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Encyclopedia results for Input output model

Input output model





Encyclopedia results for Input output model

  1. Input-output model

    About the economic model the computer interface Input output In economics , an input output model is a quantitative ... empirically. The International Input Output Association is dedicated to advancing knowledge in the field of input output study, which includes improvements in basic data, theoretical insights and modelling, and applications, both traditional and novel, of input output techniques. Understanding the input output model An understanding of the economy as consisting of linked sectors goes back ... Because the input output model is fundamentally linear in nature, it lends itself well to rapid ... of the input output model has been incorporated into national accounting in many developed countries ... of the input output model to depict and analyze the dependence of one industry or sector on another ... how the output of one industry is an input to each other industry. Leontief put forward the display ... of their inputs. Each column of the input output Matrix mathematics matrix reports the monetary ... of national economies, input output economics has been used to study regional economies within a nation, and as a tool for national and regional economic planning. Indeed a main use of input output analysis ... energy use, effluent production, space needs, and so on, input output analysts have extended the approaches ... a poor idea to actually compute the inverse matrix, given that some input output tables are in excess ... the spatial economy and transportation implications of input output, and began work in this area in the 1950s developing a concept of interregional input output. Take a one region versus the world case ... inter industry transactions. The problem here is that the table grows quickly. Input output is conceptually ... by this modeling approach alone. Of course, input output accounts are part and parcel to a more ... input output tables The mathematics of input output economics is straightforward, but the data requirements ... process for the input output accounts is necessarily labor and computer intensive, input output tables ...   more details



  1. Audio Stream Input/Output

    more footnotes date February 2011 Image Asio logo.png thumb ASIO logo Audio Stream Input Output ASIO is a computer sound card Device driver driver protocol for digital audio specified by Steinberg , providing a low Latency audio latency and high fidelity interface between a software application and a computer s sound card . Whereas Microsoft s DirectSound is commonly used as an intermediary signal path for non professional users, ASIO allows musician s and sound engineer s to access external hardware directly. Overview ASIO bypasses the normal audio path from a user application through layers of intermediary Windows operating system software so that an application connects directly to the sound ... source ASIO output plug in for Winamp . http support.xmplay.com file comment.php?id 549 XMPlay plug in ASIO output plug in for XMPlay http foobar2000.org components index.html foobar2000 plug in ASIO output plug in for foobar2000 http sourceforge.net projects asiowmpplg.html ASIOWmpPlg plug in open source ASIO output plug in for Windows Media Player and Windows Media Center Category Application programming interfaces Category Audio libraries Category Digital audio de Audio Stream Input Output es Audio Stream Input Output fr Audio Stream Input Output ko ASIO it Audio Streaming Input Output lv ASIO nl Audio Stream Input Output ja ASIO pl Audio Stream Input Output ru Audio Stream Input Output sl Audio Stream Input Output fi ASIO sv Audio Stream Input Output tr ASIO uk Audio Stream Input Output ... sending audio information and it being reproduced by the sound card, or input signals from the sound ... with audio hardware. Unlike KMixer, an unmixed ASIO output is bit identical or bit perfect ... Windows NT 6.x mixer provides 32 bit floating point output. Higher bit depth samples offer the potential ... index.php usbpalen.html USBPAL USB ASIO and third party Windows Driver Model WDM and nowrap Mac OS X .... http www.kxproject.com The kX Project third party Windows Driver Model WDM audio drivers for EMU10K1 ...   more details



  1. Special Input/Output

    unreliable sources date February 2012 Special Input Output Special I O or SIO are inputs and or outputs of a microcontroller designated to perform specialized functions or have specialized features. ref http www.robotoid.com appnotes programming microcontroller special functions.html Special Microcontroller Functions , retrieved 29 October 2011 ref Specialized functions can include Hardware interrupt s, Analog to digital converter analog input or Digital to analog converter output Pulse width modulation PWM output Serial communication External Reset computing reset Specialized functions can include Debounce Contact bounce Switch debounce Input Pull up resistor pull up or down resistors See Also General Purpose Input Output References references Category Computer buses Category Integrated circuits Electronics stub ...   more details



