An integron is a two component gene capture and dissemination system, initially discovered in relation to antibiotic resistance, and which is found in plasmids, chromosomes and transposons. The first component consists of a gene encoding a site specific recombinase along with a specific site for recombination, while the second component comprises fragments of DNA called gene cassette s which can be incorporated or shuffled. A cassette may encode genes for antibiotic resistance , although most genes in integrons are uncharacterized. An integron contains an integrase int1 related to those of a phage , followed by an attI site for integration of cassettes and recognition of the integrase, ref cite journal pmid 7783631 year 1995 last1 Hall first1 RM last2 Collis first2 CM title Mobile gene cassettes and integrons Capture and spread of genes by site specific recombination volume 15 issue 4 pages 593 600 journal Molecular microbiology ref and a promoter biology promoter to drive expression. An integron may appear in a plasmid or on the chromosome. An attC sequence also called 59 be is a repeat ... horizontal gene transfer . A functional integron platform requires ref cite journal doi 10.1023 A 1015361704475 ... to the genome. It combines with a attC site at the insertion site. The term super integron was first applied in 1998 but without definition to the integron with a long cassette array on the small ... title A Distinctive Class of Integron in the Vibrio cholerae Genome year 1998 last1 Mazel first1 ... integron is now discouraged since its meaning is unclear. ref name Hall2004 References reflist 1 ... article Characterization of the Class 3 Integron and the Site Specific Recombination System It Determines ... Abstract NCBI Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Dec 42 12 3053 8. article Class 1 integron borne multiple ... agents of bacterial evolution External links http integrall.bio.ua.pt INTEGRALL The Integron ... Integron fr Int grons it Integrone ... more details
pmid 8655542 ref The Origin and Phylogenetic Distribution sRNA Xcc1 is encoded by a gene cassette in the integron ... in integron gene cassettes cloned from uncultured bacterium, ref name pmid15755815 cite journal author ... more details
A gene cassette is broadly a modular DNA sequence encoding one or more genes for a single biochemical function. In genetic engineering , a gene cassette refers to a manipulable fragment of DNA carrying, and capable of expressing, one or more genes of interest between one or more sets of restriction sites . It can be transferred from one DNA sequence usually on a Plasmid Vectors vector to another by cutting the fragment out using restriction enzymes and pasting it back into the new context. Integrons are genetic structures in bacteria which express and are capable of acquiring and exchanging gene cassettes . These cassettes typically carry a single gene without a promoter biology promoter . The entire series of cassettes is transcription genetics transcribed from an adjacent promoter. The gene cassettes are speculated to be inserted and excised via a Circular DNA circular intermediate. This would involve recombination between short sequences found at their termini and known as 59 base elements 59 be which may not be 59 bases long. The 59 be are a diverse family of sequences that function as recognition sites for the site specific integrase enzyme responsible for integrating the gene cassette into an integron . Gene cassettes often carry antibiotic resistance gene s. An example would be the kanMX cassette which confers kanamycin an antibiotic resistance upon bacteria or fungi . How these cassettes are initially created is not clear. In the case of the ATP binding cassette transporter , the cassette is made of the Q loop , his loop , pro loop and the D loop . STOP Cassette integrates a stop codon References Stokes, H.W. et al., Structure and function of 59 base element recombination sites associated with mobile gene cassettes. Mol Microbiol. 1997 Nov 26 4 731 45. http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez query.fcgi?cmd Retrieve&db PubMed&list uids 9427403&dopt Abstract Partridge S, Tsafnat G, Coiera E, Iredell J. Gene cassettes and cassette arrays in mobile resistance integrons ... more details
In molecular biology, Xanthomonas sRNA are bacterial small RNA small RNAs which have been identified in various species of the bacterium Xanthomonas . Analysis of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris Pathovar pv. vesicatoria revealed expression of seven cis encoded antisense RNA s asX1 asX7 and 15 intergenic Small RNA sRNAs sX1 sX15 . Several sRNAs have also been identified in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris . Some of these X. campestris sRNAs are only found in Xanthomonas , some are also expressed in other bacteria. ref name pmid22080557 cite journal author Schmidtke C, Findei S, Sharma CM, Kuhfu J, Hoffmann S, Vogel J et al. title Genome wide transcriptome analysis of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas identifies sRNAs with putative virulence functions. journal Nucleic Acids Res year 2011 volume issue pages pmid 22080557 doi 10.1093 nar gkr904 pmc url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez eutils elink.fcgi?dbfrom pubmed&tool sumsearch.org cite&retmode ref&cmd prlinks&id 22080557 ref ref name pmid20482898 cite journal author Jiang RP, Tang DJ, Chen XL, He YQ, Feng JX, Jiang BL et al. title Identification of four novel small non coding RNAs from Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris. journal BMC Genomics year 2010 volume 11 issue pages 316 pmid 20482898 doi 10.1186 1471 2164 11 316 pmc 2996969 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez eutils elink.fcgi?dbfrom pubmed&tool sumsearch.org cite&retmode ref&cmd prlinks&id 20482898 ref Two of these sRNAs, sX12 and sRNA Xcc1 , appear to contribute to virulence . ref name pmid22080557 ref name pmid21941121 cite journal author Chen XL, Tang DJ, Jiang RP, He YQ, Jiang BL, Lu GT et al. title sRNA Xcc1, an integron encoded transposon and plasmid transferred trans acting sRNA, is under the positive control of the key virulence regulators HrpG and HrpX of Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris. journal RNA Biol year 2011 volume 8 issue 6 pages pmid 21941121 doi pmc url http www.nc ... more details
from Europe in 1997, and have been found in Canada and Brazil. VIM Verona integron encoded metallo ..., nevertheless, are similar. Both are integron associated, sometimes within plasmids. Both hydrolyse ... more details
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