The Olney interpretation also known as the Olney corollary or Olney declaration was United States Secretary of State Richard Olney s interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine when a border dispute occurred between British Guiana and Venezuela . Olney claimed that the Monroe Doctrine gave the United States authority to mediate border disputes in the Western Hemisphere . Olney extended the meaning of the Monroe Doctrine, which had previously stated merely that the Western Hemisphere was closed to additional European colonization. Today the United States is practically sovereign on this continent and its fiat is law upon the subjects to which it confines its interposition.... its infinite resources combined with its isolated position render it master of the situation and practically invulnerable as against any or all other powers. Richard Olney 1895 The border dispute was settled by arbitration in 1897, and the Olney interpretation was defunct by 1933. Bibliography George B. Young, Intervention Under the Monroe Doctrine The Olney Corollary, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 2 Jun., 1942 , pp. 247 280 http www.jstor.org stable 2143553 in JSTOR Category Legal history of the United States Category History of the foreign relations of the United States Category Spanish American War Category Banana Wars Category 1895 in the United States Category Guyana Venezuela border ... more details
mergeto Interpretation logic Intended interpretations date April 2011 context date December 2011 One who constructs a formal system syntactical system usually has in mind from the outset some interpretation logic interpretation of this system. While this intended interpretation called standard model in mathematical logic &mdash a term introduced by Abraham Robinson in 1960 ref cite book editor Anthonie Meijers title Philosophy of technology and engineering sciences year 2009 publisher Elsevier isbn 9780444516671 series Handbook of the Philosophy of Science volume 9 author Roland M ller chapter The Notion of a Model ref can have no explicit indication in the deductive system syntactical rules since these rules must be strictly formal the author s intention respecting interpretation naturally affects his choice of the formal grammar formation and transformation rules of the syntactical system. For example, he chooses primitive notion primitive signs in such a way that certain concepts can be expressed he chooses sentential formula s in such a way that their counterparts in the intended interpretation can appear as Meaning linguistics meaningful declarative sentence s his choice of axiom primitive sentences must meet the requirement that these primitive sentences come out as Truth true sentence mathematical logic sentences in the interpretation his rules of inference must be such that if by one of these rules the sentence math mathcal I j math is directly formal proof derivable from a sentence math mathcal I i math , then math mathcal I i to mathcal I j math turns out to be a true sentence under the customary interpretation of imp as meaning material conditional implication . These requirements ... true descriptive interpretation or in other contexts a non intended arbitrary interpretation used to clarify such an intended factually true descriptive interpretation. All models are interpretations ... math can be interpreted as meaning One plus three equals four. A different interpretation would ... more details
Quantum mechanics cTopic Interpretation of quantum mechanics Interpretations The Copenhagen interpretation ... Wimmel1992 cite book author Hermann Wimmel title Quantum physics & observed reality a critical interpretation ... of particles nor the classical idea of waves. According to the interpretation, the act of measurement .... This feature of the mathematics is known as wavefunction collapse . The essential concepts of the interpretation ... their individual trajectories through a simple physical apparatus. The Copenhagen interpretation ... development of modern atomic physics. blockquote The term Copenhagen interpretation suggests something ... in the 1950s, ref cite journal title Who invented the Copenhagen Interpretation? A study ... A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of Hidden Variables. I & II year 1952 ... interpretation was not used in the 1930s but first entered the physicist s vocabulary in 1955 ... Lectures with the titles The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Theory and Criticisms and Counterproposals to the Copenhagen Interpretation , that Heisenberg delivered in 1955, are reprinted in the collection ... during the second quarter of the 20th Century, there is no definitive statement of the Copenhagen interpretation ... s more subjective interpretation http plato.stanford.edu entries qm copenhagen Stanford Encyclopedia ... different, sometimes opposite, views are presented as the Copenhagen interpretation by different .... , cite journal author1 Asher Peres title Popper s experiment and the Copenhagen interpretation ... accepted as being part of the interpretation A system is completely described by a Schr dinger .... Meaning of the wave function The Copenhagen Interpretation denies that the wave function ... approach to the Ensemble interpretation . There are some who say that there are objective variants of the Copenhagen Interpretation that allow for a real wave function, but it is questionable whether ... Claus Kiefer title On the interpretation of quantum theory from Copenhagen to the present day ... more details
