Internetworking a combination of the words inter between and networking it is not internet working or international network is the practice of connecting a computer network with other networks through the use of gateway telecommunications gateways that provide a common method of Router computing routing information Packet information technology packet s between the networks. The resulting system of interconnected networks is called an internetwork , or simply an internet . The most notable example of internetworking is the Internet , a network of networks based on many underlying hardware technologies, but unified by an internetworking Communications protocol protocol standard, the Internet Protocol Suite , often also referred to as TCP IP . The smallest amount of effort to create an internet an internetwork, not the Internet , is to have two LAN s of computers connected to each other via a router. Simply using either a switch or a hub to connect two local area networks together doesn t imply internetworking, it just expands the original LAN. Interconnection of networks Internetworking started as a way to connect disparate types of networking technology, but it became widespread through ... bridge s and network switch es. This is sometimes incorrectly termed internetworking, but the resulting system is simply a larger, single subnetwork , and no internetworking Communications ... used to describe the protocols and methods used in internetworking. The Open System Interconnection ... hardware to the software interface concepts in user applications. Internetworking is implemented ... the host is connected. Internetworking is facilitated by the protocols of its Internet Layer . See also History of the Internet References reflist Category Network architecture de Internetworking fa ko hi id Antarjaringan mk Internetwork nl Internetworking ja pl Intersie pt Interliga o de redes sv Internetworking te tr nternet terim ... more details
primary sources date November 2011 Infobox institute name Space Internetworking Center image image name image size image alt caption latin name motto founder established September 2010 mission focus president chairman head label head http www.spice center.org vassilis tsaoussidis Prof. Vassilis Tsaoussidis faculty adjunct faculty staff 27 members key people budget Euro 1.5 million small estimated small Citation needed date November 2011 endowment debt num members subsidiaries owner non profit slogan former name location city Xanthi state province country Greece coor address website http www.spice center.org www.spice center.org dissolved footnotes Space Internetworking Center SPICE lang gr in Xanthi , Greece , was founded in September 2010, having acquired funding from FP 7 Research Potential programme http cordis.europa.eu fetch?CALLER FP7 PROJ EN&ACTION D&DOC 1&CAT PROJ&QUERY 012e29f85cd5 c064 588a59a0&RCN 95736 FP7 REGPOT 2010 1 , Grant Agreement No 264226 . The center currently employs 27 staff members. It is hosted by the Democritus University of Thrace . The center has built an alliance with major institutions such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , NASA , Aalto University , the European Space Agency , and the University of Cambridge . Among the areas of interest of the organisation are space internetworking, delay tolerant networking, energy efficient communications, the integration of things onto the new Internet, and the routing, transporting and application of network protocols. Research agenda The main research goals of SPICE are The design of space protocols that can dynamically adapt to topology changes and communications anomalies, achieving high rate of data transmission, even in deep space missions. The interoperability between different communication protocols, e.g. protocols used by ESA and NASA. The dynamic ... of space and terrestrial internetworking communications. The deployment of delay tolerant networking ... more details
The Hierarchical internetworking model , or three layer model , is a network design model first proposed by Cisco . The three layer model divides enterprise network s into three layers core, distribution, and access layer. Each layer provides different services to end stations and servers. Access layer End stations and servers connect to the enterprise at the access layer . Access layer devices are usually commodity switching platforms, and may or may not provide Network Layer layer 3 switching services. The traditional focus at the access layer is minimizing cost per port the amount of investment the enterprise must make for each provisioned Ethernet port. Distribution layer The distribution layer is the smart layer in the three layer model. Routing, filtering, and QoS policies are managed at the distribution layer. Distribution layer devices also often manage individual