for the combination of internationalization and localization. ref http www.ibm.com software globalization ... a continuum between localization L10n , through multilingualization or m17n , to internationalization ... to the application. Scope Focal points of internationalization and localization efforts include Language ... failing to show Kashmir as Indian is a crime in India The distinction between internationalization and localization is subtle but important. Internationalization is the adaptation of products for potential use virtually everywhere, while localization is the addition of special features for use in a specific locale . Internationalization is done once per product, while localization is done once ... internationalizationlocalization wikibooks FOSS Localization Notes Reflist References refbegin ... Vista Press 2004 . ISBN 978 0 9765169 0 3 refend DEFAULTSORT Internationalization And Localization ...About the term in economics Internationalization Microsoft Windows Windows specified term Multilingual User Interface other uses Localization disambiguation Image Italian localisation.png thumb 350px Screenshot of software programs localized to Italian language Italian . In computing , internationalization and localization American and British English spelling differences ise, ize isation, ization ... to different languages, regional differences and technical requirements of a target market. Internationalization ... languages and regions without engineering changes. Localization is the process of adapting internationalized ... of letters between the first i and last n in internationalization , a usage coined at Digital ... Microsoft Globalization Step by Step guide ref defines Internationalization as a combination of World Readiness and localization. World Readiness is a developer task, which enables a product to be used ... like date, time, number, and currency formats varies as the system tends towards full internationalization ... sense unless the UI language is selectable by the user at runtime. Full internationalization may extend ... more details
For the term in computing Internationalization and localization In economics, internationalization has been viewed as a process of increasing involvement of enterprises in international markets, ref name susman01 cite book others Welch & Luostarinen, 1988 title Small and Medium sized Enterprises and the Global Economy last Susman first Gerald I. authorlink coauthors year 2007 publisher Edward Elgar Publishing location isbn 1 84542 595 2 page 281 pages 345 url http books.google.com ?id 6TUuXQifwxoC&printsec frontcover PPA281,M1 ref although there is no agreed definition of internationalization ref name susman02 cite book others Bell & Young, 1998 title Small and Medium sized Enterprises and the Global Economy last Susman first Gerald I. authorlink coauthors year 2007 publisher Edward Elgar Publishing location isbn 1 84542 595 2 page 281 pages 345 url http books.google.com ?id 6TUuXQifwxoC&printsec frontcover PPA281,M1 ref or international entrepreneurship. ref name susman03 cite book others Young et. al., 2003 title Small and Medium sized Enterprises and the Global Economy last Susman first Gerald I. authorlink coauthors year 2007 publisher Edward Elgar Publishing location isbn 1 84542 595 2 page 281 pages 345 url http books.google.com ?id 6TUuXQifwxoC&printsec frontcover PPA281,M1 ref There are several internationalization theories which try to explain why there are international activities. Entrepreneurs Enterprises Those entrepreneurs who are interested in the field of internationalization of business need to possess the ability to think globally and have an understanding of international cultures. By appreciating and understanding different beliefs, values, behaviors and business strategies of a variety of companies within other countries, entrepreneurs will be able to internationalize ... also Division of labour Globalization International marketing International trade Internationalization and localization Mercantilism References Reflist Category Economic theories Category International ... more details
wiktionary localisation localise localization localize localizor Culture Localization or localisation , and represented as a numeronym as L10n , may refer to Language localisation , the process of translating a product into different languages or adapting a product for a specific country or region Internationalization and localization , the adaptation of computer software for non native environments, especially other nations and cultures Game localization , refers to the preparation of video games for other locales Dub localization , the adaptation of a movie or television series for another audience Special topics are described below. Physics GSM localization , a technique for determining the location of a user of a cell phone or wireless transceiver Robot localization , figuring out robot s position in an environment Sound localization , a listener s ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound or the methods in acoustical engineering to simulate the placement of an auditory cue in a virtual 3D space Anderson localization of orbitals in solids due to static disorder Weak localization a physical effect, which occurs in disordered electronic systems at very low temperatures Mathematics Category Localization mathematics Localization of a category , adding to a category inverse morphisms for some collection of morphisms, constraining them to become isomorphisms Localization of a module , a construction to introduce denominators in a module M for a ring R Localization ... Localization of a topological space , the localization of topological spaces at primes Biology Subcellular localization , the organization of cellular components into different regions of the cell. Nuclear localization signal , an amino acid sequence exposed on the surface of a protein which acts like a tag to localize the protein in the cell. Localization, the psychological notion that different ... of economic localisation is the opposite to economic globalisation. Localization Era disambiguation ... more details
