Orphan date February 2009 The Interpretation of Music is a book by Prof. Thurston Dart . It is described by the Encyclop dia Britannica as the best direct and concise account of the issues of performance . ref cite web url http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 399251 musical performance title Musical Performance work Britannica Online accessdate 2008 10 25 format select Additional reading ref This book deals with correct performance conventions and procedures relevant to different periods and styles for example Gregorian intonation, divisions upon parts, French baroque over dotting, etc. . It covers these various topics in a chronological order, also giving descriptions of period instruments and their uses. It is a book useful for those wishing to compose in a more authentic antiquated style, and for those wishing to make performances more historically correct . References reflist DEFAULTSORT Interpretation Of Music, The Category Music books music publication stub ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Ashes are put to use in various religions. In Hinduism , sacred ashes or Vibhuti are used to smear, anoint or mark devotees. In Christianity , on Ash Wednesday , ashes of burnt palm leaves and fronds left over from Palm Sunday , mixed with olive oil, are applied in a cross form on the forehead of the believer as a reminder of his inevitable physical death, with the intonation Dust thou art, and to dust will return from Book of Genesis Genesis 3 19 in the Old Testament . Category Religious symbols DEFAULTSORT Sacred Ashes Christian theology stub Hindu theo stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Esperanto sidebar expanded Language In Esperanto there are two kinds of interrogatives yes no interrogatives, and correlative interrogatives. Yes no interrogatives Yes no question s are formed with the interrogative u whether at the beginning of the clause. For example, the interrogative equivalent of the statement La pomo estas sur la tablo The apple is on the table is u la pomo estas sur la tablo? Is the apple on the table? A yes no question is also normally accompanied by a rising Intonation linguistics intonation . In some cases, especially when the context makes it clear that the sentence is an interrogatives, a rising intonation alone can make a clause into a question, but this is uncommon and highly markedness marked . The subject and the verb are not inverted to form questions as they are English language English and many other European languages. Correlative interrogatives Esperanto has a series of words which can be arranged in a table according to how they start and end which are often called correlative s . The column of words which begin with ki can be used to ask questions which cannot be answered by yes or no . These correspond to wh questions in English. These words are kiu who or which kio what kia what kind of kie where kiam when kies whose kiel how kial why kiom how much or how many These words are inflection inflected according to the role they play in the clause for the words which take an inflection , and moved to the beginning of the clause. For example, Kion vi faras? What are you doing? Kiu has the usual dual function of adjectives standing alone as proform, or modifying a noun, as in Kiu tago? which day? . Tio is exclusively used standing alone. As with yes no questions, there is no inversion of subject and verb, and the sentence is generally ended with a rising intonation in the spoken language. Indirect questions Any interrogative clause as explained above can be used as is as an indirect question , as th ... more details
Ma at or Maat is an Egyptian goddess and concept. Maat may also refer to Maat Hum TV Drama Maat , Hum TV drama serial Maat military , naval rank of the German Navy , Kriegsmarine , and Kaiserliche Marine Maat Kheru , the true intonation with which the dead must recite magical incantations according to Maspus Maat Mons , the highest volcano on the planet Venus People with the surname Maat Albert Jan Maat , Dutch politician and Member of the European Parliament Martin de Maat , teacher and artistic director at the Second City in Chicago See also Mat disambiguation MAT disambiguation Matt disambiguation Matte disambiguation Matthew name disambig de Maat nl Maat ro Maat dezambiguizare ... more details
Image Major limma on C.png thumb Major limma on C audio Greater chromatic semitone on C.mid Play . Major limma in music is an Interval music interval with the ratio of 135 128, which is the difference between two major tone s a ditone and a minor third . It is equal to about 92.18 Cent music cents . Composer Ben Johnston composer Ben Johnston uses a with a music b as an accidental to indicate a note is lowered 92 cents, or a with a music to indicate a note is raised 92 cents, the value of the syntonic comma and the just chromatic semitone . ref John Fonville. Ben Johnston s Extended Just Intonation A Guide for Interpreters , p.109, Perspectives of New Music , Vol. 29, No. 2 Summer, 1991 , pp. 106 137. ref Sources reflist Intervals state expanded Category Commas music theory stub ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2008 In music , septimal sixth tone is a septimal meantone temperament septimal sixth tone , Clarify date April 2010 an Interval music interval with the ratio of 50 49 Audio Septimal sixth tone on C.mid play , about 34.98 cents, which in just intonation is the difference between the lesser 7 limit septimal 7 5 tritone , and its inversion music inversion , the greater septimal tritone 10 7 . This interval is tempered out by 12 TET and 22 equal temperament 22 TET , but not by 19 TET , 31 TET or any other odd division of the octave. See also Septimal third tone Intervals state expanded Category Commas Category Superparticular intervals music theory stub ... more details