In Christian theology , interpretation of tongues is one of the spiritual gift s listed in 1 Corinthians 12. This gift is used in conjunction with that of the glossolalia gift of tongues the supernatural ability to speak in a language tongue unknown to the speaker. The gift of interpretation is the supernatural enablement to express in an intelligible language an utterance spoken in an unknown tongue. This is not learned but imparted by the Holy Spirit Christianity Holy Spirit therefore, it should not be confused with the acquired skill of language interpretation . While Cessationism cessationist Christians believe this miraculous charism has ceased, Pentecostal and Charismatic Movement charismatic Christians believe this gift continues to operate within the Christian Church church . ref name foundations Guy P. Duffield and Nathaniel M. Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology , 1983, Los Angeles Foursquare Media, 2008 , pp. 342 343. ref Biblical description Much of what is known about this gift was recorded by St. Paul in 1 Corinthians 14. In this passage, guidelines for the proper use of the gift of tongues were given. In order for the gift of tongues to be beneficial for the edification of the church, such supernatural utterances were to be interpreted into the language of the gathered Christians. If no one among the gathered Christians possessed the gift of interpretation, then the gift of tongues was not to be publicly exercised. Those possessing the gift of tongues were encouraged to pray for the ability to interpret. ref name foundations See also Glossolalia speaking in tongues References reflist External links http www.spiritualabuse.org mywritings corinthians.html Study on 1 Corinthians 12 Private revelation Category Charismatic and Pentecostal Christianity Category Spiritual gifts Category Christian terms ... more details
About the 1990 documentary film Interpretation of Dreams film Infobox book See Wikipedia WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia WikiProject Books name The Interpretation of Dreams title orig Die Traumdeutung ... media type pages isbn The Interpretation of Dreams German Die Traumdeutung is a book by psychoanalyst ... to dream interpretation , and also first discusses what would later become the theory of the Oedipus ... of the place where Freud began The Interpretation of Dreams , near Grinzing , Austria Freud ... of The Interpretation of Dreams . In a 1900 letter to Wilhelm Fliess , he wrote in commemoration of the place ... in dreams are often not what they appear to be, according to Freud, and need deeper interpretation if they are to inform ... material. ref Freud, Sigmund The Interpretation of Dreams the Illustrated Edition , Sterling Press ... of the Dream by reviewing different scientific views on dream interpretation, which he finds interesting but not adequate. ref Freud, Sigmund The Interpretation of Dreams the Illustrated Edition ... interpretation was a straightforward hunt for symbols of sex, penises, etc. Example Steep inclines ... and felt compelled to address this simplistic interpretation of his work in the fifth edition of the book 1919 bquote The assertion that all dreams require a sexual interpretation, against which critics rage so incessantly, occurs nowhere in my Interpretation of Dreams . It is not to be found ... in it. The Interpretation of Dreams , fifth edition, 1919, Chapter VI, Section E, translated by James ... Marinelli, Lydia and Andreas Mayer A. 2003 Dreaming by the Book Freud s The Interpretation of Dreams ... explore textual changes in different versions of The Interpretation of Dreams and offer ... links http www.bartleby.com 285 The Interpretation of Dreams A. A. Brill, trans., 1913. http www.psywww.com books interp toc.htm E text version of the 3rd edition of The Interpretation of Dreams English ... of the 3rd edition of The Interpretation of Dreams trans. A. A. Brill http dreaminterpretation.freudfile.org ... more details
, see The Interpreters . For other uses, see Interpretation . more footnotes date November 2009 Navbox translation Language interpretation is the facilitating of oral or sign language communication ... by both the words interpreting and interpretation. Translation studies deal with the systematic study of the theory, the description and the application of language interpretation and translation ..., in another language form while interpretation denotes the actual product of this work, that is, the message ... technical sense as interchangeable, interpretation and translation are not synonymous. Interpreting ... English, not ASL . In court interpretation, it is not acceptable to omit anything from the source ... their product to the client. While live interpretation s goal is to achieve total accuracy at all ... in an English interpretation to provide the same plethora of information. Because of situations ... of Justice In extempore simultaneous interpretation SI , the interpreter renders the message in the target .... The simultaneous interpretation is rendered to the target language listeners via their earphones ... introduction and employment of extempore simultaneous interpretation was the Nuremberg Trials , with four ... language. Consecutive interpretation is rendered as short CI or long CI . In short CI, the interpreter ... divisions are established with the client before the interpretation is effected, depending upon the subject, its complexity, and the purpose of the interpretation. On occasion, document translation sight translation is required of the interpreter during consecutive interpretation work. Sight translation combines interpretation and translation the interpreter must render the source language document ... speaker is unaware that he or she may speak more than a single sentence before the CI interpretation ... language. This affords a truer, more accurate, and more accessible interpretation than does simultaneous interpretation. Whispered In whispered interpreting chuchotage , in French , the interpreter ... more details