unreferenced date May 2009 Internationalization Index is a criterion used by the United Nations to rank nations and companies in evaluating their degree of integration with the world economy . Internationalization Index is calculated as the number of foreign affiliates divided by the number of all affiliates. Category Economic indicators econ stub ... more details
Website localization is the process of adapting an existing website to local language and culture in the target market . ref name Payne cite web url http www.webpronews.com topnews 2004 10 08 culture and website localization title Culture and Website Localization last Payne first Neil date 8 October 2004 work WebProNews accessdate 29 November 2010 archiveurl http www.webcitation.org 5uaaxzK3s archivedate 29 November 2010 ref Two factors are involved programming expertise and linguistic cultural knowledge. ref name Payne The prosperity of website localization is the result of the popularity of computer and Internet users. People all over the world treat the Internet as their main location for information and services. These people do not speak the same language. Website localization has become one of the primary tools for business global expansion. Process Website localization is more than mere translation . ref name Tan cite news url http articles.chicagotribune.com 2001 08 06 business 0108060190 1 localization translation web sites title Translators go beyond language as Web sites cross borders last Tan first Shannon date 6 August 2001 work The Miami Herald accessdate 29 November 2010 archiveurl http www.webcitation.org 5uabN4muG archivedate 29 November 2010 ref Translating only solves partial language problems. Measurement units must be converted images are modified to appeal to the target culture. ref name Tan See also Internationalization and localization References reflist Category Web design Category Communication design Category Internationalization and localization Website ... more details
portal Software Testing Unreferenced date June 2009 Notability date June 2009 Localization testing is a part of software testing process focused on internationalization and localization aspects of software . Localization is the process of adapting a globalized application to a particular culture locale. Localizing an application software application requires a basic understanding of the character sets typically used in modern software development and an understanding of the issues associated with them. Localization includes the translation of the application user interface and adapting graphics for a specific culture locale. The localization process can also include translating any help content associated with the application. Localization of business solutions requires that you implement the correct business processes and practices for a culture locale. Differences in how cultures locales conduct business are heavily shaped by governmental and regulatory requirements. Therefore, localization of business logic can be a massive task. Localization testing checks how well the build has been Localized into a particular target language. This test is based on the results of globalized testing where the functional support for that particular locale has already been verified. If the product is not globalized enough to support a given language, you probably will not try to localize it into that language in the first place You still have to check that the application you re shipping to a particular market really works and the following section shows you some of the general areas on which to focus when performing a localization test. The following needs to be considered in localization testing Things that are often altered during localization, such as the UserInterface and content files. Operating System Computer keyboard Keyboard s Text Filters Hot keys Spelling Rules Sorting Rules Upper and Lower case conversions Printers Size of Papers Mouse Date formats Rulers and Measurements ... more details
Merge to internationalization and localization date January 2012 multiple issues globalize October 2010 original research November 2007 lead too short January 2012 more footnotes February 2008 Game localization ... the localization process for video games Category Video game development Category Internationalization ... and music. Globalization refers to general Eastern Western variations, while localization refers ... of localization are as follows. natural language Defining natural language Linguistic and cultural Defining ... and Silver Pok mon Gold . Localization required more than simply reprogramming the text to conform ... localization is Fatal Frame video game Fatal Frame Tecmo 2001 . In the original Japan ese version the female ... by significant content delays is because of language localization. He stated the problem is that there isn ... co text and context. When the programme is still unfinished or no localization