Coloration may refer to Color , the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, green, blue and others, along with any variation, quality, or property thereof Color gradient , a range of position dependent colors Animal coloration , topic of research regarding animals adaptive appearance Camouflage , or cryptic coloration Diatonic and chromatic , coloration in musical theory Key coloration , gradations or slightly different intonation in music Coloration in linguistics, such as to color vowels in Laryngeal theory Vowel retroflex coloration trill in the Toda language See also Color disambiguation Gradation disambiguation , a metaphor from the concept of color used in various contexts to denote a smooth variable spectrum of gradations disambig ... more details
347.4 386.3 417.5 435.1 498.0 551.3 582.5 Just intonation Ratio unison 1 1 Neutral second 12 11 Neutral ... 813.7 852.6 884.4 933.1 968.8 996.1 1017.6 1035.0 1049.4 1200 Just intonation Ratio Septimal tritone ... center Cent music Cents 0 21.5 53.2 84.5 111.7 150.6 Just intonation Ratio 1 1 Syntonic comma 81 80 ... Cent music Cents 266.9 294.1 315.6 Just intonation Ratio 7 6 Semiditone 32 27 6 5 class wikitable style text align center Cent music Cents 435.1 470.8 498.0 519.5 551.3 Just intonation Ratio 9 7 21 16 ... 702.0 729.2 764.9 Just intonation Ratio 16 11 Wolf interval 40 27 3 2 32 21 14 9 class wikitable style text align center Cent music Cents 884.4 905.9 933.1 Just intonation Ratio 5 3 27 16 12 7 class wikitable style text align center Cent music Cents 1049.4 1088.3 1115.5 1146.8 1178.5 1200 Just intonation ... more details
a just intonation Enharmonium with 20 keys and 26 pitches in an octave. He had Johannes Kewitsch, of Berlin ... for Just Intonation Nature vol.44, no.1141, September 10, 1891 p.446 448 Rey Akai Dr.Tanaka s Enharmonium ... more details
Dwight Le Merton Bolinger August 18, 1907 February 23, 1992 was an American linguist and Professor of Romance Languages and Literatures at Harvard University . He began his career as the first editor of the Among the New Words feature for American Speech. As an expert in Spanish language Spanish , he was elected president of the American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese in 1960. He was known for the support and encouragement he gave younger scholars and for his hands on approach to the analysis of human language. His work touched on a wide range of subjects, including semantics , Intonation linguistics intonation , phonesthesia , and the politics of language. His 1971 book The Phrasal Verb in English , heretofore a subject of concern primarily to teachers of English as a foreign language, brought the need for a scientific treatment of phrasal verbs to the attention of many linguists. His 1977 work Meaning and Form was instrumental in establishing the principle that a difference in form implies a difference in perceived Meaning linguistic meaning . He was elected president of the Linguistic Society of America in 1972 and awarded the Orwell Award by the National Council of Teachers of English in 1981 for Language The Loaded Weapon , a book that inspired other linguists to restore a role for the application of common sense in the study of language. Stanford linguist Geoffrey Nunberg has described Bolinger as one of the most distinguished semanticists of the mid twentieth century, pointing to his uncanny ear for the nuances of words. References Geoffrey Nunberg 1992 . http www.linguistlist.org issues 3 3 255.html LINGUIST List 3.255, Mon 16 Mar 1992, FYI Online Spanish, Hayakawa & Bolinger External links http www.dwightbolinger.net Bolinger bibliography Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Bolinger, Dwight ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH August 18, 1907 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH February 23, 1992 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAUL ... more details
