- Intracellular
Not to be confused with extracellular space intercellular , meaning between cells . In cell biology , molecular biology and related fields, the word intracellular means inside the cell biology cell . ref name urlwww.medterms.com cite web url http www.medterms.com script main art.asp?articlekey 24383 title Definition of Intracellular author authorlink coauthors date format work publisher pages language archiveurl archivedate quote accessdate ref It is used in contrast to extracellular outside the cell . The cell membrane and, in plants, the cell wall is the barrier between the two, and chemical composition of intra and extracellular milieu can be radically different. In most organisms, for example, a Na K ATPase maintains a high potassium level inside cells while keeping sodium low, leading to chemical Excited state excitability . ref name isbn0 7167 7601 4 cite book author Matsudaira, Paul T. Lodish, Harvey F. Arnold Berk Kaiser, Chris Monty Krieger Matthew P Scott Anthony Bretscher Hidde Ploegh authorlink editor others title Molecular cell biology edition language publisher W.H. Freeman location San Francisco year 2008 origyear pages quote isbn 0 7167 7601 4 oclc doi url accessdate ref ref name pmid15075266 cite journal author Benito B, Garciadebl s B, Schreier P, Rodr guez Navarro A title Novel p type ATPases mediate high affinity potassium or sodium uptake in fungi journal Eukaryotic Cell volume 3 issue 2 pages 359 68 year 2004 month April pmid 15075266 pmc 387655 doi url issn ref This terms also means existing within the cells. See also Cell biology Cytosol Extracellular Microparasite Intracellular parasite References reflist 2 External links MeshName Intracellular Category Cell anatomy Category Cell biology Category Molecular biology ca Intracel lular sr Intracelularni ... more details
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- Intracellular membranes
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Intracellular membranes are membranes inside the plasmalemma of the cell biology cell , comprising its endomembranous system . Typical examples include the nuclear envelope and the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum . Their uses include controlling the movement of substrates and helping the monosaccharides. DEFAULTSORT Intracellular Membranes Category Cell anatomy Category Membrane biology Cell biology stub ... more details
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- Intracellular digestion
orphan date April 2010 There are two major types of digestion which are extracellular digestion and intracellular digestion. Intracellular digestion is digestion which takes place within the cytoplasm of the organism, as in many unicellular protozoans. Examples Most organisms that use intracellular digestion belong to Kingdom Protista, such as amoeba and paramecium . Amoeba Amoeba uses pseudopodia to capture food in a process called phagocytosis . Paramecium Paramecium uses cilia in the oral groove to bring food into the mouth pore which goes to the gullet. At the end of the gullet, a food vacuole forms. Undigested food is carried to the anal pore. Euglena Euglena is photosynthetic but also engulfs and digests microorganisms. Category Cell biology ... more details
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- Intracellular pH
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 All Cell biology cell s contain an intracellular fluid whose pH value is known as the intracellular pH pHi . The pHi plays a critical role in the function of the cell, and close regulation is required for cells to survive. There are numerous mechanisms that can cause pHi to change, including metabolic acid production, leakage of acid across Plasma membrane plasma and organelle membranes and membrane transport process es. The mechanisms that regulate pHi are usually considered to be plasma membrane transporter s of which two main types exist those independent of Bicarbonate HCO sub 3 sub sup &ndash sup and those requiring HCO sub 3 sub sup &ndash sup . The normal extracellular pH is 7.4 .1. http www.uptodate.com contents chapter 10c intracellular ph Intracellular pH is around 6.8 due to acid production. It contains low HCO3 levels and thereby at pCO2 above 45 mmHg, the pH can not be 7.4 but much lower. The intracellular pH of HEK cell s HEK 293 is 7.3. DEFAULTSORT Intracellular Ph Category Cell biology Biochem stub ca PH intracel lular ... more details
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- Intracellular receptor