kit has been prepared, some information is still available, although difficult to obtain, from similar manuals, the localization ... one of the best references for the localization of utility software and web page s. Unfortunately, the localization software industry has not been able to create a GUI General User Interface localization tool for translators to use with video games, like the ones used in the translation of utility ... available as well as the general look. The LRC localization Research Centre and LISA The Localization ... localization, video games may have very detailed and crowded menu options to control different ... John Benjamins. http www.gamecareerguide.com features 454 localization and the cultural .php Bernal Merino, M. 2007. Localization and the Cultural Concept of Play . Game Career Guide http www.fti.uab.es ... of Video Games . Tradum tica, No 5. Chandler, H. 2005. The Game Localization Handbook . Massachusetts Charles River Media Dietz, F. 2006. Issues in localizing computer games. Perspectives on Localization ..., B. 2000. A Practical Guide to Localization . Amsterdam and Philadelphia John Benjamins. Heimburg ... more details
as existing ones. It also applies to both markups without any internationalization features as well as the class of documents already supporting some internationalization or localization related functions ... Computer file formats Category Open formats Category Internationalization and localization de Internationalization Tag Set fr Internationalization Tag Set ...The http www.w3.org TR its Internationalization Tag Set ITS is a set of attributes and elements designed to provide internationalization and localization support in XML documents. The ITS specification identifies concepts called ITS data categories which are important for internationalization and localization. It also defines implementations of these concepts through a set of elements and attributes grouped in the ITS namespace. XML developers can use this namespace to integrate internationalization features directly into their own XML schemas and documents. Overview ITS v1.0 includes seven data categories Translate Defines what parts of a document are translatable or not. Localization Note Provides alerts, hints, instructions, and other information to help the localizers or the translators. Terminology Indicates parts of the documents that are terms and optionally pointers to information about these terms. Directionality Indicates what type of display directionality should be applied to parts ... ... p div body text source Localization Note data category In the following ITS markup example, the code .... data msg body Res source ITS limitations ITS does not have a solution to all XML internationalization and localization issues. One reason is that the version 1.0 does not have data categories ... translation. The other reason is that many aspects of internationalization cannot be resolved with a markup ... developer to make such choice. External links http www.w3.org TR 2007 REC its 20070403 Internationalization Tag Set ITS Version 1.0 http www.w3.org International W3C Internationalization Home http ... more details
In mathematics , localization of a category consists of adding to a Category mathematics category inverse morphism s for some collection of morphisms, constraining them to become isomorphism s. This is formally similar to the process of localization of a ring it in general makes objects isomorphic that were not so before. In homotopy theory , for example, there are many examples of mappings that are invertible up to homotopy and so large classes of homotopy equivalent spaces. Calculus of fractions is another name for working in a localized category. Some significant examples follow. Categorical definition Let A be a category. A localization is an idempotent and coaugmented functor. A coaugmented functor is a pair L,l where L A A is an endofunctor and l Id L is a natural transformation from the identity functor to L called the coaugmentation . A coaugmented functor is idempotent if, for every X , both maps L l sub X sub ,l sub L X sub L X LL X are isomorphisms. It can be proven that in this case, both maps are equal. Citation needed date August 2011 Serre s C theory Jean Pierre Serre Serre introduced the idea of working in homotopy theory Ideal ring theory modulo some class C of abelian group s. This meant that groups A and B were treated as isomorphic, if for example A B lay in C . Later Dennis Sullivan had the bold idea instead of using the localization of a topological space , which took effect on the underlying topological space s. Module theory In the theory of module mathematics ... it is possible to form a localization w sup 1 sup C by inverting all the morphisms in w . The typical procedure for constructing the localization might result in a pair of objects with a proper class ... of the theory of Model category model categories . See also Localization Category Localization mathematics Local analysis Localization of a module Localization of a ring Localization of a topological ... theory Category Localization mathematics ... more details