Bob Colston is a broadcaster who was famous in the United Kingdom as the voice of the football results on the ITV programme World of Sport UK TV series World of Sport which ran from 1965 to 1985. Whilst reading the results, Colston inflected his voice to imply the result of a match simply through his Sonority hierarchy sonorous Intonation linguistics intonation of the home team s score. Colston read the results out for many years on World of Sport right up to its cancellation. Soon afterwards the crew had its own results programmes which ran until 1992 with Colston reading the football scores. By then the results featured on the Saturday team Independent Television News ITN News bulletin which Colston did until 1996 when he joined Sky Sports which he sometimes did the football scores on Soccer Saturday . Trivia Whilst Colston was the only regular reader of the football scores for many years on ITV, Len Martin had surpassed his longevity on the BBC s rival programme Grandstand BBC Grandstand from its inception in 1958 until his death in 1995. References and links http thecustardtv.blogspot.com 2008 12 50 years of world of sport itv1.html 50 years of World of Sport thecustard.tv http homepage.ntlworld.com carousel ITV oddsends.html ITV football 1968 83 Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Colston, Bob ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Colston, Bob Category British sports broadcasters Category Year of birth missing living people Category Living people UK bcast stub ... more details
Subclass P Philology Linguistics is a classification used by the Library of Congress classification system under Library of Congress Classification Class P Language and Literature Class P Language and Literature . This article describes subclass P. Contents P 1 1091........ Philology . Linguistics 1 85.........General 29...Encyclopedias and dictionaries of linguistics 37... Psycholinguistics 40... Sociolinguistics 61 77...History of linguistics 87 96........Communication. Mass media 94.7........Interpersonal communication 95 95.6.....Oral communication. Speech communication Speech 98 98.5...... Computational linguistics . Natural language processing 99 99.4...... Semiotics 99.5 99.6.... Nonverbal communication 101 410...... Language . Linguistics Linguistic theory 106... Philosophy of language 107...Language and socio psychological identity 116... Origin of language Origins and evolution of language 117... Gesture 118 118.7...Language acquisition 118... Language acquisition First language acquisition 118.2... Second language acquisition 121 299.....Science of language Linguistics 121...General language science textbooks 126...Empirical research methods in linguistics 132...Biological foundations of language 140 142... Historical linguistics 151 158.2... Grammar . Syntax 165... Cognitive linguistics 211...Historical writing systems 216 233... Phonology . Phonetics 216...General phonology and phonetics 217 217.6... Phonology 221 221.5... Phonetics 222... Intonation linguistics Intonation 241... Morphology linguistics Morphology 291... Generative grammar 301 301.5...Style. Composition. Rhetoric , Figure of speech Figurative language 302 302.87.. Discourse analysis 306 310..... Translation Translating and Language interpretation interpreting 321 324.5... Etymology 325 325.5... Semantics 326 326.5... Lexicology 327 327.5... Lexicography 375 381..... Linguistic geography 501 769...... Indo European languages Indo European Indo Germanic philology 901 1091.....Extinct ancie ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2010 Image ag bear.jpg right AG Bear AG Bear is a teddy bear designed by Ron Milner, and manufactured by Axlon, a company formed by Nolan Bushnell , founder of Atari and Chuck E. Cheese , through his Catalyst Technologies venture capital firm. A look at the manufacturer s tag on AG which stands for Almost Grown lists their production date as 1985. Overview The bear was a commercial success, due to its interactive capabilities. AG Bear is equipped with a voicebox which, although originally intended to mimic the Intonation linguistics intonation of the human voice or other louder sounds, transcended all expectations when children discovered that AG could respond with a spontaneous voice. AG Bear was released in several colors. The traditional bear is brown. Other bear colors included white and grey. Several other bears were released over time, including GrandPaw AG and GrandMaw AG , Bearonica AG s sister, and several Baby AG s. AG s traditional clothing is a blue corduroy shirt with a gold AG Bear monogram, although a red corduroy version also exists. Axlon was eventually sold to Hasbro , and AG Bear production halted. In the late 1990s, a multi year lobbying effort resulted in an agreement to resume production of the original AG in a limited run edition. See also Teddy Ruxpin References External links http www.agbear.com AGBear.com Official website for AG Bear http aliceww.com AboutAG.htm AG Fan Site http www.vulcanjedi.com ag bear.htm All the A. G. Bears pics Teddy bears Category Teddy bears ... more details