Intracellular receptors are receptor biochemistry receptor s located inside the cell biology cell rather than on its cell membrane . Examples are the class of nuclear receptor s located in the cell nucleus and the IP3 receptor IP sub 3 sub receptor located on the endoplasmic reticulum . The ligand s that bind to them are usually intracellular second messenger s like inositol trisphosphate IP sub 3 sub and extracellular lipophilicity lipophilic hormone s like steroid hormone s. Some intracrine peptide hormone s also have intracellular receptors. Members This list is mirrored on receptor biochemistry and nuclear receptor please update all simultaneously Transcription factors Steroid hormone receptor Sex hormone receptor s sex hormone s Estrogen receptor and Androgen receptor one type Vitamin D receptor vitamin D , one type Glucocorticoid receptor glucocorticoid s, one type Mineralocorticoid receptor mineralocorticoids , one type Thyroid hormone receptor and Retinoic acid receptor vitamin A and related compounds Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor s PPARs, , and Retinoid X receptor Farnesoid X receptor Liver X receptor Pregnane X receptor Constitutive androstane receptor Various Sigma 1 receptor Sigma sub 1 sub neuroactive steroid neurosteroids IP3 receptor IP sub 3 sub receptor inositol triphosphate , IP sub 3 sub See also Receptor biochemistry Receptor Steroid hormone External links http www.nuclear receptor.com Nuclear Receptor journal homepage http nrr.georgetown.edu NRR nrrhome.htm Nuclear receptor resource at Georgetown University http www.nursa.org Nuclear receptor signalling atlas NURSA, open access journal Transcription factors Cell signaling Category Intracellular receptors Intracellular receptors it Recettore intracellulare zh ... more details
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- Intracellular parasite
Intracellular parasites are Parasite parasitic microorganism s microparasite s that are capable of growing and reproducing inside the cells of a Host biology host . Facultative Facultative intracellular parasites are capable of living and reproducing either inside or outside cells. Bacterial examples include Francisella tularensis Listeria monocytogenes Salmonella ref cite pmid 21349094 ref Brucella Legionella Mycobacterium Nocardia Rhodococcus equi ref cite pmid 11882714 ref Yersinia Neisseria meningitidis ref name pmid17470547 cite journal author Spinosa MR, Progida C, Tal A, Cogli L, Alifano P, Bucci C title The Neisseria meningitidis capsule is important for intracellular survival in human cells journal Infect. Immun. volume 75 issue 7 pages 3594 603 year 2007 month July pmid 17470547 pmc 1932921 doi 10.1128 IAI.01945 06 url http iai.asm.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 17470547 ref Fungal examples include Histoplasma capsulatum . ref name pmid11082066 cite journal author Sebghati TS, Engle JT, Goldman WE title Intracellular parasitism by Histoplasma capsulatum fungal virulence and calcium dependence journal Science volume 290 issue 5495 pages 1368 72 year 2000 month November pmid 11082066 doi 10.1126 science.290.5495.1368 url http www.sciencemag.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 11082066 ref Cryptococcus neoformans ref cite doi 10.1186 1471 2180 9 51 ref Obligate Obligate intracellular parasites cannot reproduce outside their host cell, meaning that the parasite s reproduction is entirely reliant on intracellular resources. Obligate intracellular parasites of human s include virus es Certain bacteria , including Chlamydia bacterium Chlamydia , and closely related species. ref name pmid8979345 cite journal author Amann R, Springer N, Sch nhuber W, et al. title Obligate intracellular bacterial parasites of acanthamoebae related to Chlamydia spp journal Applied and environmental ... deficiencies are particularly susceptible to intracellular pathogens. ref name Bannister2006 ... more details
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- Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins
Intracellular calcium sensing proteins are proteins that act in the second messenger system. Examples include calmodulin calnexin calreticulin gelsolin External links MeshName Intracellular Calcium Sensing Proteins Calcium binding proteins Calcium signaling Category Human proteins protein stub ... more details
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- Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins are peptide s and protein s found inside the cell that serve to transmit extracellular signals to intracellular effectors. ref MeshName Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ref See also Signal transduction References reflist Signal transduction Intercellular signaling peptides and proteins Category Peptides Category Peptide hormones Category Melanocortin receptor agonists biochem stub ... more details
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- Intracellular antibody-mediated degradation
