distinguish insulin chembox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 480477389 ImageFile Inulin strukturformel.png ... Roberfroid M title Introducing inulin type fructans journal Br J Nutr volume 93 Suppl 1 issue pages ... s. Inulin is used by some plants as a means of storing energy and is typically found in root s or rhizome s. Most plants that synthesize and store inulin do not store other forms of carbohydrate such as starch . Uses Processed foods Inulin is increasingly used in processed foods because it has unusually ... inulin contains 25 35 of the food energy of carbohydrates starch, sugar . ref http jn.nutrition.org content 129 7 1436.full.pdf Caloric Value of Inulin and Oligofructose ref In addition to being a versatile ingredient, inulin has many health benefits. Inulin increases calcium absorption ref cite journal ... of prebiotic short and long chain inulin type fructans enhances calcium absorption and bone mineralization ... fructans, inulin has minimal increasing impact on blood sugar , and&mdash unlike fructose&mdash is not insulemic ... and bloating, and products that contain inulin will sometimes include a warning to add it gradually to one s diet. Industrial use Nonhydrolyzed inulin can also be directly converted to ethanol in a simultaneous ... crops high in inulin into ethanol for fuel. ref cite journal author Kazuyoshi Ohta, Shigeyuki Hamada, Toyohiko Nakamura title Production of High Concentrations of Ethanol from Inulin by Simultaneous ... ref Medical Inulin and its analogon sinistrin are used to help measure kidney function by determining ... 7 7ch04 7ch04p11 Glomerular Filtration Rate ref Inulin is of particular use as it is not secreted ... to clinical limitations, inulin and sinistrin although characterised by better handling features ... diarrhea and diaphoresis. Inulin can also be used as a vaccine adjuvant. ref AD Cristillo, G Ferrari ... 1 envelope protein in inulin derived adjuvants. Retrovirology 2009, 6 Suppl 3 P166 ref Biochemistry ... DP of 10. Calculation of glomerular filtration rate Inulin is uniquely treated by nephrons in that it is completely ... more details
enzyme Name Inulin fructotransferase DFA I forming EC number 4.2.2.17 CAS number 125008 19 7 IUBMB EC number 4 2 2 17 GO code image width caption In enzymology , an inulin fructotransferase DFA I forming EC number 4.2.2.17 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction Produces alpha D fructofuranose beta D fructofuranose 1,2 2,1 dianhydride DFA I by successively eliminating the diminishing 2 1 beta D fructan inulin chain from the terminal D fructosyl D fructosyl disaccharide. This enzyme belongs to the family of lyase s, specifically those carbon oxygen lyases acting on polysaccharides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,1 beta D fructan lyase alpha D fructofuranose beta D fructofuranose 1,2 2,1 dianhydride forming . Other names in common use include inulin fructotransferase DFA I producing , inulin fructotransferase depolymerizing, , difructofuranose 1,2 2 ,1 dianhydride forming , inulin D fructosyl D fructosyltransferase , 1,2 1 ,2 dianhydride forming , inulin D fructosyl D fructosyltransferase forming , and alpha D fructofuranose beta D fructofuranose 1,2 1 ,2 dianhydride . References reflist 1 cite journal author K date 1989 title Purification and properties of a novel inulin fructotransferase DFA I producing from Arthrobacter globiformis S14 3 journal Agric. Biol. Chem. volume 53 pages 2089&ndash 2094 4.2 enzyme stub Category EC 4.2.2 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name Inulin fructotransferase DFA III forming EC number 4.2.2.18 CAS number 50936 42 0 IUBMB EC number 4 2 2 18 GO code image width caption In enzymology , an inulin fructotransferase DFA III forming EC number 4.2.2.18 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction Produces alpha D fructofuranose beta D fructofuranose 1,2 2,3 dianhydride DFA III by successively eliminating the diminishing 2 1 beta D fructan inulin chain from the terminal D fructosyl D fructosyl disaccharide. This enzyme belongs to the family of lyase s, specifically those carbon oxygen lyases acting on