  1. General Purpose Input/Output

    unreferenced date December 2009 General Purpose Input Output a.k.a. GPIO is a generic pin on a Integrated circuit chip whose behavior including whether it is an input or output pin can be controlled programmed through software. GPIO pins have no special purpose defined, and go unused by default. The idea is that sometimes the system integrator building a full system that uses the chip might find useful to have a handful of additional digital control lines, and having these available from the chip can save the hassle of having to arrange additional circuitry to provide them. For example, the Realtek ALC260 chips audio codec have 4 GPIO pins, which go unused by default. Some system integrators Acer laptops employing the ALC260 use the first GPIO GPIO0 to turn on the amplifier used for the laptop s internal speakers and external headphone jack. Usage GPIOs are used in chips with pin scarcity Integrated circuit IC , System on a chip SoC , embedded and custom hardware, programmable logic devices ... , and for writing output to dc motors via Pulse width modulation PWM , audio, LCD displays, or LED s for status. Capabilities GPIO capabilities include direction GPIO pins can be configured to be input or output enable mask aka GPIO mask GPIO pins can be enabled disabled input values are readable typically high 1, low 0 output values are writable readable input values can often be used as interrupt ... simple, a group of pins that can be switched as a group to either input or output. In others, each ... strengths and pull up downs. The input and output voltages are typically, though not universally limited ... in a group, and treated as a single port. See also Programmed input output SGPIO I C Serial Peripheral Interface Bus Special Input Output References http www.spinics.net lists alsa devel msg03646.html ... circuits Electronics stub el GPIO fr General Purpose Input Output it General Purpose Input Output ja GPIO pl General Purpose Input Output pt General Purpose Input Output fi GPIO zh GPIO ...   more details



  1. C file input/output

    many standard library subroutine functions for computer file file input output input and output . These functions ... be input streams or output streams . Unlike some earlier programming languages, C has no direct support ... of functions Most of the C file input output functions are defined in code stdio.h code code cstdio ... I O and narrow character I O rowspan 2 Direct br input output colspan 2 style text align center ... to a file rowspan 9 Unformatted br input output anchor fgetc getc code http en.cppreference.com w c ... ungetwc code puts a byte code wchar t code back into a file stream rowspan 4 Formatted br input output ... for input output fully buffered it is an integer which may be passed to the code setvbuf code function to request block buffered input and output for an open stream code IOLBF code an abbreviation for input ... to request line buffered input and output for an open stream code IONBF code an abbreviation for input ... unbuffered input and output for an open stream code L tmpnam code the size of a code char code ... which refers to the standard input stream, usually a keyboard. code Standard streams Standard output ... containing the information about a file or text stream needed to perform input or output ... links wikibooks C Programming C file input and output C Programming C Reference Category C standard library Category Input output Category Articles with example C code use dmy dates date January .... The stream model of file I O was popularized by the Unix operating system , which was developed ... synchronizes an output stream with the actual file colspan 2 style text align center anchor fclose code ... code reads formatted byte code wchar t code input from stdin, br a file stream or a buffer anchor ... vswscanf code reads formatted input byte code wchar t code from stdin, br a file stream or a buffer ... w c io swprintf swprintf code prints formatted byte code wchar t code output to stdout, br a file ... w c io vswprintf vswprintf code prints formatted byte code wchar t code output to stdout, br a file ...   more details



  1. International Input-Output Association

    The International Input Output Association IIOA is a scientific, Non profit organization non profit , membership organization founded in 1988 with the objective of facilitating further development of input output analysis with respect to both economics and more interdisciplinary areas of inquiry. The IIOA is rooted in the field of input output economics , developed by Nobel Laureate Wassily Leontief . Leontief started from the transactions among different industries, such as agriculture, manufacturing and services but at a far more detailed level and embedded in a macroeconomic framework. This is why this field is also known as interindustry economics. Development includes theoretical advances and improved modeling empirical applications of input output models and techniques and expanded compilation of input output tables, matrices, and associated accounts, in both national statistical offices and other kinds of venues. Data collection and analysis are carried out at the local and regional levels, for individual countries, and for economies consisting of multiple interdependent regions including the countries comprising the world economy. History The IIOA grew out of an informal, world wide network of economists, government officials, engineers, and managers with interests in the analysis of interdependency in economic and other kinds of systems. In recent years, it has come to include many environmental scientists, in particular industrial ecologists. IIOA hosts biannual conferences and more frequent meetings on specific topics to facilitate networking among its members and other interested parties. It also publishes a scholarly journal, Economic Systems Research , and hosts several modes of electronic communication intended to support and stimulate research activities and data development. External links http www.iioa.org International Input Output Organization homepage Category Economics organizations ...   more details



  1. Secure input and output handling

    Secure input and output handling are Computer security secure programming techniques designed to prevent security bugs and the Exploit computer security exploitation thereof. Input handling Input handling is how an application, server or other computing system handles the Input Output input supplied from users, clients, or a computer network. Secure input handling is often required to prevent vulnerabilities related to Code injection , Directory traversal and so on. Encode escape input To keep malicious inputs contained, any inputs written to the database need to be encoded. SQL encoding OR 1 1 is encoded to OR 1 1 In PHP this can be done with the function tt mysql real escape string tt ref http php.net mysql real escape string ref or with tt PDO quote tt ref http php.net manual en pdo.quote.php ref Other solutions There may be other solutions, depending on which programming language is used and what type of code injection is being prevented. E.g., the http www.bioinformatics.org phplabware internal utilities htmLawed index.php htmLawed PHP script can be used to remove cross site scripting code. In particular, to prevent SQL injection , parameterized queries also known as prepared statements and bind variables are excellent for improving security while also improving code clarity and performance. Output handling Output handling is how an application, server or system handles the output e.g. generating HTML, printing, logging, ... . It is important to keep in mind output often contains input supplied from users, clients, network, databases etc. Secure output handling is primarily associated with preventing Cross site Scripting XSS vulnerabilities, but could also important in similar areas e.g. if generating Microsoft Office documents with some API, output management could potentially be required to prevent macro injections Encode escape output Encoding processes content that is about to be output so that any potentially dangerous characters are made safe. Characters from ...   more details