Intracellular antibody mediated degradation IAMD is a neutralization mechanism of intracellular antibody mediated immunity whereby an effector protein, TRIM21 , directs antibody bound virus virions to the proteasome where they are degraded. As yet, it has only been observed to act against the adenovirus ref name pmid21045130 but is likely to also be effective against other non enveloped viruses. Mechanism of action File Protein TRIM21 PDB 2iwg.png thumb right X ray crystallography Biological macromolecular crystallography Crystallographic structure of two molecules of the C terminus C terminal PRYSPRY domain of TRIM21 top right and top left complexed with homodimeric IGHG1 Ig gamma 1 chain C region center . ref name pmid17400754 PDB 2IWG cite journal author James LC, Keeble AH, Khan Z, Rhodes DA, Trowsdale J title Structural basis for PRYSPRY mediated tripartite motif TRIM protein function journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 104 issue 15 pages 6200 5 year 2007 month April pmid 17400754 pmc 1851072 doi 10.1073 pnas.0609174104 url issn ref In IAMD, the neutralization of the pathogen follows a non cytotoxic mechanism. ref name pmid21045130 . That is, the infected cell is not attacked as in Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity , instead the virions are rapidly destroyed and the cell may be relieved of infection. Immunoglobulin G IgG binds specifically to the target antigen presented on the pathogen extracellularly The antibody bound pathogen infects a host cell In the cytosol , TRIM21 a protein of the Tripartite motif family binds with high affinity to IgG TRIM21 is conjugated with ubiquitin , which directs the complex to the proteasome Degradation by proteolysis of both the protein capsid and the antibody occurs, but not the TRIM21 protein Resistance to mutants ... cannot evade IAMD. Unlike extracellular Humoral immunity humoral immune responses , this intracellular ..., McEwan WA, Bidgood SR, Towers GJ, Johnson CM, James LC title Antibodies mediate intracellular immunity ... more details
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- Efflux
Efflux may refer to Any flux of ions, molecules or other substances from the intracellular space to the extracellular space Efflux microbiology disambig de Efflux ... more details
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- Endoenzyme
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 An endoenzyme , or intracellular enzyme , is an enzyme that functions intracellular within the cell in which it was produced. Because the majority of enzymes fall within this category, the term is used primarily to differentiate a specific enzyme from an exoenzyme . It is possible for a single enzyme to have both endoenzymatic and exoenzymatic functions. Category Enzymes Enzyme stub fr Endoenzyme pl Endoenzym Example Glycolytic enzymes,enzymes of Kreb s Cycle ... more details
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- IMV
IMV may stand for Finance Illustrative Maturity Value Medicine Inferior mesenteric vein Mechanical ventilation Intermittent mechanical ventilation Intracellular mature virus Other Industrija motornih vozil Infantry Mobility Vehicle disambig fr IMV ... more details
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- RYR
RYR or RyR can refer to Ryanodine receptor , a class of intracellular calcium channels Ryanair , an Irish low cost airline Ryde St John s Road railway station disambig de RYR fr RYR ... more details
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- Dystrophin-associated protein
A dystrophin associated protein is a protein that helps to form the connection between intracellular dystrophin and the extracellular basal lamina . Examples include sarcoglycan and dystroglycan . ref MeshName Dystrophin Associated Proteins ref References reflist Muscle tissue Category Human proteins biochem stub ... more details
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- Dual-specificity phosphatase
Dual specificity phosphatase is a form of phosphatase that can act upon tyrosine or serine threonine residues. ref MeshName Dual Specificity Phosphatases ref References reflist Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins Protein tyrosine phosphatases Category Enzymes biochem stub ... more details
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- Synaptic potential
Unreferenced date December 2006 A synaptic potential also known as a postsynaptic potential is an alteration in the membrane potential of a cell resulting from activation of a chemical synapse synaptic input . All animal cells maintain a voltage difference between the intracellular and extracellular regions, holding the intracellular region at a negative voltage that in a baseline state is usually in the range 30 to 70 millivolts. Synaptic inputs from neuron s can alter this voltage difference. If the intracellular voltage rises, the signal is called an excitatory postsynaptic potential EPSP if it falls the signal is called an inhibitory postsynaptic potential IPSP . If the cell is electrically excitable, a sufficiently large EPSP may cause it to generate an action potential . Category Cell biology Neuroscience stub Medicine stub ... more details
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- EHD protein family