File Weak localization incoherent forward scattering.svg thumb There are many possible scattering paths in a disordered system File Weak localization scattering.svg thumb Weak localization is due primarily to self intersecting scattering paths Weak localization is a physical effect which occurs in disordered electronic systems at very low temperatures. The effect manifests itself as a positive correction to the resistivity of a metal or semiconductor . ref cite web url http prb.aps.org abstract PRB v22 i11 p5142 1 title Phys. Rev. B 22, 5142 1980 Magnetoresistance and Hall effect in a disordered two dimensional electron gas publisher Prb.aps.org date accessdate 2011 11 29 ref The name emphasizes the fact that weak localization is a precursor of Anderson localization , which occurs at strong disorder. General principle The effect is quantum mechanical in nature and has the following origin In a disordered electronic system, the electron motion is diffusive rather than ballistic. That is, an electron does not move along a straight line, but experiences a series of random scatterings off ... called Drude formula corresponds to the former classical terms, while the weak localization correction ... localization correction can be shown to come mostly from quantum interference between self crossing .... Since it is much more likely to find a self crossing trajectory in low dimensions, the weak localization ..., Electronic Transport in Mesoscopic Systems , Cambridge University Press, 1995 ref Weak anti localization ... the change in conductivity due to either weak localization or weak anti localization can be described ... math alpha math is 1 for weak localization and 1 2 for weak anti localization. math B phi math is roughly the magnetic field required to disrupt localization effects, and is equal to math hbar ... of either weak localization or weak anti localization falls off quickly in the presence of a magnetic ... Coherent backscattering Anderson localization References reflist DEFAULTSORT Weak Localization Category ... more details
In algebraic geometry , the localization of a module is a construction to introduce denominator s in a module mathematics module for a ring mathematics ring . More precisely, it is a systematic way to construct a new module S sup &minus 1 sup M out of a given module M containing algebraic fraction s math frac m s math . where the denominator s s range in a given subset S of R . The technique has become fundamental, particularly in algebraic geometry , as the link between modules and sheaf mathematics sheaf theory. Localization of a module generalizes localization of a ring . Definition In this article, let R be a commutative ring and M an R module mathematics module . Let S a multiplicatively closed subset of R , i.e. for any s and t S , the product st is also in S . Then the localization of M with respect to S , denoted S sup &minus 1 sup M , is defined to be the following module as a set ... closed by definition of prime ideals then the localization is denoted M sub p sub instead of R ... p mapsto M p math this corresponds to the support mathematics support of a function. Localization of a module ... ideals are trivial. Remarks The definition applies in particular to M R , and we get back the localization ..., the localization of the module is tightly linked to the one of the ring via the tensor product ... referred to as extension of scalars . As a tensor product, the localization satisfies the usual universal property . Flatness From the definition, one can see that localization of modules is an exact ... . Quasi coherent sheaves In terms of localization of modules, one can define quasi coherent sheaf ... module is such a sheaf, locally modelled on a finitely presented module over R . See also Localization Category Localization mathematics Local analysis Localization algebra Localization of a category Localization of a ring Localization of a topological space References Any textbook on commutative algebra ... Category Module theory Category Localization mathematics ... more details
In commutative algebra and algebraic geometry , the localization is a formal way to introduce the denominators ... localization originates in algebraic geometry if R is a ring of function mathematics function s defined .... Construction Localization of a ring Given a ring R and a subset S , one wants to construct ... 0 not in S math and math 1 in S math . Then the localization of R with respect to S , denoted ... frac m s frac n t math . This motivates the definition above. In fact, the localization recovers the construction ... S is multiplicatively closed. The localization math S 1 R math then consists of math r s, r in R, s in R ... as a subring of K . Indeed, any localization of an integral domain is a subring of the field of fractions ... by definition of prime ideals , then the localization is denoted R sub p sub . If S consists of all ... R f 1 . math Another way to describe the localization of a ring R at a subset S is via category theory .... Then, the localization of R at S is the initial object of this category. Localization of a module ... m m 1. The same notations for the localization of a ring are used for modules math M mathfrak p math denote the localization of M at a prime ideal math mathfrak p math and math M f math the localization of a non nilpotent element f . By the very definitions, the localization of the module is tightly ... product, the localization satisfies the usual universal property . Clarify date March 2012 ... S to consist only of 1,0 and 1 1,1 , then the corresponding localization is Z a Z . Let R Z , and p a prime number. If S Z p Z , then R is the localization of the integers at p . As a generalization ... system and the corresponding localization is denoted R sub p sub . The unique maximal ... system f sup n sup n 0,1,... . Then the localization intuitively is just the ring obtained by inverting powers of f . If f is nilpotent, the localization is the zero ring. Two classes of localizations ... . The set S consists of all powers of a given element r . The localization corresponds to restriction ... more details