Judicial interpretation Statutory interpretation is the process by which courts interpret and apply legislation . Some amount of interpretation is always necessary when a case involves a statute . Sometimes ... of statutes, judges use various tools and methods of statutory interpretation, including traditional canons of statutory interpretation, legislative history, and purpose. In common law jurisdictions, the judiciary may apply rules of statutory interpretation to legislation enacted by the legislature ... interpretation, we keep in mind that the first rule in considering the meaning and effect of a statute ... there is an inconsistency, the judiciary will attempt to provide a harmonious interpretation. Statements ... that the duty of interpretation does not arise, and the rules which are to aid doubtful meanings need ... possible construction remains... Interpretation in Light of Fundamental Values Statute does not violate ... to defer to the interpretation of another institution, such as an administrative agency or Congress ..., the courts will defer to the agency s reasonable interpretation of the statute. This rule of deference ... is susceptible to more than one reasonable construction, courts should choose an interpretation that avoids .... The traditional avoidance canon required the court to choose a different interpretation only when one interpretation was actually unconstitutional. The modern avoidance canon tells the court to choose a different interpretation when another interpretation merely raises constitutional doubts. ref ... a counter canon that would lead to the opposite interpretation of the statute. ref Karl N. Llewellyn ... of statutory construction give judges the ability to decide questions of statutory interpretation ... scholar Friedrich Carl von Savigny 1779 1861 the four main interpretation methods are Grammatical interpretation using the literal meaning of the statutory text grammatical is actually the wrong word, but it is commonly used for this trype of interpretation . Historical interpretation using the legislative ... more details
Infobox Book See Wikipedia WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia WikiProject Books name The Interpretation of Murder title orig translator image image caption author Jed Rubenfeld illustrator cover artist country United States language English language English series genre Mystery novel publisher Henry Holt and Company release date 2006 media type Print Hardcover Hardback & Paperback pages 384 pp isbn ISBN 978 0 8050 8098 8 Hardcover dewey 813 .6 22 congress PS3618.U233 I58 2006 oclc 65302409 preceded by followed by The Interpretation of Murder , published in 2006 , is Jed Rubenfeld s first novel. The book is written in the first person perspective of Dr. Stratham Younger, supposedly an American psychoanalyst. Other events where he is not present he is informed upon so that he has enough knowledge to write and comment on them. Plot summary On the morning after Sigmund Freud arrives in New York on his first and only visit to the United States in 1909, a stunning d butante is found bound and strangled in her penthouse apartment penthouse apartment, high above Broadway New York City Broadway . The following night, another beautiful heiress, Nora Acton, is discovered tied to a chandelier in her parents home, viciously wounded and unable to speak or to recall her ordeal. Soon Freud and his American disciple, Stratham Younger, are enlisted to help Miss Acton recover her memory, and to piece together the killer s identity. It is a riddle that will test their skills to the limit and lead them on a journey into the darkest places of the city, and of the human mind. Characters in The Interpretation of Murder Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Abraham Brill Rose Brill S ndor Ferenczi George B. McClellan Jr George B. McClellan , Mayor of New York City Stratham Younger, Dr. fictional . The first person ... Sergeant Louis Riviere Places, land marks and buildings in The Interpretation of Murder Manhattan Bridge ... http www.interpretationofmurder.com The Interpretation of Murder official site DEFAULTSORT Interpretation ... more details
For the album by John Cale Dream Interpretation album Refimprove date December 2007 File Tom Paine s nightly pest.jpg thumb right 280px Tom Paine asleep, having a nightmare Dream interpretation is the process ... Mediterranean One of the earliest written examples of dream interpretation comes from the Babylonian ..., A. 1956 The interpretation of dreams in the ancient Near East with a translation of an Assyrian dreambook ... also shows the tendency to see dreams as mantic as predicting the future , Ninsun s interpretation ... AD, wrote a comprehensive text entitled Oneirocritica The Interpretation of Dreams . ref Artemidorus 1990 The Interpretation of Dreams Oneirocritica. White, R., trans., Torrance, CA Original Books ... that dreams be interpreted like a rebus. ref name Freud, S. 1900 Freud, S. 1900 The Interpretation of Dreams ... interpretation, from the etiquette of interpreting dreams to the interpretation of reciting certain ... from an Alim Muslim scholar who could guide in the interpretation of dreams with a proper understanding ... 2004 p 375 ref Al Kindi Alkindus 801 873 also wrote a treatise on dream interpretation entitled ... between dream interpretation and the nature and causes of dreams. ref name Amber 363 Harv Haque 2004 ... 