  1. Input/Output (The Letterpress album)

    Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Input Output Cover LetterPressInputOutput.jpg Type Extended Play Artist The Letterpress Released 2003 Recorded Flying Blanket Recording Genre Math Rock , Indie rock , Emo Length 24 54 Label Sunset Alliance ALLY 024 Producer Bob Hoag Chronology Last album This album Next album Input Output is an EP by the band The Letterpress that was released in 2003 by Sunset Alliance . Reception While the critical reception for Input Output was mixed, those who did not love The Letterpress s sound, praised its originality in creating complex melodies without any guitars, since the band features only two basses and a drum set. Critics at Impact Press loved the record. According to them, the t wo basses work together to create rhythmically beautiful melodies. allowing The Letterpress to feature g reat musicianship with an original niche. ref http www.impactpress.com articles aprmay04 musicr4504.html Impactpress.com Review of Input Output retrieved 03 15 12 ref Matt Shimmer at Indieville.com would also be a large proponent of the album, declaring that this is a formidable effort from The Letterpress which should have no problem garnering interest from the math rock and complex indie rock communities, before giving the record a score of 85 . ref Shimmer, Matt. http www.indieville.com reviews letterpress.htm Indieville.com Review of Input Output retrieved 03 15 12 ref Stephen Carradini at Independentclauses.com perhaps best expresses the opinion of those who did not absolutely love the record. While admitting t he fact that The Letterpress can make music that would pass for smooth, hypnotic, guitar based indie rock with only two basses is a spectacular ... is good, Input Output sounds like a lot of other subdued indie rock. The members have expertly ... Review of Input Output , Apr. 4, 2004 retrieved 03 15 12 ref Track listing Tracklist title1 Input Output length1 4 19 title2 Autumn length2 2 02 title3 Ember length3 2 48 title4 Closer and Distant ...   more details



  1. Input/Output Configuration Program

    about Input Output Configuration Program the IOCP API Input output completion port context date August 2010 Technical date August 2010 Infobox software name Input Output Configuration Program title Input Output Configuration Program logo File screenshot File caption collapsible author IBM developer IBM released Start date YYYY MM DD discontinued latest release version latest release date Start date and age YYYY MM DD latest preview version latest preview date Start date and age YYYY MM DD frequently updated programming language operating system stand alone, z OS, z VM, z VSE platform IBM System 370 Expanding the address space IBM System 370 Extended Architecture size language status genre license Proprietary website In the original IBM System 360 S 360 and IBM System 370 S 370 architectures, each processor had its own set of I O channels and addressed I O devices with a 12 bit cuu address, containing a 4 bit channel number and an 8 bit unit device number to be sent on the channel bus in order to select the device the operating system had to be configured to reflect the processor and cuu ... the Input Output Configuration Data Set s IOCDS s , and the operator could select a specific IOCDS as part of of a power on reset POR . Input Output Configuration Program IOCP ref name GC38 ... BOOKS da4a4001 CCONTENTS Input Output Configuration Program User s Guide and ESCON Channel to Channel ... 19930212144028 separator , ref ref name GC38 0401 cite manual author IBM title Input Output Configuration ... of the Channel Subsystem and LPAR ref name GA22 7123 configuration, optionally loading it into an Input Output Configuration Data Set IOCDS it recognizes the syntax of MVS Configuration Program MVSCP ref name GC28 1615 input, and there is no need to maintain separate input files. The direct use ... 0097 cite manual author IBM id GC38 0097 05 title Enterprise System 9000 Enterprise System 3090 Input Output Configuration Program User s Guide and ESCON Channel to Channel Reference date February 1993 ...   more details



