivum and arabidopsis thaliana Pfam PF00709 Pfam clan CL0023 InterPro IPR001114 SMART PROSITE PDOC00444 MEROPS SCOP 1ade TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD In molecular biology, Adenylosuccinate synthase or adenylosuccinate synthetase EC number 6.3.4.4. is an enzyme that plays an important role in purine biosynthesis, by catalysing the guanosine triphosphate GTP dependent conversion of inosine monophosphate IMP and aspartic acid to guanosine diphosphate GDP , phosphate and N 6 1,2 dicarboxyethyl AMP. Adenylosuccinate synthetase has been characterised from various sources ranging from Escherichia coli gene purA to vertebrate tissue biology tissue s. In vertebrates, two isozymes are present one involved in purine biosynthesis and the other in the purine nucleotide cycle. Structure The crystal structure of adenylosuccinate synthetase from E. coli reveals that the dominant structural element of each monomer of the homodimer is a central beta sheet of 10 strands. The first nine strands of the sheet are mutually parallel with right handed crossover connections between the strands. The 10th strand is Antiparallel biochemistry antiparallel with respect to the first nine strands. In addition, the enzyme has two antiparallel beta sheets, composed of two strands and three strands each, 11 alpha helix alpha helices and two short 3 10 helices. Further, it has been suggested that the similarities in the GTP binding protein domain domains of the synthetase and the p21ras protein are an example of convergent evolution of two distinct families of GTP binding protein proteins . ref name pmid8244965 cite journal author Poland BW, Silva MM, Serra MA, Cho Y, Kim KH, Harris EM, Honzatko RB t ... more details
enzyme Name purine nucleosidase EC number 3.2.2.1 CAS number 9025 44 9 IUBMB EC number 3 2 2 1 GO code 0008477 image width caption In enzymology , a purine nucleosidase EC number 3.2.2.1 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction a purine nucleoside H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math D ribose a purine base Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are purine nucleoside and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its two product chemistry products are D ribose and purine base . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those glycosylases that hydrolyse N glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is purine nucleoside ribohydrolase . Other names in common use include nucleosidase , purine beta ribosidase , purine nucleoside hydrolase , purine ribonucleosidase , ribonucleoside hydrolase , nucleoside hydrolase , N ribosyl purine ribohydrolase , nucleosidase g , N D ribosylpurine ribohydrolase , inosine adenosine guanosine preferring nucleoside hydrolase , purine specific nucleoside N ribohydrolase , IAG nucleoside hydrolase , and IAG NH . This enzyme participates in purine metabolism and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, 11 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1EZR , PDB link 1HOZ , PDB link 1HP0 , PDB link 1KIC , PDB link 1KIE , PDB link 1MAS , PDB link 1R4F , PDB link 2C40 , PDB link 2FF1 , PDB link 2FF2 , and PDB link 2MAS . References reflist 1 cite journal author HEPPEL LA, HILMOE RJ year 1952 title Phosphorolysis and hydrolysis of purine ribosides by enzymes from yeast. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 198 pages 683&ndash 94 pmid 12999785 issue 2 cite journal author Kalckar HM date Napoli title Biosynthetic aspects of nucleosides and nucleic acids journal Pubbl. Staz. volume Zool. pages 87&ndash 103 cite journal author Takagi Y and Horecker BL year 1956 title Purif ... more details
40 year 2010 month March pmid 20200338 doi 10.1212 WNL.0b013e3181d7d651 url ref InosineInosine ... Using Over the Counter Inosine date March 16, 2006 accessdate 2006 05 10 publisher ClinicalTrials.gov ... month June 25 year 2002 volume 99 issue 13 pages 9031 9036 title Inosine induces axonal rewiring ... Secondary degeneration reduced by inosine after spinal cord injury in rats journal Spinal Cord ... J title Inosine supplementation has no effect on aerobic or anaerobic cycling performance journal International ... of Multiple Sclerosis with Inosine journal The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine ref ... doi 10.1089 acm.2008.0513 volume 15 issue 6 title The treatment of multiple sclerosis with inosine pmc ... 0947 9 ref Avonex & Inosine Avonex interferon beta 1a was combined with Inosine . Available data suggests ... of Inosine and Interferon beta in relapsing remitting Multiple Sclerosis ASIIMS trial year ... bgcolor C0C0C0 Inosine td td YES td td NO td td NO td td NO td td NO td td NO td tr table Investigation ... more details
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