polysaccharides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,1 beta D fructan lyase alpha D fructofuranose beta D fructofuranose 1,2 2,3 dianhydride forming . Other names in common use include inulin fructotransferase DFA III producing , inulin fructotransferase depolymerizing , inulase II , inulinase II , inulin fructotransferase depolymerizing, , difructofuranose 1,2 2,3 dianhydride forming , inulin D fructosyl D fructosyltransferase , 1,2 2,3 dianhydride forming , inulin D fructosyl D fructosyltransferase forming , and alpha D fructofuranose beta D fructofuranose 1,2 2,3 dianhydride . Structural studies As of late 2007, two tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 2INU and PDB link 2INV . References reflist 1 cite journal author Uchiyama T date 1975 title Action of Arthrobacter ureafaciens inulinase II on several oligofructans and bacterial levans journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 397 pages 153&ndash 63 pmid 1148257 issue 1 cite journal author Uchiyama T, Niwa S and Tanaka K date 1973 title Purification and properties of Arthrobacter ureafaciens inulase II journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta volume 315 pages 412&ndash 420 4.2 enzyme stub Category EC 4.2.2 Category Enzymes of known structure ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 File Physiology of Nephron.png 300px thumb right Diagram showing the basic physiologic mechanisms of the kidney The renal clearance ratio or fractional excretion is a measure of the speed at which a constituent of urine passes through the kidney s. It is defined by following equation math clearance ratio of X frac C x C in math X is the analyte substance C sub x sub is the renal plasma clearance of X C sub in sub is the renal plasma clearance of inulin . Creatinine is sometimes used instead of inulin as the reference substance. See also Kt V Renal physiology DEFAULTSORT Renal Clearance Ratio Category Nephrology ... more details
unreferenced date September 2009 Image DL Fructose.svg 250px right thumb Fructose Fructosides are glycoside s where the glycone group is fructose . Fructosyl transferases In enzymology, enzymes that add a fructose group to a molecule are called fructosyl transferases , beta D fructofuranosyl transferases or fructotranferases . Examples are aldose beta D fructosyltransferase 2,1 fructan 2,1 fructan 1 fructosyltransferase 6G fructosyltransferase Inulin fructotransferase DFA I forming Inulin fructotransferase DFA III forming Levan fructotransferase DFA IV forming Levansucrase References reflist Glycosides Category Glycosides biochem stub ... more details
is an inulin type small D small fructan with branches on position 6. It belongs to the group of fructan ..., R. Wutka Carbohydr. Res. 235 1992 221 230. ref The main differences between sinistrin and inulin are the higher ... to inulin. Uses Medical Like inulin the polymer sinistrin is not metabolized in human blood and passes the kidneys unchanged. Both, inulin and sinsitrin, are therefore frequently used for the diagnosis ... sinistrin in urine or plasma are identical to that used for inulin. However, sinistrin is often preferred to the alternative, inulin, because it is highly soluble in water and easier to handle. For the application ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Italictitle Speciesbox taxon Allium drummondii name Drummond s onion image Allium drummondii drawing.png authority Regel. File Allium Drummondii.jpg thumb left Allium Drummondii Drummond s onion Allium drummondii , also known as Wild garlic and the Prairie onion , is a perennial plant native to North America . It is utilized by a number of Native American tribes ranging from the South Texas Texas Plains , over to New Mexico and then into California . The lovely white flowers come into bloom April through May coming in a variety of colors ranging from white to pink. Seemingly a rather nice flowering species, Allium drummondii is quite an invasive fellow. Uses This species of Allium is gathered by Natives for its small edible bulbs. Drummond s Onion contains a considerable amount of inulin , a non reducing sugar that humans cannot digest. Because of this, these onions must be heated for a long period of time in order to convert the inulin into digestible sugars. Tribes of the Texas and New Mexico area used the onion as an addition to meat dishes, whereas some tribes in California often used it as a main dish. Allium DEFAULTSORT Allium drummondii Category Allium drummondii Category Garlic az Allium drummondii es Allium drummondii ... more details