In condensed matter physics , Anderson localization , also known as strong localization , is the absence ... P. W. Anderson , who was the first one to suggest the possibility of electron localization inside ... PhysRev.109.1492 url accessdate quote bibcode 1958PhRv..109.1492A ref Anderson localization is a general ... waves, spin waves, etc. This phenomenon is to be distinguished from weak localization , which is the precursor effect of Anderson localization see below , and from Mott transition Mott localization ... Z d psi t n 2 n leq C math uniformly in t . This phenomenon is called Anderson localization . if d &ge ... constant. Analysis The phenomenon of Anderson localization, particularly that of weak localization ... D.C. last4 Ramakrishnan first4 T.V. title Scaling Theory of Localization Absence of Quantum Diffusion .....673A ref This scaling hypothesis of localization suggests that a disorder induced metal insulator transition ... critical dimension of the localization problem, the 2D case is in a sense close to 3D states ... lead to the existence of extended states and thus an MIT. Consequently, the localization lengths ... find a localization delocalization transition when either decreasing system size for fixed disorder or increasing disorder for fixed system size. Most numerical approaches to the localization problem ... of the localization lengths and further validates the scaling hypothesis by a numerical proof ... to demonstrate Anderson localization of light has been implemented. Conti and Fratalocchi, 2008 Experimental evidence Two reports of Anderson localization of light in 3D random media exist up to date ... interpretation of experimental results Scheffold et al. , 1999 . Anderson localization can also be observed in a perturbed periodic potential where the transverse localization of light is caused by random fluctuations on a photonic lattice. Experimental realizations of transverse localization ... also been observed by localization of a Bose Einstein condensate in a 1D disordered optical potential ... more details
In abstract algebra , localization is a systematic method of adding multiplicative inverses to a ring ... fashion this should be expressed by a universal property . The localization of R by S is often ... localizes a ring, then completes. Formal definition Another way to describe the localization of a ring ... , with R algebra homomorphisms as morphisms. Then, the localization of R at S is the initial object of this category. Terminology The term localization originates in algebraic geometry if R is a ring ... of the localization. Since the only ring in which 0 is a unit is the trivial ring 0 , the localization ... in general. For example, the dyadic fraction s are the localization of the ring ... ring s, we don t have a field of fractions. Nevertheless, a localization can be constructed consisting ... a Z × Z b Z . If we take S to consist only of 1,0 and 1 1,1 , then the corresponding localization is Z a Z . Let R Z , and p a prime number. If S Z p Z , then R is the localization of the integers ... of R . Then R p is a multiplicative system and the corresponding localization is denoted R sub p sub ... consider the multiplicative system f sup n sup n 0,1,... . Then the localization intuitively is just the ring obtained by inverting powers of f . If f is nilpotent, the localization is the zero ring. Properties Some properties of the localization R S sup &minus 1 sup R S sup &minus 1 sup R 0 if and only ... by the given homomorphism R S sup &minus 1 sup R . In particular after localization at a prime ... of all powers of a given element r . The localization corresponds to restriction to the Zariski open ... Zariski open sets . For example, if R K X is the polynomial ring and r X then the localization produces the ring of Laurent polynomial s K X , X sup &minus 1 sup . In this case, localization corresponds ..., one also speaks of the localization at P . Localization corresponds to restriction to the complement ... ideal P . Non commutative case Localizing non commutative ring s is more difficult the localization ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Summing localization occurs when two or more coherent sound wave s arrive within a limited time interval and only one sound sensation is perceived. If the time variations are smaller than 1,5 ms, the time and level variations of all sound sources contribute to the direction of the perceived sound. The resulting Hearing sense auditory event is called a phantom source. Summing localization is the basis of stereophony . References Jens Blauert Spatial Hearing , The MIT Press Rev Sub edition October 2, 1996 http www.hauptmikrofon.de theile ON THE LOCALISATION english.pdf On the Localisation in the superimposed Soundfield by G nther Theile Category Sound physics stub ... more details