The EHD protein family comprises a group of proteins protein that function in vesicle biology intracellular trafficking and that possess a dynamin like structural fold. In humans, four proteins are characterized as belonging to this family EHD1 EHD2 EHD3 EHD4 biochem stub cell biology stub Vesicular transport proteins Category Biochemistry Category Cell biology Category Protein families ... more details
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- Peloton (disambiguation)
wiktionary peloton A peloton is the main group of riders in a road bicycle race. Peloton may also refer to Peloton album , by Delgados Peloton super computer , a computing cluster Peloton biology , the intracellular portion of an orchid mycorrhiza Peloton software company , a software company dab ... more details
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- MAPK phosphatase
MAPK phosphatases are a class of phosphatase s. They are involved in MAP kinase signaling. ref MeshName MAPK Phosphatases ref References reflist Protein tyrosine phosphatases Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins MAP kinase activation Category Cell signaling Category Enzymes Category Protein kinases ... more details
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- Intracrine
R, Singh VP, Baker KM. The intracellular renin angiotensin system a new paradigm. Trends Endocrinol .... Sorensen V, Nilsen T, Wiedlocha A. Functional diversity of FGF 2 isoforms by intracellular sorting. Bioessays. 2006 May 28 5 504 14. PMID 16615083. Singh VP, Baker KM, Kumar R. Activation of the intracellular ... more details
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- Compartment (pharmacokinetics)
In pharmacokinetics , a compartment is a defined volume of body fluids . It is distinguished from anatomic compartment s, which are bounded by fasciae . It is used in multi compartment model s. Examples There are five major body compartments ref name Rang102 cite book author Rang, H. P. title Pharmacology publisher Churchill Livingstone location Edinburgh year 2003 pages isbn 0 443 07145 4 oclc doi Page 102 ref blood plasma interstitial fluid fat tissue intracellular fluid transcellular fluid The transcellular compartment includes fluids in the pleural cavity or peritoneal cavity . Comparison table class wikitable Compartment estimated of body mass ref name Rang102unless Unless else specified in table, then ref s cite book author Rang, H. P. title Pharmacology publisher Churchill Livingstone location Edinburgh year 2003 pages isbn 0 443 07145 4 oclc doi Page 102 ref blood plasma 5 interstitial fluid 16 fat tissue 20 see also body fat percentage intracellular fluid 35 transcellular fluid 2 Mnemonic 60 40 20 15 5 of TBW, Intracellular fluid, Extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, plasma References reflist Pharmacology Category Pharmacokinetics ar ... more details
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- Sex hormone receptor
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Sex hormone receptor s belong to the group of steroid hormone receptor s and interact with sex hormones . Three sex hormone steroid receptors can be distinguished Androgen receptor s Estrogen receptor s Progesterone receptor s Transcription factors g2 DEFAULTSORT Sex Hormone Receptor Category Intracellular receptors Cell biology stub es Receptor de hormonas sexuales ... more details
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- RLR
RLR may refer to Rural Land Register , a British database of land ownership Richard Lloyd Racing , also known as GTi Engineering, an auto racing team from the extinct World Sportscar Championship Rahal Letterman Racing , another auto racing team, from the Indy Racing League and ALMS RIG I like receptors , a family of intracellular receptors Run Lola Run , a 1999 German film disambig ... more details
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- Microparasite
A microparasite is a parasite that completes a full Biological life cycle life cycle within one host biology host and can be Infectious disease Transmission transmitted directly to conspecificity conspecific hosts. They often reproduction reproduce within a host s cells and are generally too small to be seen with the naked eye. Most are viruses , bacteria and fungi with a smaller number being protists . Examples include Salmonella and HIV . See also Epidemiology Macroparasite Parasite Intracellular parasite List of parasitic organisms Category Parasites Parasite stub ... more details
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- NLR
NLR may mean Nazi Low Riders National LambdaRail , a high speed computer network National Aerospace Laboratory NLR Newark Light Rail New Left Review Northampton & Lamport Railway North London Railway , Historical information North London Line North London Railway , Current information North Little Rock, AR , city in Arkansas NOD like receptor , a family of intracellular receptors disambig de NLR it NLR ... more details
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