  1. Start Input/Output

    Mainframe I O access methods In MVS 370 and successor versions of IBM mainframe operating system s, Start Input Output STARTIO is a macro instruction and a branch entry for low level device access, where the programmer is responsible for providing a list of device specific Channel command word Channel command words CCWs , that is, a Channel program Channel Program Channel Program , to be executed by I O channels, control units and devices and a number of exits , several of which may be immediate returns to IOS. Invokers of STARTIO must be in supervisor mode and key. STARTIO interfaces directly with the IOS component of MVS. Start Input Output differs from Execute Channel Program Execute Channel Program in the following fundamental way Start Input Output is applicable to any device type and any dataset organization and is extensible to devices and dataset organizations yet to be announced whereas Execute Channel Program is applicable only to legacy device types and legacy dataset organizations and is not extensible. Additionally, Start Input Output is usable in TCB mode only, in a combination of TCB mode and SRB mode and in SRB mode only whereas Execute Channel Program is usable in TCB mode only. STARTIO s initiation sequence, usually referred to as its front end , may be in TCB mode or in SRB mode. STARTIO s termination sequence, usually referred to as its back end , is always in SRB mode. STARTIO always utilizes an SRB IOSB pair. The SRB Service Request Block is utilized to schedule processor activity, as required, on any available processor, in connection with the related I O request. The IOSB Input Output Supervisor Block describes the related I O request, and passes parameters to and receives responses from Input Output Supervisor IOS . Although STARTIO is not specifically supported by IBM, hence it is not a true programmer interface, nevertheless its macro instruction and its associated branch entry have remained remarkably stable throughout the more than thirt ...   more details



  1. Input/output (C++)

    C Standard library In the C programming language , Input output library refers to a family of Template ... based input output capabilities. ref ISO IEC 14882 2003 Programming Languages C . lib.string.streams ... 82470 1 ref It is an Object Oriented Programming object oriented alternative to C s C file input output ..., the majority of code needs to do input and output operations using only one or two character types ...,Traits code refers to the generic class template that implements input output operations on file ... all classes provided by the input output library. class wikitable style font size 0.85em ... code provides abstract low level input output interface, that can be implemented for concrete data ... low level input output interface for string based streams. Rarely used directly. style white ... basic iostream code wraps an abstract stream buffer and provides high level input output interface ... http en.cppreference.com w cpp io basic fstream basic fstream code an input output stream that wraps ... input output stream style white space nowrap code fstream code operates on characters of type code char ... w cpp io basic stringstream basic stringstream code an input output stream that wraps a string ... input output stream style white space nowrap code stringstream code operates on characters of type code ... The classes of the input output library reside in several headers. code ios code contains the definitions ... of code basic iostream code class template, which implements formatted input and output code ... basic fstream code class templates which implement formatted input, output and input output on file ..., output and input output on string based streams. code iomanip code contains formatting manipulators. code iosfwd code contains forward declarations of all classes in the input output library. Stream ... specifies the notation a floating point number should be displayed in Input output streams cleanup reason Talks about a header, when it should talk about input output streams date March 2012 code iostream ...   more details



  1. Input and output (medicine)

    Input and output I & O is the measure of food and fluids that enter and exit the body. Certain patients with the need are placed on I & O, and if so, their urinary output is measured. With self toileting patients on I & O, or those who are assisted to a regular toilet or portable commode, a receptacle is placed in the toilet bowl that catches all urine that is put out by the patient. This, in turn, is measured by the nursing staff and recorded prior to its disposal. If the patient is using a bedpan, the nursing staff member who empties the bedpan measures the urine prior to its disposal. Urinals usually contain measuring lines providing easy measurement. Urinals are also useful for measuring urine from other sources. Catheters, which are frequently used when it is necessary to measure a patient s output, often have measuring lines on their bags, but these are not considered to be accurate because the bag is floppy. Urine that is emptied from a catheter must be placed in a level container such as a urinal in order to be measured. References reflist Category Urinary system medicine stub ...   more details



  1. Punched card input/output

    Refimprove date June 2010 File IBM 650 at Texas A&M.jpg thumb An IBM 650 computer, introduced in 1953 came with the IBM 533 Card Reader Punch, right. At many 650 installations, punched cards were the only input and output medium. File IBM Electronic Data Processing Machine GPN 2000 001881.jpg thumb IBM 711 card reader on an IBM 704 computer at NASA in 1957 File BRL61 IBM 1401.jpg thumb The popular IBM 1401, introduced in 1959 featured a fast card reader punch, the IBM 1402 , left and a fast line printer , the IBM 1403 , right File NASAComputerRoom7090.NARA.jpg thumb IBM 711 card readers, far left and foreground, attached to dual IBM 7090s at NASA Mission Control in 1962. File IBM2314DiskDrivesAndIBM2540CardReaderPunch.jpg thumb An IBM 2540 Card Reader Punch at the University of Michigan computer center in 1968 File DM IBM S360.jpg thumb Punched card reader on an IBM System 360 Model 20 Image S310d.jpg thumb IBM System 3, announced in 1969 introduced a new, smaller punched card and a combined reader punch sorter, right Image IBM 7070 7074 .jpg thumb 250px IBM 7070 with IBM 7501 Console Card Reader, right, based in the IBM 026 keypunch A punched card reader or just card reader is a computer input device used to read data from punched cards . A card punch is a output device that punches holes in cards under computer control. Sometimes card readers were combined with card punches and, later, other devices to form multifunction machines. Many early computers, such as ENIAC , used punched card input output. ref cite book first Nancy last Stern title From ENIAC to UNIVAC An Appraisal of the Eckert Mauchly Computers publisher Digital Press year 1981 isbn 0 932376 14 2 page 50 ref When IBM entered and began to dominate the computer industry starting in the early 1950s, it used the punched card for programming, data input and often for data output. IBM had been leasing punched card based unit record equipment for over half a century by then and its technology was mature and r ...   more details