2010 China A standard traditional Chinese book on dream interpretation is the Lofty Principles of Dream Interpretation compiled in the 16th century by Chen Shiyuan particularly the Inner Chapters of that opus . ref http dreams.00.gs Wandering Spirits, I.1 4.htm Lofty Principles of Dream Interpretation ... of Dream Interpretation , Inner Chapter 5 ref ref http dreams.00.gs Wandering Spirits, I.6 9.htm Lofty Principles of Dream Interpretation , Inner Chapters 6 9 ref ref http dreams.00.gs Wandering Spirits, I.10.htm Lofty Principles of Dream Interpretation , Inner Chapter 10 ref Chinese thinkers also raised profound ideas about dream interpretation, such as the question of how we know we are dreaming ... In the 17th century the English physician Sir Thomas Browne wrote a short tract upon the interpretation ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2008 Dramatic Interpretation often shortened to Dramatic Interp, Drama or just DI is an event in National Forensic League and NFL related high school forensics competitions. DI is sometimes called Depressive Interpretation as a joke however, it accurately describes the sentiment underlying most pieces. In a typical round of DI, five to seven performers will each perform a cutting excerpt from a published play, novel, or short story. As the name suggests, the cuttings are invariably from non comedic e.g., dramatic works. Some performers select monologues, others may adopt the roles of several characters, changing their tone of voice, manner of speaking, and bodily position to indicate a change in character. After all of the competitors have performed, the judge or judges in the round will rank them from best to worst, and assign each of them a National Forensic League Points score . Contestants who score well will break out of preliminary rounds and continue to advance through octo quarter semi final rounds if they continue to score well. In college, DI cuttings must be from a play. Novels and short stories are used in prose. Citation needed date February 2007 Rules The use of props is forbidden. There is a time limit of ten minutes although a thirty second grace period is often allowed . Within the ten minutes, there must be an introduction which states the title and author of the selection. A teaser from the selection may precede the introduction See also Humorous Interpretation National Christian Forensics and Communications Association National Forensic League External links http sites.google.com site uncensoredforensics info dramatic humerous intpretation Dramatic & Humorous Interpretation, Dramatic Performance Category Debating Category Public speaking Speech and debate stub class wikitable border 1 2011 NFL National Finalists Performed By 1 The Soul of a Butterfly Muhammad Ali Jamaque Newberry, Nova High School FL 2 The Soul of a Butterfly ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Duo Interpretation , or often simply called Duo Interp, or just Duo, is an official speech event of the National Forensic League , the National Catholic Forensics League , National Christian Forensics and Communications Association , American Forensics Association , and the National Forensics Association . The event involves a pair of performers acting out a short literary piece or program under certain restraints, including not making eye contact with and touching your partner, and no props. Pieces used often include published short story short stories , Play theatre plays , or poems . Participants may cut anything out of their piece, but cannot add any dialogue. Performance Interpretation is highly valued in this event. Performances may be dramatic, humorous, or a blend of both. Performers often twist the meanings of words for comic effect, or play on an unintentional pun. Other common ways to change the meaning of the text is to sing, dance, gesture, or simply change the tone of your voice. Performers are often judged on their characterization and the stance associated with it. Since each performer is usually responsible for more than one character and as there are no costumes, he must signal a change clearly and performers will often use this to their advantage with humorous voices and elaborate body positions, some involving both partners participation, the jargon for this being inter blocking. Hand gestures and Mime artist pantomiming are also utilized. To overcome the restriction of looking at one s partner, participants often pick a point on the wall in front them to look at, pretending it is their partner s face. Performers must convince ... this time shall be granted a thirty second grace period. class wikitable border 1 2011 NFL Duo Interpretation ... resumes through its end. External links http www.ncfl.org duo interp Duo Interpretation of Literature ... Duo Interpretation Category Public speaking ... more details
In computer science , abstract interpretation is a theory of sound approximation of the semantics of computer programs, based on Monotonic function Monotonicity in order theory monotonic function s over ordered set s, especially lattice order lattice s. It can be viewed as a partial Execution computers execution of a computer program which gains information about its semantics e.g. control flow analysis control flow , data flow analysis data flow without performing all the calculation s. Its main concrete application is formal static code analysis static analysis , the automatic extraction of information about the possible executions of computer programs such analyses have two main usages inside compiler s, to analyse programs in order to decide whether certain Optimization computer science ... of programs against classes of bugs. Abstract interpretation