Persian Surgery Dervishes is a minimalist recording of two live solo electric organ concerts, the first held in Los Angeles on 18 April 1971 and the second in Paris on 24 May 1972 , by avant garde minimalist composer Terry Riley see also A Rainbow in Curved Air and In C inter alia . The two very different performances of the same composition Persian Surgery Dervishes are meant to show the importance of improvisation in Riley s music. Riley plays a modified Yamaha electric organ tuned in just intonation . The original double record version was released by legendary French label Shandar , then republished by Mantra Records, first, and Dunya Records later. There existed also a single record version, also on Shandar, containing just the Paris concert, which had been sponsored by the label itself. Parts of this album served as soundtrack for a French film released in 1973, named http www.larousse.fr ref film la Chute d un corps 2162.htm La chute d un corps and directed by a renowned French columnist, fr Michel Polac . List of tracks CD 1 Performance One Los Angeles, April 18, 1971 Part 1 20 45 Part 2 22 00 CD 2 Performance Two Paris, May 24, 1972 Part 1 25 00 Part 2 22 45 Composition and improvisations Terry Riley Electric organ feedback References Album cover sleeve notes http home.comcast.net ed maurer Shandar index.htm Ed Maurer s Discography of Shandar Records http www.justintonation.net primer2.html The Just Intonation Primer 1970s album stub Category Terry Riley albums Category 1972 albums ... more details
In music theory and musical tuning tuning , the kleisma , or semicomma majeur , ref Haluska, Jan 2003 . The Mathematical Theory of Tone Systems , p.xxviii. ISBN 9780824747145. ref is a minute and barely perceptible Comma music comma type interval music interval important to musical musical temperament temperaments . It is the difference between six just intonation justly tuned minor third s each with a frequency ratio of 6 5 and one justly tuned tritave or perfect twelfth with a frequency ratio of 3 1, formed by a 2 1 octave plus a 3 2 perfect fifth . It is equal to a frequency ratio of 15625 15552 2 sup 6 sup 3 sup 5 sup 5 sup 6 sup , or approximately 8.1 cent music cent s Audio Kleisma on C.mid Play . It can be also defined as the difference between five justly tuned minor third s and one justly tuned major tenth of size 5 2, formed by a 2 1 octave plus a 5 4 major third . The interval was named by Shoh Tanaka , who noted that it was tempered to a unison by 53 equal temperament . Interestingly, it is also tempered out by 19 equal temperament and 72 equal temperament , but it is not tempered out in 12 equal temperament . Namely, in 12 equal temperament the difference between six minor thirds 18 semitones and one perfect twelfth 19 semitones is not a comma, but a semitone 100 cents . The same is true for the difference between five minor thirds 15 semitones and one major tenth 16 semitones . Larry Hanson ref http anaphoria.com hanson.PDF ref independently discovered this interval which also manifested in a unique mapping using a generalized keyboard capable of accommodating all the above temperaments as well as Just intonation constant structures periodicity blocks with these numbers of scale degrees The kleisma is also an interval music interval important to the Bohlen Pierce scale . References references Intervals state expanded Category Commas ... more details
File FEINTES BRISEES.jpg thumb 350px In this harpsichord built by Clavecins Rouaud of Paris, the two lowest sharps are split, following the broken octave scheme. A split sharp is a kind of key found in some early keyboard instruments, such as the harpsichord , clavichord , or organ music organ . It is a musical key divided in two, with separately depressible front and back sections, each sounding its own pitch. The particular keys that were split were those that play C music sharp , D music sharp , F music sharp , G music sharp , A music sharp on the standard musical keyboard. On a modern piano these are the black keys, though early instruments often colored them differently. Split sharps served two distinct purposes. First, in the broken octave , they allowed an instrument to include deep bass notes while retaining a short, compact keyboard. For details, see short octave . Second, in older music, musical tuning tuning was generally not done by equal temperament , which treats note pairs such as A and B music b as the Enharmonic same pitch . Instead, they were assigned slightly different pitches on enharmonic keyboard s particularly in meantone temperament . This allowed certain musical interval s, such as the major third , to sound closer to their ideal Just intonation just value, hence more closely tuned to Just intonation . ref For a recent defense of the older tuning practices, see Duffin, Ross 2006 How Equal Temperament Ruined Harmony and Why You Should Care W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0393062279. ref In modern usage, split sharps are usually the method of choice for custom keyboards that play 19 equal temperament , which, like meantone, uses different pitches for sharps and flats that are enharmonic in the standard 12 tone. ref See http www.n ism.org Projects microtonalism.php www.n ism.org . ref References references Further reading Kottick, Edward L. and George Lucktenberg 1997 Early keyboard instruments in European museums . Bloomington Indiana University Press. ... more details