Refimprove date June 2007 Dub localization , also often simply referred to as Language localizationlocalization , which is a form of a voice over . It is the practice of voice over translation altering a foreign language film , art film or television series by voice actor s. Dub localization is a hot button issue active in cinephilia amongst aficionados of foreign filmmaking and television program s, particularly anime fans as dubbing filmmaking dubs are still a popular form of translation of animated series. While some localization is virtually inevitable in translation, the controversy surrounding how much localization is too much is often much discussed in such communities, especially when the final dub product is significantly different from the original. Some frown on any extensive localization, while others expect it and, to a degree, appreciate it. Some dub localizations are considered so extreme as to have produced a different show or film entirely. Controversial dub localizations Many localized dubs are the object of much controversy. One relatively famous example of a controversial dub localization is the Sailor Moon series, which was heavily edited to remove episodes, change ... amongst many anime fans largely because of localization issues, including extensive and sometime ... One Piece dubs. Another highly controversial dub localization was Cardcaptors , the English ... with a very different audience from the original children s series. However, the best example of a localization indeed, an extreme localization which actually proved to be extremely popular and in demand ... of which is still praised for its humor and often pointed to as an example of an extreme localization ... included in Robotech , later received an uncut English dub by ADV Films . A reference to localization ... Localization disambiguation Localization Anime 4Kids Entertainment References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Dub Localization Category Translation Category Film and video terminology Category Film and video ... more details
Sound localization refers to a listener s ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound ... . The sound localization mechanisms of the human auditory system have been extensively studied. The human auditory system uses several cues for sound source localization, including time and level differences ... localization cues which are absent in the human auditory system, such as the effects of ear movements. Sound localization by the human auditory system Sound localization is the process of determining ... of human sound localization MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts 1983 ref ref name Thompson Thompson ... Studio. Boston, MA Berklee, 2005. Print. ref Localization can be described in terms of three dimensional ... zone, where both mechanisms play a role. Localization accuracy is 1 degree for sources ... localization in the median plane front, above, back, below The human outer ear , i.e. the structures ..., front back permutations or inside the head localization can appear when listening to dummy ... . Localization in enclosed rooms In enclosed rooms not only the direct sound from a sound source ... is arriving first, for sound localization, but not the reflected sound, which is arriving later Precedence effect law of the first wave front . So sound localization remains possible even in an echoic ... play a role for the hearing of many animals. But the influences on localization of these effects ... localization cues as for the human auditory system can be used. This means evaluation of interaural ... differences appear for higher frequencies and can be evaluated for localization tasks. For animals ..., and these ear movements can be used as a lateral localization cue. Sound localization in the median ..., which could be used as an additional localization cue, similar to the localization in the median plane in the human auditory system. There are additional localization cues which are also used by animals. Head tilting For sound localization in the median plane elevation of the sound also two detectors ... more details
In mathematics , particularly in integral calculus , the localization theorem allows, under certain conditions, to infer the nullity of a function given only information about its continuity and the value of its integral. Let math var F var var x var be a real valued function defined on some open interval var var of the real line that is Continuous function continuous in var var . Let var D var be an arbitrary subinterval contained in var var . The theorem states the following implication math int limits D F x , dx 0 forall D subset Omega Rightarrow F x 0 forall x in Omega math File Localization Theorem.svg float right A simple proof is as follows if there were a point var x var sub 0 sub within var var for which math var F var var x var sub 0 sub &ne 0 , then the continuity of math var F var would require the existence of a neighborhood mathematics neighborhood of var x var sub 0 sub in which the value of math var F var was nonzero, and in particular of the same sign than in var x var sub 0 sub . Since such a neighborhood var N var , which can be taken to be arbitrarily small, must however be of a nonzero width on the real line, the integral of math var F var over var N var would evaluate to a nonzero value. However, since var x var sub 0 sub is part of the open set var var , all neighborhoods of var x var sub 0 sub smaller than the distance of var x var sub 0 sub to the frontier of var var are included within it, and so the integral of math var F var over them must evaluate to zero. Having reached the contradiction that math &int sub var N var sub var F var var x var var dx var must be both zero and nonzero, the initial hypothesis must be wrong, and thus there is no var x var sub 0 sub in var var for which math var F var var x var sub 0 sub &ne 0 . The theorem is easily generalized to multivariate calculus multivariate function s, replacing intervals with the more ... , d Omega 0 math As the equation holds for any such control volume, the localization theorem applies ... more details