branch office Wide area network WAN connections. Core layer The core network provides high speed, highly redundant forwarding services to move packets between distribution layer devices in different regions of the network. Core switches and routers are usually the most powerful, in terms of raw forwarding power, in the enterprise core network devices manage the highest speed connections, such as 10 Gigabit Ethernet . See also Multi tier architecture Service layer Cisco s 3 Layered Model References cite title Cisco Network Topology and Design date 2002 author Khalid Raza, Mark Turner publisher Cisco Press cite url http www.cisco.com application pdf en us guest netsol ns431 c649 ccmigration 09186a00808f6c34.pdf title High Availability Campus Network Design accessdate 2010 08 23 Category Computer networking Compu network stub ... more details
Wikify date April 2012 refimprove date August 2010 Optical Internetworking Forum OIF is a non profit, member driven organization founded in 1998. It promotes the development and deployment of interoperable networking solutions and services through the creation of Implementation Agreements IAs for optical networking products, network processing elements, and component technologies. With 100 member companies, OIF was the first industry group to unite representatives from data and optical networking disciplines, including many of the world s leading carriers, component manufacturers, and system vendors. OIF creates benchmarks, performs worldwide interoperability testing, builds market awareness and promotes education for technologies, services and solutions. It provides feedback to worldwide standards organizations to help achieve a set of implementable, interoperable solutions. The Network Processing Forum merged into OIF in June, 2006. OIF actively supports and extends the work of standards bodies and industry forums with the goal of promoting worldwide compatibility of optical internetworking products. Implementation agreements Implementation agreements are based on requirements developed cooperatively by end users, service providers, equipment vendors and technology providers in alignment with worldwide standards, augmented as necessary. This is accomplished through industry member participation working together to develop specifications IAs for external network element interfaces, software interfaces internal to network elements and hardware component interfaces internal to network elements. Technical Committee and Working Groups OIF sponsors a Technical Committee and a Market Awareness and Education Committee MA&E . The MA&E Committee is responsible for the educational and marketing activities of the OIF. The Technical Committee essentially produces IAs out of the following ... layer interfaces between Optical Internetworking elements and between their internal components. The OIF ... more details
In telecommunication s, network engineering may refer to The field concerned with internetworking service requirements for switched telephone network s and developing the required hardware and software The field concerned with the design and management of computer network s The field concerned with Telecommunications engineering developing telecommunications network topologies See also Network administrator FS1037C Category Telecommunications engineering ar ... more details
Merge from TFI 5 date June 2011 Context date October 2009 TDM Fabric to Framer Interface is abbreviated as TDM. Some commonly used TDM variants include TFI 4 TFI 5 See also Optical Internetworking Forum Category Multiplexing Compu stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Maximum segment lifetime is the time a Transmission Control Protocol TCP protocol data unit segment can exist in the Internetworking internetwork system. It is arbitrarily defined to be nowrap 2 minutes long. ref cite web title RFC 793 work Transmission Control Protocol url http www.rfc editor.org rfc rfc793.txt accessdate December 5, 2006 ref References references Category TCP IP ... more details
orphan date June 2010 Cumulative ack Networking The acknowledgment scheme used by TCP in which an acknowledgment reports the point in a stream at which data has been received successfully. ref Internetworking with TCP IP Volume 1. Principles, Protocols, and Architecture Fifth Edition page.595 ref For more information see TCP Transmission Control Protocol References Reflist 1 Category TCP IP ... more details