Image Inulin strukturformel.png thumb right 250px Structural formula of Inulin s, linear fructans with a terminal &alpha D glucose with 1 2 linkage A fructan is a polymer of fructose molecules. Fructans with a short chain length are known as Fructooligosaccharide fructooligosaccharides , whereas longer chain fructans are termed Inulin inulins . Fructans occur in foods such as agave , artichoke s, asparagus , leek vegetable leek s, garlic , onion s including spring onion s , yacon , j cama , and wheat . In animal fodder , fructans also appear in grass , with dietary implications for horses and other Equidae . Types Empty section date July 2010 Functions Plants storing their food as fructans are able to thrive at low temperatures since fructans confer tolerance to freezing. They bind to membranes, thereby helping to keep cells intact. Fructan content of various foods class wikitable Jerusalem artichoke Artichoke, Jerusalem 16.0 20.0 ref name doi SUSAN J. SHEPHERD, M Nut Diet, APD PETER R. GIBSON, MD, MB, FRACP, Fructose Malabsorption and Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Guidelines for Effective Dietary Management, J Am Diet Assoc 2006 106 1631 1639. http sacfs.asn.au download SueShepherd sarticle.pdf ref Globe Artichoke Artichoke, Globe 2.0 6.8 ref name doi Asparagus 1.4 4.1 ref name doi Barley kernels very young 22 ref name mechanisms Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Joanne L. Slavin, PhD, RD, Mechanisms for the Impact of Whole Grain Foods on Cancer Risk, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 19, No. 90003, 300S 307S 2000 http www.jacn.org cgi content full 19 suppl 3 300S ref Cheese spread 4.5 ref name methods Leon Prosky and Hubert Hoebregs, Methods to Determine Food Inulin and Oligofructose, Journal of Nutrition. 1999 129 1418S 1423S. http jn.nutrition.org cgi content full 129 7 1418S T4 ref Chocolate 9.4 ref name methods Garlic 17.4 ref cite journal author Muir, J.G., et al. year 2007 title Fructan and Free Fructose ... more details
1 to 5. Contrary to the inulin derived FOS, not only is there 1 2 binding but other linkages do ... as a supplement for preventing yeast infections. Several studies have found that FOS and inulin ... effects All inulin type prebiotics, including FOS, are generally thought to stimulate the growth of Bifidobacteria ... found in all studies, both for Bifidobacteria and for other gut organisms. ref Kelly G. Inulin ... it. ref name NZ http www.nutraingredients.com Regulation Inulin FOS and GOS assessed in Australia NZ Inulin, FOS and GOS assessed in Australia, NZ ref EU regulation FOS use has been approved in the European ... more details
ref Clinical studies have shown that administering FOS, GOS, or inulin can increase the number ... ref Sources FOS and inulin are found naturally in Jerusalem artichoke , burdock , chicory ... significant quantities of inulin, a fiber widely distributed in fruits, vegetables and plants. Inulin ... and can be synthesized from lactose milk sugar . FOS, GOS, and inulin are available as nutritional ... more details
This is a table of permselectivity for different substances in the glomerulus of the kidney in renal filtration . class wikitable Substance Molecular mass ref name boron cite book author Walter F. Boron, Emile L. Boulpaep title Medical Physiology A Cellular And Molecular Approach publisher Elsevier Saunders location year pages isbn 1 4160 2328 3 oclc doi Page 761 ref Effective molecular radius Nanometre nm ref name boron Concentration conc. in ultrafiltrate BR conc. in blood plasma ref name boron sodium 23 0.1 1.0 potassium 39 0.14 1.0 chloride 35,5 0.18 1.0 water 18 0.15 1.0 urea 60 0.16 1.0 glucose 180 0.33 1.0 sucrose 342 0.44 1.0 polyethylene glycol 1.000 0.70 1.0 inulin 5.200 1.48 0.98 lysozyme 14.600 1.90 0.8 myoglobin 16.900 1.88 0.75 