The cell biology cells of eukaryote eukaryotic organisms are elaborately subdivided into functionally distinct membrane bound compartments. Some major constituents of eukaryotic cells are extracellular space , cytoplasm , cell nucleus nucleus , mitochondria , Golgi apparatus , endoplasmic reticulum ER , peroxisome , vacuole s, cytoskeleton , nucleoplasm , nucleolus , nuclear matrix and ribosome s. Bacteria also have subcellular localizations that can be separated when the cell is fractionated. The most common localizations referred to include the cytoplasm , the cell membrane cytoplasmic membrane also referred to as the inner membrane in Gram negative bacteria , the cell wall which is usually thicker in Gram positive bacteria and the extracellular environment. Most Gram negative bacteria also contain an Bacterial outer membrane outer membrane and periplasmic space . Unlike eukaryotes, most bacteria contain no membrane bound organelles, however there are some exceptions i.e. magnetosome s . ref Schuler D. 2004 . Molecular analysis of a subcellular compartment the magnetosome membrane in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. Arch Microbiol. 181 1 7 ref See also Protein targeting Protein subcellular localization prediction References Reflist Category Cell biology sr Subcelularna lokalizacija ... more details
, p. 47 ref After Napoleon s fall the British joined the call for internationalization. In September ... Empire the Russian Empire , the allies sent to Russia a note urging the internationalization of the river ... and Politics of the Year 1855 pub. 1856 , p. 201. ref blockquote Internationalization File Fran ois ... more details
Orphan date September 2011 Close paraphrasing date July 2011 copy edit date July 2011 Standards in Localization and Translation Standards are an agreed, repeatable way of doing something. they help make life simpler and increase the reliability and the effectiveness of many goods and services we use. we already have an article on standardization the introduction should relate specifically to the subject of localization and translation They are created by bringing together the experience and expertise of all interested parties such as the producers, sellers, buyers, users and regulators of a particular material, product, process or service. To create a standard, recognised and approved members from industry and academia join a committee and vote regularly for specifications, rules, and guidelines which characterise the standard. ref cite web last Anastasiou first Dimitra title Localisation Standards and Metadata url http www.springerlink.com content t42m541n266j00pn fulltext.pdf accessdate 10 June 2011 ref According to ISO, standardisation go through six stages proposal, preparatory, committee ... . LISA Localization Industry Standards Association. OASIS Organization for the Advancement ... created by computer aided translation and Language localizationlocalization tools. Being in existence ... when a Transactional memory TM was created. GMX V GMX V quantifies the workload for a given localization ... counts, file counts, screen shot counts, etc., which are useful for localization processes. GMX ... http transtandards.sourceforge.net GMX1 specification.html publisher The Localization Industry Standards ... xml.coverpages.org dita.html accessdate 10 June 2011 ref Internationalization Tag Set Developed and managed by W3C , Internationalization Tag Set ITS is a technology to create easily XML , which is internationalised ... of elements and attributes. ref cite web last Schneider first Daniel title Software localization url http edutechwiki.unige.ch en Software localization accessdate 10 June 2011 ref References See ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Portal Free software Open source software Urdu localization was initiated by the Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing CRULP at the National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences , through its PAN Localization Project, funded by IDRC in Canada . The Internationalization and localizationlocalization of the following open source software is in progress SeaMonkey an Internet suite OpenOffice an office suite Psi instant messaging client Psi a chat client NVu a web development tool Drupal a content management system SeaMonkey Urdu localization SeaMonkey is an open source, multi platform, complete Internet suite including a browser, an email client, an IRC chat client and a simple HTML editor. It is available in a number of languages and the SeaMonkey Urdu localization is under progress at CRULP. The localization of the SeaMonkey browser, email client and HTML editor is complete and is available in the form of an Urdu language pack. Translation of SeaMonkey help files is in progress. External links http www.crulp.org Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing http www.panl10n.net PAN Localization Project http www.idrc.ca IDRC, Canada http www.mozilla.org projects seamonkey releases SeaMonkey Localized Language Packs DEFAULTSORT Urdu Localization Of Open Source Software Category Free software projects Category Urdu computing Category Internationalization and localization ... more details