In telecommunications , a User Network Interface UNI is a demarcation point between the responsibility of the service provider and the responsibility of the subscriber. This is distinct from a Network to Network Interface NNI that defines a similar interface between provider networks. Specifications defining a UNI Metro Ethernet Forum The Metro Ethernet Forum s Metro Ethernet Network UNI specification defines a bidirectional Ethernet reference point for Ethernet service delivery. Optical Internetworking Forum The Optical Internetworking Forum defines a UNI software interface for user systems to request a network connection from an ASON GMPLS control plane. External links http www.metroethernetforum.org Metro Ethernet Forum http www.oiforum.com public documents OIF UNI 01.0 R2 Common.pdf OIF UNI Specification Category Network management compu network stub ja ... more details
Merge to TDM Fabric to Framer Interface date June 2011 Context date September 2009 TFI 5 is a standardized TDM Fabric to Framer Interface by the Optical Internetworking Forum OIF that allow framer and switch components from multiple vendors to inter operate facilitating the development of add drop multiplexers, TDM cross connect and grooming switches. the standard includes link integrity monitoring, connection management and mapping mechanisms for both SONET SDH and non SONET SDH clients such as Ethernet and Fibre Channel . ref name light http www.lightreading.com document.asp?doc id 41290 OIF Approves TFI 5 Interface , retrieved 2007 ref The main application of TFI 5 is for Time division multiplexing TDM . this contrast with other OFI standards such SPI 5 which target packet cell applications. ref name light OFI level 5 standards that covered interfaces of 40 Gbit s. ref name light See also Time division multiplexing TDM SFI 5 Optical Internetworking Forum Framer References reflist Category Multiplexing compu hardware stub ... more details
Link Access Procedure LAP protocols are Data Link Layer Communications protocol protocols for Framing telecommunication framing Disambiguation needed date February 2012 and Data transmission transmitting data across Point to point telecommunications point to point Data link links . LAP was originally derived from HDLC High Level Data Link Control , but was later updated and renamed LAPB LAP Balanced . LAPB is the data link protocol for X.25. Other related LAP protocols are MLP Multilink Procedure LAPM Link Access Procedure for Modems LAPD Link Access Procedures, D channel LAPF Link Access Procedure for Frame Relay External links http www.cisco.com en US docs internetworking technology handbook Frame Relay.html Cisco Frame Relay documentation http www.cisco.com en US docs internetworking technology handbook X25.html X.25 Overview Category Link access protocols Category Link protocols ... more details
PL 3 or POS PHY Level 3 was the name of the interface that the Optical Internetworking Forum s SPI 3 Interoperability Agreement is based on. It was proposed by PMC Sierra to the Optical Internetworking Forum and adopted in June of 2000 . The name means Packet Over SONET Physical layer level 3. PL 3 was developed by PMC Sierra in conjunction with the SATURN Development Group . Context There are two broad categories of chip to chip interfaces. The first, exemplified by PCI Express and HyperTransport , supports reads and writes of memory addresses. The second broad category carries user packets over 1 or more channels and is exemplified by the IEEE 802.3 family of Media Independent Interface s and the Optical Internetworking Forum family of System Packet Interface s. Of these last two, the family of System Packet Interfaces is optimized to carry user packets from many channels. The family of System Packet Interfaces is the most important packet oriented, chip to chip interface family used between devices in the Packet over SONET and Optical Transport Network , which are the principal protocols used to carry the internet between cities. Applications It was designed to be used in systems that support OC 48 SONET interfaces . A typical application of PL 3 SPI 3 is to connect a framer device to a network processor. It has been widely adopted by the high speed networking marketplace. Technical details The interface consists of per direction 32 TTL signals for the data path 8 TTL signals for control one TTL signal for clock 8 TTL signals for optional additional multi channel status There are several clocking options. The interface operates around 100 MHz. Implementations of SPI 3 PL 3 have been produced which allow somewhat higher clock rates. This is important when overhead bytes are added to incoming packets. Trivia The name is an acronym of an acronym of an acronym as the P in PL stands for POS PHY and the S in POS PHY stands for SONET Synchronous Optical Network . The L in PL ... more details
performance of a leased line . ref cite web url http www.cisco.com en US docs internetworking technology handbook DSL Dig Subscr Ln.html wp1020696 title Internetworking Technology Handbook ... more details