was formalized by Patrick Cousot and Radhia Cousot . Intuition This article now illustrates what abstract interpretation means ... the important questions such as may the program crash? . Abstract interpretation of computer programs Given a programming or specification language, abstract interpretation consists of giving several ... traces . The goal of static analysis is to derive a computable semantic interpretation at some ... large scale automated analysis of computer programs with abstract interpretation can be attributed ... Lizard Software Red Lizard s Goanna See also Interpreter computing Standard interpretation Model ... www.di.ens.fr cousot AI A web page on Abstract Interpretation maintained by Patrick Cousot http www.cs.unipr.it ... an abstract interpretation based static analyzer for a C like programming language Lecture notes http web.mit.edu afs athena.mit.edu course 16 16.399 www Abstract Interpretation . Patrick Cousot. MIT. http santos.cis.ksu.edu schmidt Escuela03 home.html David Schmidt s lecture notes on abstract interpretation ... and Verification in italian Category Abstract interpretation de Abstrakte Interpretation fr Interpr tation ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Intro missing date September 2009 Prose interpretation also known as prose reading is a non memorized event in which competitors choose a published piece of work that is not poetry or drama. The piece should be cut to no more than 10 minutes with an additional 30 second grace period, the use of which incurs no penalty . Going over the time limit of 10 and a half minutes will deny a competitor from gaining first place. In each round of competition the competitors will read their pieces along with a brief introduction that should be memorized and is also counted for time . They read their pieces in the order specified by the schematic, or they will draw for order. After each person is finished reading, the Judge puts notes on the ballots. After all competitors are finished reading, the Judge ranks the speakers and takes the ballots to the Tab Room. The competitor should be familiar enough with the piece so as to be able to read it without stumbling or misspeaking. However, the competitor must at the least give the impression of looking at the book usually a small Ring binder binder with a hard copy of the piece if the competitor fails to do so, then they will usually not be ranked well. Judges of this event should look for 1. Smooth and well rehearsed impression. 2. Facial expression of the competitors. 3. Looking at the book. 4. Eye Contact. 5. Use of intonation, different voices for characters, and consistency of characters. 6. Gestures that enhance the performance. 7. Limited to no depending on state regulations lower body movements. 8. How well the competitor makes the piece come alive. 9. How well the piece suits the competitor. 10. Overall effect of the piece. If the judge is so caught up in the piece that they forget to write comments or to properly check time, then this usually indicates a good performance. This event ..., MI See also Poetry reading DEFAULTSORT Prose Interpretation Category Public speaking Speech ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2009 Oratorical Interpretation often shortened to Oral Interp, Oratorical Interp, Oratorical, or abbreviated to OI is an event in American competitive high school forensics. Similar to Original Oratory , Oratorical differs in that the speeches performed must be published material, not original material. The speeches given are speeches originally delivered in a public forum. Examples include the Inaugural Address of John F. Kennedy , I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King , and any college graduation speech. In a typical round of competition, five to seven competitors will declaim speeches before a judge. After the round, the judge will rank them from best to worst, and assign each competitor a score, which will be used to break ties when the tournament is tabulated. Like Duet Acting , Oratorical is not a National Forensic League sanctioned event. It is practiced by other speech leagues, including the Ohio High School Speech League OHSSL , NCFL , and California High School Speech Association . Category Debating Speech and debate stub ... more details
refimprove date March 2012 Interpretation of Schizophrenia first edition, 1955 is a book by Italy born United States American psychiatrist Silvano Arieti that sets forth demonstrative evidence of a psychological etiology for schizophrenia . Arieti expanded the book vastly in 1974 ISBN 0 465 03429 2 and that edition won the U.S. National Book Award in the List of winners of the National Book Award The Sciences Science category . ref name nba1975 http www.nationalbook.org nba1975.html National Book Awards 1975 . National Book Foundation . Retrieved 2012 03 07. ref Overview Interpretation of schizophrenia is a 756 page book divided in 45 chapters. Arieti begins his book stating that it is difficult to define schizophrenia. He asks if schizophrenia is an Mental illness illness and answers in the negative, since the disorder is not understood in classic Rudolf Virchow Virchowian criterion of cellular pathology . Though those searching for a biological psychiatry biological basis of schizophrenia far outnumber those undertaking Psychology psychological approaches, Arieti supports the Trauma model minority view . He believes schizophrenia is an unrealistic way to represent both the self and the world and praises psychiatrist Adolf Meyer psychiatrist Adolf Meyer for stressing the importance of psychological factors in the etiology of schizophrenia. Arieti also mentions that Freud felt that in schizophrenia the patient s relationship with people is handicapped an observation that resembles what presently is called autism . Family etiology Arieti then describes the psychogenic factors ... In Part three of Interpretation of schizophrenia Arieti describes how in spite of its ... part of the self onto the world. In Interpretation of schizophrenia Arieti illustrates all of the above ... and interpretation of schizophrenic regression. Part Five The Somatic and Psychosomatic Aspects of Schizophrenia ... Mujica Jenkins DEFAULTSORT Interpretation Of Schizophrenia Category 1974 books Category National ... more details