lactoglobulin 36.000 2.16 0.4 egg albumin 43.500 2.80 0.22 Bence Jones protein 44.000 2.77 1.0 hemoglobin 68.000 3.25 0.03 serum albumin 69.000 3.55 0.01 References references renal physiology Category Physiology ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Sporolactobacillus regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Bacilli ordo Bacillales familia Sporolactobacillaceae genus Sporolactobacillus genus authority Kitahara and Suzuki 1963 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Sporolactobacillus dextrus S. dextrus br Sporolactobacillus inulinus S. inulinus br Sporolactobacillus kofuensis S. kofuensis br Sporolactobacillus laevis S. laevis br Sporolactobacillus laevolacticus S. laevolacticus br Sporolactobacillus nakayamae S. nakayamae br Sporolactobacillus terrae S. terrae br Sporolactobacillus vineae S. vineae Sporolactobacillus is a genus of anaerobe anaerobic endospore endospore forming Gram positive flagellum motile bacillus shape rod shaped lactic acid bacteria lactic acid bacteria . ref cite journal author Kitahara K, Suzuki J title Sporolactobacillus nov. subgen. url http www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp jnlpdf.php?cdjournal jgam1955&cdvol 9&noissue 1&startpage 59&lang en&from jnltoc journal J Gen Appl Microbiol volume 9 issue pages 59 71 year 1963 pmid doi 10.2323 jgam.9.59 ref Members of this genus are catalase negative, do not reduce nitrate s to nitrite s, and do not form indole . Lactic acid is produced actively without liberation of gas from glucose , fructose , mannose , sucrose , maltose , trehalose , raffinose , inulin , mannitol , sorbitol and alpha methyl glucoside . Sporolactobacillus grows readily at temperatures between 25 40 C. The optimal temperature for growth lies around 35 C. References reflist Category Bacillales bacteria stub ... more details
fructooligosaccharide s fully meet this definition oligofructose and inulin . ref name ReferenceA ..., e.g. Inulin, contain 9 64 links per saccharide molecule, and tend to be fermented more slowly, nourishing ... the colon, e.g. Oligofructose Enriched Inulin OEI . The majority of research done on prebiotics ... Kleessen , Ludger Hartmann and Michael Blaut Oligofructose and long chain inulin influence on the gut ... Caderni5 Antitumorigenic activity of the prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination ... digestion including enhancing mineral absorption ref Coxam V Current data with inulin type fructans ... Inulin and Oligofructose Review of Experimental Data on Immune Modulation . J Nutr. 2007 137 2563S ref ... Traditional dietary sources of prebiotics include soybeans , inulin sources such as Jerusalem artichoke ... E. Friday, Joseph P. Goldman and Jaspreet K. Chug Ahuja, Presence of Inulin and Oligofructose in the Diets ..., ref Katharina E. Scholz Ahrens, J rgen Schrezenmeir Inulin and oligofructose and mineral metabolism ... 05, pp 663 671, Fermentation products of inulin type fructans reduce proliferation and induce apoptosis ... more details
for the German philosopher and philologist 1820 1888 Karl von Prantl Infobox scientist name Karl Anton Eugen Prantl image image size alt caption birth date birth date 1849 9 10 birth place Munich , Germany death date death date 1893 2 24 death place Germany residence Germany citizenship GER nationality ethnicity fields Unbulleted list Botany workplaces alma mater Karl Anton Eugen Prantl 10 September 1849 &ndash 24 February 1893 , also known as Carl Anton Eugen Prantl , was a Germany German botanist . Prantl was born in Munich , Kingdom of Bavaria , and studied in Munich. In 1870 he graduated with the dissertation Das Inulin. Ein Beitrag zur Pflanzenphysiologie The inulin , a contribution to the plant physiology . He worked with Carl Wilhelm von N geli and Julius Sachs . Between 1887 and 1915, he published Die Nat rlichen Pflanzenfamilien The Natural Plant Families with fellow botanist Adolf Engler. ref name Sambamurty Sambamurty, A.V.S.S. http books.google.com books?id FrdidPp6HuAC&dq sympetalae taxonomy&source gbs navlinks s Taxonomy of Angiosperms. I. K. International Pvt Ltd, 2005 Page 15 16. Accessed on August 10, 2011 ref In 1877 he became a professor at the forest educational institution at Aschaffenburg , transferring to Breslau University in 1889, where he also became director of the botanical garden there. Prantl worked particularly on Cryptogams . Works Lehrbuch der Botanik Textbook of Botany , 7 Eds., Leipzig 1887. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie der Gef kryptogamen Studies on morphology of the Vascular Cryptogams , Leipzig 1875 and 1881, 2 fascicles. Exkursionsflora f r das K nigreich Bayern Flora of the excursion to the Bavaria kingdom , Stuttgart, 1884. Karl Prantl and Adolf Engler editors Die nat rlichen Pflanzenfamilien The natural plant families , 2 Editions, Leipzig since 1887 . References reflist botanist Prantl Prantl, Karl Anton Eugen Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Prantl, Karl Anton Eugen ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION ... more details
name for the plant. Around 1970 it was found that the root contains up to 20 inulin , a polysaccharide similar to starch . Inulin is mainly found in the plant family Asteraceae as a storage carbohydrate ... Formulations using inulin and oligofructose with high intensity sweeteners.aspx ref and is sometimes added to yogurts as a prebiotic nutrition prebiotic . Inulin can be converted to fructose and glucose through hydrolysis . Inulin is also gaining popularity as a source of soluble dietary fiber and functional food . ref Madrigal L. Sangronis E. Inulin and derivates as key ingredients in functional ... inulin , 14 sucrose , 5 cellulose , 6 protein , 4 Ash analytical chemistry ash , and 3 other compounds. Dried chicory root extract contains, by weight, approximately 98 inulin and 2 other compounds ... first2 HK issue 9 ref Fresh chicory root may contain between 13 and 23 inulin, by total weight. ref ... s. Howard M. 1987 . Chicory contains inulin , ref name cite journal pmid 12468594 cite journal ... JP title Dietary chicory inulin increases whole body bone mineral density in growing male rats volume ... ingredientmono 1048 INULIN.aspx?activeIngredientId 1048&activeIngredientName INULIN ref In rats ... more details
About the American scientist the football coach Homer Smith American football Dr Homer William Smith January 2, 1895 March 25, 1962 was an United States American Physiology physiologist and an advocate for science, who spent most of his career at New York University School of Medicine . http www.asn online.org awards smith.aspx His research work focused on the kidney and he discovered inulin at the same time as Alfred Newton Richards A.N. Richards . Dr. Smith authored several books including From Fish to Philosopher , Man and His Gods , http www.positiveatheism.org hist homer1a.htm and The Kidney Structure and function in health and disease . Homer Smith s elegant experiments on the kidney in the 1930s proved beyond any doubt that it operated according to physical principles, both as a filter and a secretory organ, eliminating the last vestige of Vitalism in physiology. He also served on the board of trustees of Science Service, now known as Society for Science & the Public , from 1952 1955. Dr. Smith is survived by his son, Homer Wilson Smith. External links http www.positiveatheism.org hist homer1a.htm Man and his Gods full text of the book, with foreword by Albert Einstein . The kidney structure and function in health and disease. Google Books. http books.google.com books?id ym3EAGvhwVsC&lpg PP1&ots yipjPZT3mG&dq Homer 20Smith 20kidney&pg PR19 v onepage&q &f false References Bynum, W.F. Smith, Homer William . American National Biography Online Feb. 2000. Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Smith, Homer William ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH January 2, 1895 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH March 25, 1962 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Smith, Homer William Category 1895 births Category 1962 deaths Category American physiologists Category Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research US scientist stub US med bio stub de Homer Smith vi Homer William Smith ... more details