  1. Programmed input/output

    Unreferenced date December 2006 Programmed input output PIO is a method of transferring data between the Central processing unit CPU and a peripheral such as a network adapter or an AT Attachment ATA storage device. In general, programmed I O happens when software running on the CPU uses instructions that access I O address space to perform data transfers to or from an I O device. This is contrast to Direct Memory Access DMA transfers. The best known example of a PC device that uses programmed I O is the AT Attachment ATA interface however, this interface can also be operated in any of several Direct Memory Access DMA modes. Many older devices in a PC also use PIO, including legacy serial ports, legacy parallel ports when not in ECP mode, the PS 2 keyboard and mouse ports, legacy MIDI and joystick ports, the interval timer, and older network interfaces. PIO mode in the ATA interface Until the introduction of Direct memory access DMA , PIO was the only available method. The PIO interface is grouped into different modes that correspond to different transfer rate s. The electrical signal ing among the different modes is similar only the cycle time between transactions is reduced in order to achieve a higher transfer rate. All ATA devices support the slowest mode Mode 0. By accessing the information registers using Mode 0 on an ATA drive, the CPU is able to determine the maximum transfer rate for the device and configure the ATA controller for optimal performance. The PIO modes require a great deal of CPU overhead to configure a data transaction and transfer the data. Because of this inefficiency, the Direct memory access DMA and eventually AT Attachment UDMA interface was created ... DMA AT Attachment ATA ATA specification Input output Interrupt List of device bandwidths CompactFlash Category Input output cs PIO de Programmed Input Output ko it Programmed input output pl PIO pt Programmed Input Output ru PIO sk Programmed input output sv PIO zh ...   more details



  1. Input/Output Supervisor

    Mainframe I O access methods The Input Output Supervisor IOS ref http www.bitsavers.org pdf ibm 360 os plm 1966 67 Y28 6616 1 IO Supervisor PLM Apr67.pdf ref is that portion of the IBM mainframe operating system control program which issues the privileged I O instructions and supervises the resulting I O interruptions for any program which requests I O device operations until the normal or abnormal conclusion of those operations. IOS has two purposes To handle I O requests, which are requests for the execution of channel programs To handle I O interruptions, which result from the execution of channel programs and from operator intervention To facilitate the handling of the I O requests and interruptions, IOS is divided into two primary program sections CSECTs Execute channel program supervisor Execute Channel Program EXCP in PCP, MFT MFT II and MVT EXCP Execute Channel Program in Real Storage EXCPVR , in SVS Start Input Output STARTIO in MVS 370 and later instances of the OS Input output interruption supervisor These primary sections are resident in main storage and provide control program support for the normal execution of channel programs. The secondary program sections also CSECTs , termed Error Recovery Procedures ERPs , are, with but one exception, located on external storage, and are brought into main storage for recovery from the abnormal execution of channel programs. In the early instances of the OS, these sections were brought into the Input Output Supervisor s transient area , not unlike the OS 360 Control Program s Supervisor Call transient areas . In post MVT instances of the OS, these sections are located in the pageable linkpack area PLPA and are demand paged. The sole exception is, of course, the ERP for direct access storage devices, which must always remain resident in order to recover from possible I O errors on the Booting IBM Initial Program Load IPL volume and on other volumes which contain datasets which may be concatenated with certain system ...   more details



  1. Input/Output Control System

    Multiple issues notability September 2010 primarysources September 2010 Input Output Control System IOCS is any of several packages on early IBM entry level and Mainframe computer mainframe computers that provided Low level programming language low level access to Record oriented filesystem records on peripheral equipment. IOCS provides functionality similar to File Control Processor FCP ref name FCP in RCA 3301 Realcom Operating System and GEFRC ref name GEFRC in GECOS. Computers in the 1950s and 1960s typically dealt with data that were organized into records either by the nature of the media, e.g., lines of print, or by application requirements. IOCS was intended to allow Assembler language programmers to read and write records without having to worry about the details of the various devices or the blocking of logical records into physical records. IOCS provided the I O support for several compilers. In some cases ref name J28 6047 IOCS was designed to coexist with Spooling Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On line SPOOL ref SPOOL System , 7070 IO 076 ref software. The level of access is at a higher level than that provided by BIOS and BDOS in the PC world in fact, IOCS has no support for character oriented I O. Versions of IOCS existed for the IBM 705 IBM 705 III ref name C28 6109 , IBM 1401 1401 1440 1460 , IBM 1410 1410 7010 , IBM 7070 7070 7072 7074 ref name C28 6175 ref name C28 6272 , IBM 7080 7080 ref name C28 6237 and IBM 7090 7040 7044 7090 7094 ref name C28 6100 ... title Reference Manual Input Output Control System for the IBM 705 III id C28 6109 separator , ref ref name C28 6175 cite manual author IBM title IBM 7070 7074 Input Output Control System for IBM 729 ... 6272 cite manual author IBM title IBM 7070 7074 Input Output Control System for IBM 1301 and 1302 Disk ... 7080 Input Output Control System for use with 729 Magnetic Tape Units id C28 6237 separator , ref ref name C28 6100 cite manual author IBM title Reference Manual, IBM 709 7090 Input output Control System ...   more details