An authentic interpretation is an official interpretation of a statute issued by the statute s legislator . In Civil law legal system civil law and canon law , an authentic interpretation has the force of law . Roman Catholic Church details Interpretation canon law Besides the Pope, who has plenary legislative power, there are several other legislative authorities in the Roman Catholic Church with varying degrees of authority. Primary examples are diocesan bishops and their equivalents, episcopal conferences, and synod particular councils . ref Canon L. Socy. Gr. Brit. & Ir., The Canon Law Letter and Spirit A Practical Guide to the Code of Canon Law 46, at 15, 15 n. 2 Gerard Sheehy et al. eds., Liturgical Press 1995 . ref Any of these legislator s can issue authentic interpretations of their laws ref Codex Iuris Canonici CIC canon 16 1 Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium CCEO canon 1498. ref and their predecessor s laws. ref The Canon Law Letter and Spirit 46, at 15 Rev. Augustine Mendon a, JCD . ref These authentic interpretations trump even administrative decisions of ordinary ordinaries and judgments of ecclesiastical courts , for neither of those acts have the force of law like an authentic interpretation. ref CIC canon 16 3 CCEO canon 1498 3. ref The effect of an authentic interpretation depends on the extent of the interpretation blockquote An authentic interpretation which is presented by way of a law has the same force as the law itself, and must be promulgated. If it simply declares the words which are certain in themselves, it has retroactive force. If it restricts or extends a law or explains a doubtful one, it is not retroactive. ref CIC canon 16 2, translated in The Canon Law Letter and Spirit 16 Interpretatio authentica per modum legis exhibita eandem vim habet ac lex ipsa et promulgari debet si verba legis in se certa declaret tantum, valet retrorsum si legem coarctet vel extendataut dubiam explicet, non retrotrahitur. . ref blockquote Legislators also ... more details
Original research date September 2007 Unreferenced date May 2007 An Instrumentalist interpretation is a description of quantum experiments. This article aims at proposing a non interpretative description of some key quantum experiments, based as far as possible on genuine facts, although there is no criterion for deciding whether this goal has been fully achieved or not should it be feasible . The Stern & Gerlach experiment A particular Stern Gerlach experiment Stern & Gerlach experimental pattern run in a precise configuration i.e. with a specific relative orientation between the green apparatus and the red one generates a flux of discrete information whose distribution function over a given set of values e.g. high , low is stable, reproducible at will, valid for any experimentator. The distribution function is a property of the experimental pattern. Running the experimental pattern results in a measurement of the distribution function. It creates knowledge about a property of the experimental pattern. It adds value if considered within the framework of a theory about experience, about what it means to be the Actor of an experiment in the world . The distribution function does not bring any knowledge nor information about what happens inside the experimental device . It does not add any value if considered within the framework of a physics theory, until it is converted interpreted into a property of our model or simulation of how the world is, how it works, what happens there inside the experimental device . Stating that the information gathered through participating into an experiment is about a system , meaning about something in the world is already the result of an interpretation. This statement is neither true nor false it simply cannot be falsified or verified by an experiment. For a different orientation of the green apparatus with the red one, the distribution ... of physical interpretation. Quantum formalism simply mimics experimental activity, it explains how ... more details
refimprove date February 2011 The Penrose interpretation is a prediction of Sir Roger Penrose born 1931 about the relationship between quantum mechanics and general relativity . Penrose proposes that a quantum state remains in quantum linear superposition superposition until the difference of space time curvature attains a significant level. ref name Emperor1999 Citation last Penrose first Roger authorlink Sir Roger Penrose title The Emperor s New Mind edition New Preface 1999 origyear 1989 year 1999 publisher Oxford University Press location Oxford, England isbn 0192861980 pages 475 481 ref ref name Discover This idea is inspired by quantum gravity , because it uses both the physical constants Reduced Planck constant math scriptstyle hbar math and Gravitational Constant math scriptstyle G math . It is an alternative to the Copenhagen interpretation , which posits that superposition fails when an observation is made, and the many worlds hypothesis , which states that alternative outcomes of a