italic title taxobox name Cirsium edule image Cirsium edule 7396.jpg regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Asterids ordo Asterales familia Asteraceae tribus Cynareae genus Cirsium species C. edule binomial Cirsium edule binomial authority Thomas Nuttall Nutt. Cirsium edule , the Edible Thistle , is a species of thistle in the genus Cirsium , native to western North America from southeastern Alaska south through British Columbia to Washington U.S. state Washington and Oregon , and locally inland to Idaho . File Cirsium edule 6240.JPG left thumb All the florets have similar form Alpine Lakes Wilderness . It is a tall herbaceous perennial plant , reaching 1 2 m tall. The leaf leaves are very spiny, lobed, 10 30 cm long and 2 5 cm broad smaller on the upper part of the flower stem . The inflorescence is 3 4 cm diameter, purple, with all the florets of similar form no division into disc and ray florets . The seed s are 4 5 mm long, with a downy pappus which assists in wind dispersal. It is monocarpic , growing as a low rosette of leaves for a number of years, then sending up the tall flowering stem in spring, with the plant dying after seed maturation. Edible Thistle is used by Indigenous peoples of the Americas Native Americans for its edible root s and young shoots. The roots are sweet, but contain inulin , which gives some people digestive problems. External links Commons inline http www.ibiblio.org pfaf cgi bin arr html?Cirsium edule Plants for a Future Cirsium edule Category Cirsium edule es Cirsium edule ... more details
enzyme Name 1,2 beta fructan 1F fructosyltransferase EC number 2.4.1.100 CAS number 73379 55 2 IUBMB EC number 2 4 1 100 GO code 0047207 image width caption In enzymology , a 2,1 fructan 2,1 fructan 1 fructosyltransferase EC number 2.4.1.100 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction beta D fructosyl 2 1 m beta D fructosyl 2 1 n math rightleftharpoons math beta D fructosyl 2 1 m 1 beta D fructosyl 2 1 n sup sup 1 Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are code beta D fructosyl 2 1 m code and beta D fructosyl 2 1 n , whereas its two product chemistry products are beta D fructosyl 2 1 m 1 and beta D fructosyl 2 1 n 1 . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,1 beta D fructan 2,1 beta D fructan 1 beta D fructosyltransferase . Other names in common use include 1,2 beta D fructan 1F fructosyltransferase , fructan fructan fructosyl transferase , FFT , 1,2 beta fructan 1F fructosyltransferase , 1,2 beta D fructan 1,2 beta D fructan , 1F beta D fructosyltransferase , and fructan fructan 1 fructosyl transferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Henry RJ and Darbyshire B year 1980 title Sucrose sucrose fructosyltransferase and fructan fructan fructosyltransferase from Allium cepa journal Phytochemistry journal Phytochemistry volume 19 pages 1017&ndash 1020 doi 10.1016 0031 9422 80 83050 0 issue 6 cite journal author Vergauwen R, Van Laere A, Van den Ende W year 2003 title Properties of fructan fructan 1 fructosyltransferases from chicory and globe thistle, two Asteracean plants storing greatly different types of inulin journal Plant. Physiol. volume 133 pages 391&ndash 401 pmid 12970504 doi 10.1104 pp.103.026807 issue 1 pmc 196615 DEFAULTSORT 2,1 Fructan 2,1 Fructan 1 Fructosyltransferase Category EC 2.4.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure enzyme stub it 2,1 fruttano 2,1 fruttano 1 fruttosiltransferasi ... more details
. 3 4 Clinical studies have shown that administering FOS, GOS, or inulin can increase the number ... bacteria. 5 edit Sources FOS and inulin are found naturally in Jerusalem artichoke, burdock, chicory ... of inulin, a fiber widely distributed in fruits, vegetables and plants. Inulin is a significant part ... from lactose milk sugar . FOS, GOS, and inulin are available as nutritional supplements in capsules ... more details