The three letter acronym OIF may refer to the following. Geoengineering Ocean Iron Fertilization , the practice of adding iron or iron compounds to the ocean to stimulate phytoplankton growth Events Operation Iraqi Freedom , the initial portion of the Iraq War Formats Object Interchange Format, a database management protocol developed by the Object Data Management Group Foundations Optimist International Optimist International Foundation , a charitable foundation dedicated to instilling optimism in youth Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation, a charitable foundation in support of osteogenesis imperfecta Offices Office for Intellectual Freedom, a subunit of the American Library Association Organizations and forums Francophonie Organisation internationale de la Francophonie , or simply the Francophonie, an organization of French speaking polities Optical Internetworking Forum , a communications industry forum disambig ... more details
CEI may stand for IATA airport code for Chiang Rai International Airport Conferenza Episcopale Italiana Central European Initiative Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company Common Electrical Interface , a hardware interoperability agreement defined by the Optical Internetworking Forum Competitive Enterprise Institute , a libertarian think tank Cycle Engineers Institute , a screw thread pattern see British Standard Whitworth , which includes information on topic Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad Constant Energy Ignition , a proprietary point less ignition system manufactured by Lucas Industries Conselho Esp rita Internacional International Spiritist Council wiktionary disambig de CEI fr CEI it CEI ja CEI pt CEI ... more details
Context date September 2007 Link Access Procedure for Frame Relay LAPF is part of the Frame Relay Communications protocol protocol for Wide area network WAN s where it is used for end to end signaling. It is defined in ITU standard Q.922 . Meaningless without context, please improve The DE , FECN and BECN bits are part of the address field in the LAPF frame. In Frame Relay Local Management Interface LMI messages are carried in a variant of LAPF frames. External links http www.cisco.com en US docs internetworking technology handbook Frame Relay.html Cisco Frame Relay documentation Category Link access protocols Category Link protocols Compu network stub es Link Access Procedure for Frame Relay ... more details
PUP may refer to In politics Party of Proletarian Unity , a political party of France People s United Party , a political party of Belize Progressive Unionist Party , a political party of Northern Ireland Proletarian Unity Party France Protestant Unionist Party , a former political party of Northern Ireland Unity and Progress Party , a political party of Guinea In other uses PARC Universal Packet , one of the two earliest internetworking communications protocols Physically Unable to Perform , a rule in the NFL Polytechnic University of the Philippines Potentially Unwanted Program , a computing term Princeton University Press Public public partnership , a term used in public economics to describe an organisational partnership See also Pup disambiguation Disambig de PUP eo PUP fr PUP it PUP pl PUP ... more details
A workgroup is Microsoft s terminology for a peer to peer Windows computer network. ref http compnetworking.about.com cs design g bldef workgroup.htm ref Microsoft operating system s in the same workgroup may allow each other access to their Computer file files , Computer printer printers , or Internetworking Internet connection . Members of different workgroups on the same local area network and TCP IP network can only directly access resources in workgroups to which they are joined. References reflist See also Home network Peer to peer Shared disk access Windows Server domain Windows for Workgroups compu network stub windows stub Category Microsoft Windows Category Computer networking ... more details
Genuity is currently an umbrella brand from Monsanto to cover its genetically modified products. ref cite news title Agribusiness Monsanto unveils Genuity branding date March 2, 2009 newspaper Southeast Farm Press url http southeastfarmpress.com agribusiness monsanto unveils genuity branding accessdate May 27, 2011 ref Previously, the name was used for a web hosting business owned by Bechtel , which was then sold to the Internet Service Provider ISP business under GTE in 1997 ref cite web url http www.telecompaper.com news gte internetworking to acquire genuity title GTE INTERNETWORKING TO ACQUIRE GENUITY publisher Telecom Paper date November 14, 1997 accessdate May 27, 2011 ref and spun off as an independent company in 2000. ref citation url http www.crn.com news channel programs 18833726 gte internetworking finds brand in genuity.htm last Semilof first Margie date April 7, 2000 title GTE Internetworking Finds Brand In Genuity publisher CRN accessdate May 