superposition are equally real , while their mutual decoherence precludes subsequent observable interactions. Penrose s idea is a type of objective collapse theory . For these theories, the wavefunction is a physical wave, which experiences wave function collapse as a physical process, with observers not having any special role. Penrose theorises that the wave function cannot be sustained in superposition beyond a certain energy difference between the quantum states. He gives an approximate value for this difference a Planck mass worth of matter, which he calls the one graviton level . ref name Emperor1999 He then hypothesizes that this energy difference causes the wave function to collapse to a single state, with a probability based on its amplitude in the original wave function, a procedure ... for Quantum Computation , endorses the many worlds theory. He dismisses Penrose s interpretation ... about2884.html QM the Penrose Interpretation http www.bbc.co.uk radio4 history inourtime inourtime 20020502.shtml ... more details
Principles of interpretation refers to methods used to understand language and texts, primarily legal documents and sacred texts. TOC right Principles of interpretation may be used in Christianity Biblical hermeneutics , the study of the principles of interpretation concerning the books of the Bible Biblical studies Principles of Biblical interpretation Biblical studies Principles of Biblical interpretation Daniel 2 Daniel.27s interpretation Daniel 2 Interpretation given by Daniel Daniel 7 Interpretation given by Gabriel Daniel 7 Interpretation given by Gabriel Daniel 8 Content Daniel 8 Interpretation given by Gabriel Johann Albrecht Bengel Cornelius Van Til List of Church Fathers List of Church Fathers Tichonius Judaism Moshe Shmuel Glasner Talmudical hermeneutics Islam Qur 27an Interpretation and meanings Qur an Interpretation and meanings Qur anic hermeneutics Law and government Canadian constitutional law Traditional Chinese law Francis Lieber Allonby v Accrington and Rossendale College Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd Other uses Heritage interpretation .22Tilden.27s principles.22 of interpretation Heritage interpretation Tilden s principles of interpretation Interpretive planning , an initial step in the planning and design process for informal learning based institutions See also Exegesis Hermeneutics DEFAULTSORT Principles of interpretation Category Outlines ... more details
primarysources date January 2008 The Association for Heritage Interpretation AHI is a membership based organisation for people actively involved or concerned with heritage interpretation . AHI began as the Society for the Interpretation of Britain s Heritage in 1975 and later became the Association for Heritage Interpretation. It has a membership of over 500 interpreters from around the world. It is managed by an Executive Committee which meets four times a year and holds an AGM at the Annual Conference in the Autumn. AHI s president is Lord Sandford and its patron is Loyd Grossman. The Association for Heritage Interpretation works to Encourage excellence in interpretation Promote professionalism in interpretation Facilitate discussion and exchange of ideas Support a wide range of organisations in their service to visitors Recognise best practice through a national awards scheme AHI offers a focus for ideas, debate and networking. The association brings together people actively involved or concerned with interpretation of natural and cultural heritage. Some work as interpretation or heritage officers, park rangers or countryside managers, others as designers or illustrators, planners, teachers, curators, consultants, academics or people from many other professions with an interest in our environmental inheritance. AHI publishes its journal Interpretation three times year, produces bi monthly newsletters and organises a series of training events each year. In 2007, AHI worked with Interpret Scotland to hold The Vital Spark Interpretation Conference in Aviemore. External links http www.ahi.org.uk AHI website References http www.ahi.org.uk www about what is ahi What is AHI? Category Cultural heritage Category Heritage organizations ... more details
The Vital Spark Interpretation Conference was held from 30 September 3 October 2007 in the Aviemore Highland Resort in the Cairngorms National Park . This international conference brought together over 300 heritage interpretation heritage interpreters from many countries around the world who shared experiences, learned from each other and reinforced the networks of professional interpretation organisations and individual interpreters around the world. The conference was run by Interpret Scotland and the Association for Heritage Interpretation and was one of the key events of Highland 2007 a year of events and projects celebrating Scotland s Highland culture and heritage. The name the Vital Spark refers to the name of the Clyde puffer, Vital Spark , in Neil Munro s Para Handy stories and was chosen to reflect the importance of interpreting our cultural and natural heritage to the public. The conference was accompanied by a special edition of the http www.interpretscotland.org.uk website interpretscotland.nsf byunique issue16.html Interpret Scotland Journal Issue 16 . Edited versions of the keynote papers were published in the Association for Heritage Interpretation s Interpretation Journal Volume 12 Number 3 . Conference programme The Vital Spark featured over 70 speakers who presented papers based upon current interpretation issues and in particular concentrated upon the following conference themes The Vital Spark interpretation as the driver for cultural regeneration Creativity and innovation interpreting remote and fragile areas Voices in interpretation languages, cultures and communities Authenticity and re interpretation traditional icons in the 21st century The keynote ... for Heritage Interpretation website. External links http www.flickr.com groups 484978 N25 pool Flickr ... Association for Heritage Interpretation http www.cairngorms.co.uk index.php Cairngorms National Park ... Interpret Scotland Journal Issue 16 The Vital Spark Interpretation Journal Volume 12 Number 3 The Vital ... more details