  1. Management Data Input/Output

    Management Data Input Output MDIO , also known as Serial Management Interface SMI or Media Independent Interface Management MIIM , is a serial bus computer bus defined for the Ethernet family of IEEE 802.3 standards for the Media Independent Interface , or MII . The MII connects Media Access Control MAC devices with Ethernet physical layer PHY circuits. The MAC device controlling the MDIO is called the Station Management Entity STA . Relationship with MII MII has two signal interfaces A Data interface to the Ethernet MAC, for sending and receiving Ethernet frame data. A PHY management interface, MDIO, used to read and write the control and status registers of the PHY which are used to configure each PHY before operation, and to monitor link status during operation. Electrical specification The MDIO interface is implemented by two signals MDC clock driven by the MAC device to the PHY. MDIO data bidirectional, the PHY drives it to provide register data at the end of a read operation. The bus only supports a single MAC as the master, and can have up to 31  PHY slaves. The MDC can be periodic, with a minimum period of 400  ns, which corresponds to a maximum frequency of 2.5  MHz. Newer chips, however, allow faster accesses. The PHY has a pull up of 1.5  K to 10  K Ohm on MDIO allowing the MAC to determine if any PHYs are attached since the MAC should have a 2  K Ohm pull down. Bus timing Before a register access, PHY devices generally require a preamble of 32  ones to be sent by the MAC on the MDIO line. The access consists of 16  control bits, followed by 16  data bits. The control bits consist of 2 start bits, 2 access type bits read or write , the PHY address 5 bits and the register address 5 bits . During a write command, the MAC provides address and data. For a read command, the PHY takes over the bus at the end of the address bits transmission to supply the MAC with the register data requested. File Miim timing.svg MIIM write and read ...   more details



  1. Input/output base address

    In the x86 architecture , an input output base address is a base address of an I O port . In other words, this is the first address of a range of consecutive I O port addresses that device uses. Common I O base address device assignments in IBM PC compatible computers This table represents the common I O address ranges for device assignments in IBM PC compatible computers. The base address is the first in each range. Each row of the table represents a device or chip within the computer system. For example, the address status port in the LPT device is 0x0001, adding the base address of LPT1 0x0378 results in the address of the LPT1 status port being 0x0379. When there are two or more identical devices in a computer system, each device would be mapped to a different base address e.g. LPT1 and LPT2 for printers . class wikitable I O address range Device 00 1F First DMA controller 8237 A 5 20 3F First Programmable Interrupt Controller , 8259A , Master 40 5F Programmable Interval Timer System Timer , Intel 8254 8254 60 6F computer keyboard Keyboard , Intel 8042 8042 70 7F Real Time Clock , NMI mask 80 9F Direct memory access DMA Page Register, 74LS612 87 Direct memory access DMA Channel 0 83 Direct memory access DMA Channel 1 81 Direct memory access DMA Channel 2 82 Direct memory access DMA Channel 3 8B Direct memory access DMA Channel 5 89 Direct memory access DMA Channel 6 8A Direct memory access DMA Channel 7 8F Refresh A0 BF Second Programmable Interrupt Controller , 8259A , Slave C0 DF Second DMA controller 8237 A 5 F0 Clear 80287 Busy F1 Reset 80287 F8 FF Math coprocessor , Intel 80287 80287 F0 F5 IBM PCjr PCjr Disk Controller F8 FF Reserved for future microprocessor extensions 100 10F POS Programmable Option Select PS 2 110 1EF System I O channel 140 15F Secondary SCSI host adapter 170 177 Secondary Parallel ATA Disk Controller 1F0 1F7 Primary Parallel ATA Hard Disk Controller 200 20F Game port 210 217 Expansion Unit 220 233 Sound Blaster and most other sound card ...   more details