27, 2011 ref ref cite web url http news.cnet.com GTEs Genuity files for IPO 2100 1033 3 239007.html title GTE s Genuity files for IPO publisher CNET News date April 7, 2000 accessdate May 27, 2011 ref The company was acquired by and operated under Level 3 Communications between 2002 ref cite web url http www.isp planet.com news 2002 lvlt genu 021129.html date November 29, 2002 title Level 3 Picks Up Genuity publisher ISP Planet, internet.com accessdate May 27, 2011 ref and 2003, when Level 3 exited the hosting business. ref citation url http www.crn.com news channel programs 18815650 level 3 to leave genuity hosting business.htm title Level 3 To Leave Genuity Hosting Business date April 4, 2003 last Redman first Russell publisher CRN accessdate May 27, 2011 ref References reflist External links http www.genuity.com www.genuity.com Official website. http articles.latimes.com keyword genuity inc Los Angeles Times History of Genuity up until Level 3 acquisition. US company stub Category Genetically modified organisms ... more details
Catenet is an obsolete term for a system of Packet switching packet switched communication networks interconnected via Gateway telecommunications gateway s. ref http www.isi.edu in notes ien ien48.txt The Catenet Model for internetworking , V. Cerf, DARPA Information Processing Techniques Office, IEN 48, July 1978 ref The term was coined by Louis Pouzin , ref A Proposal for Interconnecting Packet Switching Networks , L. Pouzin, Proceedings of EUROCOMP, Bronel University, May 1974, pp. 1023 36. ref a pioneer in packet switching technology and founder of the CYCLADES network, at a time when network meant what is now called a local area network . Catenet was the concept of linking these networks into a network of networks with specifications for compatibility of addressing and routing. The term catenet was gradually displaced by the short form of the term internetwork, internet lower case i , when the Internet Protocol replaced earlier protocols on the ARPANET . References reflist Category Packets information technology compu network stub de Catenet ... more details
Next Hop Resolution Protocol NHRP is sometimes used to improve the efficiency of routing computer network traffic over Nonbroadcast Multiple Access Network Non Broadcast, Multiple Access NBMA Networks . It is defined in IETF http tools.ietf.org html rfc2332 RFC 2332 , and further described in http tools.ietf.org html rfc2333 RFC 2333 . Description From RFC 2332 NHRP allows a source station a Host network host or Router computing router , wishing to communicate over an NBMA subnetwork, to determine the internetworking layer addresses and NBMA addresses of suitable NBMA next hops toward a destination station. External links http www.cisco.com en US docs ios 12 4 ip addr configuration guide hadnhrp ps6350 TSD Products Configuration Guide Chapter.html Cisco page on NHRP http sourceforge.net projects opennhrp OpenNHRP project page Category Network protocols compu network stub ... more details
Context date April 2011 IP forwarding also known as Internet routing is a process used to determine which path a packet or datagram can be sent. The process uses routing information to make decisions and is designed to send a packet over multiple computer network network s. Ideally, IP forwarding algorithm algorithms that are used for IP forwarding would take into account a packet datagram s length, the type of service specified in the datagram s header, and the network load to determine the best path to send a packet to its intended destination. However, in general most routing software determines its route through a shortest path algorithm. ref Comer, Douglas E. 2000 . Internetworking with TCP IP 4 ed. . Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ. ref See also Routing Routing protocol Router computing References Reflist Category Routing ... more details
Japan spacecraft stub telecommunications stub de Kizuna Satellit es Wide band Internetworking Engineering Test and Demonstration Satellite fr Wideband InterNetworking engineering test and Demonstration ... more details
, apparently a shortening of internetworking ref The form first occurring in the RFC series is internetworking ... use in the testing of an internetworking protocol. The first use of internet is in RFC 675, in the form ... more common to regard the results of internetworking as entities of their own, and internet became a noun, used both in a generic sense any collection of computer networks connected through internetworking ... more details
. The NPF merged with the Optical Internetworking Forum OIF in June 2006, and Chuck was elected ... Internetworking Forum OIF after none S end Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata ... more details
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