including the artichoke , the tubers store the carbohydrate inulin not to be confused with insulin ... has a great deal of unused potential as a producer of ethanol fuel , using inulin adapted strains of yeast ... better when steamed. The inulin cannot be broken down by the human digestive system, ref cite ... of spirits the length of the inulin molecules of little importance, as they are not fermentable. Pyramid ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Streptococcus viridans group image Streptococcus viridans 01.png image width 240px regnum Bacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Cocci ordo Lactobacillales familia Streptococcaceae genus Streptococcus Viridans Streptococcus is a pseudotaxonomic non Linnaenan term for a large group of commensal Streptococcus streptococcal bacteria that are either Hemolysis microbiology hemolytic , producing a green coloration on blood agar plates hence the name viridans , from Latin v r dis , green , or nonhemolytic. They possess no Lancefield antigens. ref name Sherris cite book author Ryan KJ, Ray CG editors title Sherris Medical Microbiology edition 4th pages 293 4 publisher McGraw Hill year 2004 isbn 0838585299 ref In general, pathogenicity is low. ref MeshName Viridans Streptococci ref Identification Viridans streptococci can be differentiated from Streptococcus pneumoniae using an optochin test, as Viridans streptococci are optochin resistant they also lack either the polysaccharide based Capsule microbiology capsule typical of S. pneumoniae or the Serovar Lancefield antigens of the pyogenic members of the genus . ref name Baron cite book author Patterson MJ chapter Streptococcus title Baron s Medical Microbiology Baron S et al. , eds. edition 4th publisher Univ of Texas Medical Branch year 1996 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?rid mmed.chapter.824 isbn 0 9631172 1 1 ref class wikitable Viridans streptococci Streptococcus pneumoniae Solubility in bile Insoluble Soluble Fermentation of inulin Not a fermenter Fermenter with acid production Sensitivity to optochin Not sensitive Sensitive Pathogenicity to mice Nonpathogenic Pathogenic Quellung test Negative Positive Pathology The organisms are most abundant in the mouth, and one member of the group, Streptococcus mutans S. mutans , is the etiologic agent of dental caries . Others may be involved in other mouth or gingival infections. If they are introduced into the bloodstream, the ... more details
Commented out because image was deleted Image Polydextrose.jpg thumb right Package of commercial food grade Polydextrose. Polydextrose is an indigestible synthetic polymer of glucose . ref cite journal author Raninen K, Lappi J, Mykk nen H, Poutanen K title Dietary fiber type reflects physiological functionality Comparison of grain fiber, inulin, and polydextrose journal Nutr. Rev. volume 69 issue 1 pages 9 21 year 2011 month January pmid 21198631 doi 10.1111 j.1753 4887.2010.00358.x url http onlinelibrary.wiley.com doi 10.1111 j.1753 4887.2010.00358.x pdf ref It is a food ingredient classified as soluble dietary fiber fiber by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA , but not Health Canada . ref name Gershman It is frequently used to increase the non dietary fiber content of food, ref name Gershman replace sugar, reduce calories and reduce fat content. It is a multi purpose food ingredient synthesized from dextrose glucose , plus about 10 percent sorbitol and 1 percent citric acid . Its E number is E1200 . The FDA approved it in 1981. History Commercial manufacture of edible polydextrose originated with a process developed by Hans H. Rennhard . Dr. Hans Rennhard of Pfizer, Inc. began investigating the potential of polysaccharides as low calorie replacements for sugar, fat, flour and starch. In 1965, he created polydextrose, a polymer of dextrose, produced from the naturally occurring components, glucose, sorbitol and citric acid. Commercial uses Polydextrose is commonly used as a replacement for sugar , starch , and fat in commercial beverages, cake s, candy candies , dessert mixes, breakfast cereals, gelatin s, frozen desserts, pudding s, and salad dressing s. Polydextrose is frequently used as an ingredient in low carb , sugar free and diabetic cooking recipes. It s also used as a humectant , Stabilizer chemistry stabiliser and thickening agent . Polydextrose is a form of soluble fiber and has shown healthful prebiotic nutrition prebiotic benefits when tested i ... more details
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