  1. Regional Input-Output Modeling System

    orphan date February 2010 Regional Input Output Modeling System RIMS II br Regional input output multipliers such as the RIMS II multipliers attempt to estimate how much a one time or sustained increase in economic activity in a particular region will be supplied by industries located in the region. RIMS II multipliers differ from macro economic multipliers used to assess the effects of fiscal stimulus on gross national product. Differences in industry specific regional multipliers are not meaningful or appropriate for use in a national context. RIMS II multipliers have been used by both the public and private sectors. There are numerous examples of their use Federal Government agencies have used the multipliers to study the local impact of government regulation on specific industries and to assess the local economic impacts of Federal actions such as military base closings. State and local governments have used the multipliers to estimate the regional economic impacts of government policies and projects and of events, such as firms locating within their state, or to assess the impacts of tourism. Businesses and private consultants have used the multipliers to estimate the economic impacts of a wide range of projects, such as building a new sports facility or expanding an airport of natural disasters, such as Hurricane Katrina or of special events, such as national political conventions. RIMS II provides six types of multipliers final demand multipliers for output, earnings, employment, and value added and direct effect multipliers for earnings and employment. ref http www.bea.gov regional rims ref See also Input output model Social Accounting Matrix IMPLAN References reflist Category Regional science ...   more details



  1. Single-input single-output system

    Image Prinzip MIMO.svg thumb 280px Understanding of SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO in radio systems SISO is an acronym for single input and single output system. In control engineering it usually refers to a simple single variable control system with one input and one output. In radio it is the use of only one antenna radio antenna both in the transmitter and Receiver radio receiver . SISO systems are typically less complex than multiple input multiple output MIMO systems. Usually, it is also easier to make order of magnitude or trending predictions on the fly or back of the envelope . MIMO systems have too many interactions for most of us to trace through them quickly, thoroughly, and effectively in our heads. Frequency domain techniques for analysis and controller design dominate SISO control system theory. Bode, Nyquist, Nichols, and root locus are the usual tools for SISO system analysis. Controllers can be designed through the polynomial design, root locus design methods to name just 2 of the more popular. Often SISO controllers will be PI, PID, or lead lag. See also Control theory MIMO Multiple input multiple output References citation last Partington first Jonathan R. authorlink Jonathan Partington title Linear operators and linear systems series London Mathematical Society Student Texts number 60 publisher Cambridge University Press isbn 0 521 54619 2 year 2004 page 75 Category Electrical engineering engineering stub de Eingr ensystem fr SISO ...   more details



  1. Input/output Buffer Information Specification

    Other uses IBIS disambiguation Input output Buffer Information Specification or IBIS is a method for integrated circuit vendors to provide information about the input output buffers of their product to their prospective customers without revealing the intellectual property of their implementation and without requiring proprietary encryption keys. ref cite web url http www.eda.org ibis home faq 1 title IBIS Open Forum Frequently Asked Questions What is this IBIS stuff anyhow? ref The model is generated in text format and consists of a number of tables that captures current vs. voltage IV and voltage vs. time Vt characteristics of the buffer, as well as the values of certain parasitic components. It is a standard data exchange format for exchanging modeling information among semiconductor device suppliers, simulation software suppliers, and end user s. IBIS model abstract models are generally used in lieu of SPICE models, to perform various printed circuit board board level signal integrity SI simulations and timing analyses. IBIS models could be used to verify signal integrity requirements, especially for high speed products. History Intel initiated IBIS in the early 1990s. ref cite paper author Mark Chang title Introduction to IBIS Modeling of Fiber Optic Transceivers version publisher Agilent Technologies date url http cp.literature.agilent.com litweb pdf 5990 3107EN.pdf format PDF accessdate 2010 12 23 ref Intel needed to have all of its divisions to present a common standardized model format to its external customers. This prompted Intel to solicit EDA vendors to participate in the development of a common model format. The first IBIS model, version 1.0, was aimed at describing ... 5 de Input Output Buffer Information Specification fr Mod le IBIS ru IBIS ... vendors supply IBIS models ref cite web url http www.eda.org ibis home models title IBIS Model Suppliers ... as Differential signaling differential lines . IBIS 3.2 allows for a package model description along ...   more details



  1. Model output statistics

    Model Output Statistics MOS is an omnipresent statistics statistical technique that forms the backbone of modern weather forecasting . The technique pioneered in the 1960s and early 1970s is used to post process output from numerical weather forecast models. Generally speaking, numerical weather forecast models do an excellent job of forecasting upper air patterns but are too crude to account for local variations in surface weather. Pure statistical model s, on the other hand, are excellent at forecasting ... dimensional fields output from numerical weather models, surface observations, as well as the climatology for specific locations were developed. These statistical models are called Model Output Statistics MOS . ref cite book url http books.google.com books?id blEMoIKX 0IC&pg PA188&dq model output ... for their suite of weather forecasting models by 1976. ref cite book title Model output statistics ... based upon their dynamical weather model, the NOGAPS, by 1983. ref cite book title Air Weather Service Model Output Statistics Systems author L. Best, D. L. and S. P. Pryor year 1983 pages 1 90 publisher ... http amsglossary.allenpress.com glossary search?id model output statistics1 Model output statistics ... de Model Output Statistics ... statistical model or a pure numerical model NWP . Definition Because forecast models on their own ... v onepage&q model 20output 20statistics 20book&f false page 189 title When nature strikes weather ... that the output of numerical weather prediction guidance is perfect. ref cite book url http books.google.com books?id QwzHZ wV BAC&pg PA1144&dq model output statistics book&hl en&ei 8KxVTcGPH4j2gAe isnwDA&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 6&ved 0CFgQ6AEwBQ v onepage&q model 20output 20statistics ... using millions of equations from the MDL. As of 2010, the North American Mesoscale Model NAM ... products the Nested Grid Model NGM derived MOS products were discontinued in March 2009. http www.weather.gov ...   more details