The Interpretation of Conflicting Narrations lang ar Ta w l Mukhtalif al Had th is an Islamic book written by Ibn Qutaybah . Tranlsation The Interpretation was translated and edited by Gerard Lecomte as Le traite des divergences du hadit d Ibn Qutayba Damascus Institut Fran ais du Damas, 1962, xlviii, 460 p. 25 cm. . External links http www.sunnah.org history Scholars ibn qutayba.htm http www personal.umich.edu beh hb ip.html DEFAULTSORT Interpretation of Conflicting Narrations Islam book stub Category Sunni literature Category 9th century books ... more details
unreferenced date November 2008 The Interpretation Act 1850 13 & 14 Vict. c. 21 was an Act of Parliament Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed in 1850 that simplified the language that was used in statutes. It was also known as Lord Brougham s Act , and its long title was An Act for shortening the Language used in Acts of Parliament . The Act devised the current system of dividing legislation into sections which are automatically substantive enactments, and also made various other provisions for interpreting other statutes. For example it stated that the masculine includes the feminine thus enabling he to be written instead of he or she , unless expressly indicated otherwise. It has since been superseded by other Interpretation Act s, including the Interpretation Act 1978 . UK legislation statute stub UK law stub Category 1850 in law Category United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1850 ... more details
Infobox UK legislation short title The Interpretation Act 1978 ref The citation of this Act by this short .... ref parliament Parliament of the United Kingdom long title An Act to consolidate the Interpretation ... royal assent 20 July 1978 commencement 1 January 1979 ref The Interpretation Act 1978, http www.legislation.gov.uk ... enacted legislation history revised text http www.legislation.gov.uk ukpga 1978 30 contents The Interpretation ... Kingdom . The Act makes provision for the Statutory interpretationinterpretation of Acts of Parliament, ref The Interpretation Act 1978, http www.legislation.gov.uk ukpga 1978 30 section 22 section ... , ref The Interpretation Act 1978, section 22 3 ref subordinate legislation , ref The Interpretation ... and documents , ref The Interpretation Act 1978, section 23 3 ref Acts of the Scottish Parliament ... and instruments made thereunder. ref The Interpretation Act 1978, http www.legislation.gov.uk ukpga ... offences. The Act repealed the whole of the Interpretation Act 1889 , except for sections 13 4 and 13 5 and 13 14 in their application to Northern Ireland . ref The Interpretation Act 1978, section 25 and http www.legislation.gov.uk ukpga 1978 30 schedule 3 Schedule 3 ref The Interpretation Act Northern Ireland 1954 ref http www.legislation.gov.uk apni 1954 33 contents The Interpretation Act ... of Parliament Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly . The Interpretation Act 1978 applies to itself ... so it is with the plural and singular. ref The Interpretation Act, http www.legislation.gov.uk ukpga 1978 30 section 6 section 6 ref Section 7 This section replaces section 26 of the Interpretation ... 1978 30 section 18 ref This section replaces section 33 of the Interpretation Act 1889 . ref Archbold ... . ref The Interpretation Act 1978, sections 5 and 22 1 and Schedule 1 as amended by the Scotland Act ... Act. ref The Interpretation Act 1978, section 21 1 ref A reference to an Act in this section is a reference to an Act to which this section applies. ref The Interpretation Act 1978, section 21 2 ref ... more details
Multiple issues notability November 2010 orphan March 2010 unreferenced July 2009 expert subject LGBT studies date April 2007 Queer literary interpretation is a method of literary interpretation stemming from Marxism , feminism , psychoanalysis and the gay rights movement. It is an addition to literary theory in the 1980s. Only partially based on gay , lesbian and bisexuality bisexual issues, a queer literary interpretation is largely concerned with sexual identity, especially closeted hidden sexual identity. Other closeted aspects of works are often examined, as well. There are opposing views of queer literary theory. One view is that sexual identity is fixed , and may be discerned by careful study. The opposing view is that sexual identity is both fluid and socially constructed, and thus there is no absolute identity. Questions that a queer literary interpretation might attempt to answer What does the work tell the reader about the author s sexual identity? Conversely, how might the author s sexual identity affect different aspects of work? What doesn t the author tell the reader about the sexual identities of his or her characters? How this omission significant? What aspects of the work has the author silenced or closeted, in order to gain the approval of society? A traditional work of literature can be queered by applying this type of interpretation. Category Literary criticism Category Queer Category Queer theory ... more details
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