In mathematics, well behaved topological spaces can be localized at primes, in a similar way to the localization of a ring at a prime. This construction was described by Dennis Sullivan in 1970 lecture notes that were finally published in harv Sullivan 2005 . The reason to do this was in line with an idea of making topology, more precisely algebraic topology , more geometric. Localization of a space X is a geometric form of the algebraic device of choosing coefficients in order to simplify the algebra, in a given problem. Instead of that, the localization can be applied to the space X , directly, giving a second space Y . Definitions We let A be a subring of the rational numbers, and let X be a simply connected CW complex . Then there is a simply connected CW complex Y together with a map from X to Y such that Y is A local this means that all its homology groups are modules over A The map from X to Y is universal for homotopy classes of maps from X to A local CW complexes. This space Y is unique up to homotopy equivalence, and is called the localization of X at A . If A is the localization of Z at a prime p , then the space Y is called the localization of X at p The map from X to Y induces isomorphisms from the A localizations of the homology and homotopy groups of X to the homology and homotopy groups of Y . See also Localization Category Localization mathematics Local analysis Localization of a category Localization of a module Localization of a ring References citation last Adams year 1978 title Infinite loop spaces pages 74 95 isbn 0 69108206 5 publisher Princeton University Press location Princeton, N.J. citation title Geometric Topology Localization, Periodicity and Galois Symmetry The 1970 MIT Notes series K Monographs in Mathematics first Dennis P. last Sullivan editor first Andrew editor last Ranicki isbn 1 40203511 X year 2005 url http www.maths.ed.ac.uk aar surgery gtop.pdf publisher Springer location Dordrecht Category Homotopy theory Category Localization ... more details
In robotics and sensors , Monte Carlo localization MCL is a Monte Carlo method to determine the position of a robot given a map of its environment based on Markov localization . It is basically an implementation of the particle filter applied to robot localization, and has become very popular in the Robotics literature. In this method a large number of hypothetical current configurations are initially randomly scattered in configuration space . With each sensor update, the probability that each hypothetical configuration is correct is updated based on a statistical model of the sensors and Bayes theorem . Similarly, every motion the robot undergoes is applied in a statistical sense to the hypothetical configurations based on a statistical motion model. When the probability of a hypothetical configuration becomes very low, it is replaced with a new random configuration. External links Frank Dellaert F. Dellaert , D. Fox, Wolfram Burgard W. Burgard , and Sebastian Thrun S. Thrun , http www.ri.cmu.edu pubs pub 533.html Monte Carlo Localization for Mobile Robots , IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation ICRA , 1999 D. Fox, W. Burgard, F. Dellaert, and S. Thrun, http www.cs.washington.edu ai Mobile Robotics abstracts sampling aaai 99.abstract.html Monte Carlo Localization Efficient Position Estimation for Mobile Robots , Proc. of the Sixteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence AAAI 99 Thrun, S., Fox, D., Burgard,W., and Dellaert, F., http robots.stanford.edu papers thrun.robust mcl.html Robust monte carlo localization for mobile robots , Artificial Intelligence, 128 1 2 99 141 Category Robot navigation robo stub ... more details
File Electron localization function of Kr HF cc pV5Z .png thumb right 350px Electron localization function of the krypton atom at the Hartree Fock cc pV5Z level of theory. Also shown is the radial electronic density density , 4&pi r sup 2 sup &rho r , scaled by a factor of 0.0375. In quantum chemistry , the electron localization function ELF is a measure of the likelihood of finding an electron in the neighborhood space of a reference electron located at a given point and with the same spin. Physically, this measures the extent of spatial localization of the reference electron and provides a method for the mapping of electron pair probability in multielectronic systems. ELF s usefulness stems from the manner it allows the analysis of electron localization in a chemically intuitive way. For example, the shell structure of heavy atoms is obvious when plotting ELF against the radial distance from the nucleus the ELF for radon, for example, has six clear maxima, whereas the electronic ... measure of electron localization in atomic and molecular systems journal J. Chem. Phys. volume 92 pages ... that a measure of the electron localization is provided by math D sigma mathbf r tau sigma mathbf ... localized electrons are to be found. Given the arbitrariness of the magnitude of the localization ... is a dimensionless localization index that expresses electron localization with respect to the uniform ... 0 ELF 1 by defining the electron localization function as math mathrm ELF mathbf r frac 1 1 chi 2 sigma mathbf r . math ELF 1 corresponding to perfect localization ..., H. G. year 1992 title Electron localization in solid state structures of the elements &ndash ... 187&ndash 188 doi 10.1002 anie.199201871 ref The approach of electron localization not in this form ... with Bader charge analysis or Electron Localization Functions. One of the most popular functionals in DFT was first proposed by Becke, who also originated Electron Localization Functions. References ... more details
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