Hiero Maat Kheru True of Voice hiero U5 a Aa1 r E23 P8 A2 . or . im t P8 t hiero align right era egypt According to Maspus , Maat Kheru is the Egyptian language Egyptian name of the true intonation with which the dead must recite those magical incantations that would give them power in Duat , the Egyptian underworld . It is named after the Egyptian concept of Ma at , i.e. truth & order, against which the Egyptian soul hearts of the dead were weighed. References E. A. Wallis Budge Budge, E.A.Wallis . A Hieroglyphic Vocabulary of the Book of the Dead , E.A.Wallis Budge, Dover Publications Inc, New York , 1911, Dover Ed., 1991. Wilkinson, Richard. Reading Egyptian Art A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Egyptian Painting and Sculpture, Richard H. Wilkinson, with 450 Illustrations, Thames & Hudson Ltd, London , c 1992. Uses Gardiner s Sign List, for Egyptian hieroglyph Hieroglyps . Category Egyptian mythology Category Book of the Dead Egyptian myth stub ... more details
wiktionary tobi Tobi is a Unisex name in Nigeria. In the native Yoruba language Oluwatobi Oluwatobiloba Jesutobi it means Our God Jesus is Great . Tobi may also refer to Tobi island , island in the Palauan state of Hatohobei Tobian language , the language of Tobi Hatohobei , an island and the southernmost of Palau s sixteen states Month of Tobi , a month of the Coptic calendar Tobramycin , an antibiotic drug that is sold under the brand name Tobi Tobi Naruto , the primary antagonist of the anime and manga series Naruto Tobirama Senju, the Second Hokage from Naruto manga Naruto Tobiume, lit. flying plum tree the zanpakuto of Momo Hinamori from Bleach manga Bleach . ToBI , a standard for transcribing English intonation Tobi shokunin or tobi for short construction worker s in Japan Tobi trousers , the typical piece of clothing of tobi shokunin See also Tobi 1978 film Tobi 1978 film Tobias Toby disambiguation de Tobi fr Tobi he nl Tobi pt Tobi desambigua o ... more details
, 13 crystal goblets in pure intonation, 1979 Zikr SATB Choir with soprano soloist, 1979 Atlantis ... See also Just intonation La Monte Young Terry Riley Pandit Pran Nath Harry Partch Ben Johnston References ... more details
tone and for languages where tone is only introduced by the intonation system, without the need ... 1998. Intonation Systems. A survey of Twenty Languages . Cambridge, Cambridge University Press ... more details
For the scientist, see Paul Ehrlich . For other uses, see Paul Ehrlich disambiguation . Paul Erlich born 1972 is a guitarist and music theorist living near Boston, Massachusetts. He is known for his seminal role in developing the theory of regular temperament s, including being the first to discover pajara temperament ref http xenharmonic.wikispaces.com pajara ref and its decatonic scales in 22 equal temperament 22 ET . He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in physics from Yale Yale University . References references External links http lumma.org tuning erlich Some music theory from Paul Erlich http eceserv0.ece.wisc.edu sethares paperspdf Erlich MiddlePath.pdf A Middle Path Between Just Intonation and the Equal Temperaments Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Erlich ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1972 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Erlich Category 1973 births Category Living people US guitarist stub ... more details
Infobox language name Alumu states Nigeria region Nassarawa State speakers 7000 date 1999 ethnicity familycolor Niger Congo fam2 Atlantic Congo fam3 Benue Congo fam4 Plateau languages Plateau fam5 Alumic languages Alumic dia1 Alumu dia2 Tesu Akpondu iso3 aab Alumu Alumu Akpondu, Alumu Tesu is a Niger Congo language spoken by approximately 7000 people in Nassarawa State , Nigeria . It has lost the nominal affix system characteristic of the Niger Congo family. Ethnologue reports that the two varieties, Alumu and Akpondu Tesu , differ only in intonation. ref http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code aab Ethnologue report for language code aab ref References references Category Languages of Nigeria Category Plateau languages de Alumu Tesu hr Alumu Tesu jezik sw Kialumu Tesu nl Alumu Tesu pms Lenga Alumu Tesu ... more details
orphan date September 2011 Prosodia Rationalis, Or, An Essay towards Establishing the Melody and Measure of Speech, to be Expressed and Perpetuated by Peculiar Symbols is a 1775 work by Joshua Steele proposing a notation for Prosody linguistics linguistic prosody . ref Hatfield, p. 1. ref The notation is inspired by musical notation that used in music . The treatise is notable as one of the earliest works in the subject and its insight that in speech, unlike in most music, pitches slide rather than exhibit distinct tones held for lengths of time. ref Roth 2006 ref Notes reflist References refbegin Hatfield, Hunter. http www2.hawaii.edu hunterh Docs JoshuaSteel.pdf Joshua Steele 1775 Speech Intonation and Music Tonality , University of Hawai i Manoa, retrieved 2011 9 16 Liberman, Mark 2011 09 09 . http languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu nll ?p 3421 Jan ek s n p vky mluvy , Language Log, retrieved 2011 09 16 Roth, Conrad 2006 07 28 . http vunex.blogspot.com 2006 07 on notation of speech.html On the notation of speech , Varieties of Unreligious Experience , retrieved 2011 9 16 refend Category Linguistics books nonfiction book stub ... more details
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