  1. Hybrid input output (HIO) algorithm for phase retrieval

    Refimprove date April 2010 Hybrid input output HIO algorithm for phase retrieval is a modification of the error reduction algorithm for retrieving the phases in Coherent diffraction imaging . Determining the phases of a diffraction pattern is crucial since the diffraction pattern of an object is its Fourier transform and in order to properly inverse transform the diffraction pattern the phases must be known. The amplitude however, can be measured from the intensity of the diffraction pattern and can thus be known experimentally. This fact together with some kind of support mathematics can be used in order to iteratively calculate the phases. The HIO algorithm uses negative feedback in fourier space in order to progressively force the solution to conform to the fourier domain constraints support . Unlike the error reduction algorithm which alternately applies fourier and object constraints the HIO skips the object domain step and replaces it with negative feedback acting upon the previous solution. Although it has been shown that the method of error reduction converges to a limit but usually not to the correct or optimal solution ref Bauschke HH, Combettes PL, Luke DR, Phase retrieval, error reduction algorithm, and Fienup variants a view from convex optimization jOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION, 2005 19 1334 1345 ref ref Fienup J.R, Reconstruction of an object from the modulus of its fourier transform Optics letters 1978 3 1, ref there is no limit to how long this process can take. Moreover, the error reduction algorithm will almost certainly find a local minima instead of the global. The HIO differs from error reduction only in one step but this is enough to reduce this problem significantly. Whereas the error reduction approach iteratively improves solutions over time the HIO remodels the previous solution in Fourier space applying ... Hybrid Input Output Hio Algorithm For Phase Retrieval Category Diffraction ...   more details



  1. Input

    Input is the term denote denoting either an entrance or changes which are inserted into a system and which activate modify a Process engineering process . It is an abstract concept, used in the model abstract model ing, system s design and system s exploitation. It is usually connected with other terms, e.g. , input field, input variable, input parameter, input value, input signal, input port, input device and input file file format . Input may refer to Advice opinion , an opinion or recommendation offered as a guide to action, conduct Information , any data entered into a computer or data processing system, see input output The act of entering data into a computer or data processing system see Input output Input device , any peripheral piece of computer hardware equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer Stimulus physiology , a detectable change in the environment that influences an activity of an organism Power consumption , an amount of power used by a system International Public Television Screening Conference , an international public television organization In economics, a factor of production , a resource employed to produce goods and services Distinguish Impute disambiguation See also Output Input output Gross output Net output External links wiktionary input inputs http www.thefreedictionary.com input Definitions of input by the freedictionary. disambiguation ar ca Entrada da Input de Input et Sisend es Entrada fa fr Intrant ko it Input he nl Ingang elektronica ja ru scn Ntrata sk Input sr sv Indata ...   more details



  1. Output

    modelling model ing, system s design and system s exploitation. Types of output In control ... 1037C ref See also Wiktionary Input disambiguation Input output Gross Output Net output References reflist Primary sources date November 2008 Category Cybernetics Category Input output Category Scientific ...Incoherent topic date October 2010 Output is the term denoting either an exit or changes which exit a system ... are differentiated through many state controls states . In engineering In engineering the term output can refer to The Power physics power or Work physics work output of a machine. An observable output ... , output is the benefits that an employee receives, including money, perquisites, power, status, fame or variety. In human computer interaction In human computer interaction , output is information produced by the computer program and perceived by the user computing user . The kinds of output the program makes, and the kinds of input the program accepts, define the user interface of the program. In this context, feedback and output are often used interchangeably. However, output tends to refer specifically to explicit output, something that is intentionally provided for the user, whereas feedback ... . In information processing In information processing , output is the process of transmitting information or the transmitted information itself. The output of one process may well form the input for another information processor . Essentially, output is any data leaving a computer system. This could ... or x rays. Typically in computing, data is entered through various forms input into a computer, the data is often manipulated, and then information is presented to a human output . Economics In economics , Output economics output is the amount of goods and services by a firm, industry, or country. A distinction is drawn between Gross Output and Net output . In telecommunications In telecommunication , the term output can refer to Information retrieved from a Execution unit functional unit or from ...   more details




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