Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Invagination means to fold inward or to sheath. In biology , this can refer to a number of processes. Invagination is the morphogenetic processes by which an embryo takes form, and is the initial step of gastrulation , the massive reorganization of the embryo from a simple spherical ball of Cell biology cells , the blastula , into a multi layered organism , with differentiated germ layer s endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. More localized invaginations also occur later in embryonic development, to form coelom, etc. Invagination is the formation of a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in animal cells. The inner membrane of a mitochondrion invaginates to form cristae, thus providing a much greater surface area to accommodate the protein complexes and other participants that produce ATP. Invagination occurs during endocytosis and exocytosis when a vesicle forms within the cell and the membrane closes around it. Invagination of a part of the intestine into another part is called Intussusception medical disorder intussusception . In the humanities Used to explain a special kind of metanarrative . Used by Rosalind Krauss and Jacques Derrida The Law of Genre , Glyph 7 1980 . In Geology Used to describe a deep depression of strata. Used by Donald L. Baars in The Colorado Plateau Category Cellular processes Category Developmental biology Developmental biology stub es Invaginaci n pt Invagina o ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Artificial Invagination Type EP Artist Merzbow Cover Artificial Invagination.jpg Released 1991 Recorded 23 September 1990 October, 1991 at ZSF Produkt Studio Genre Noise music Length 20 55 Label Vanilla Records Producer Masami Akita Reviews Last album Music For Bondage Performance Break 1991 This album Artificial Invagination Break 1991 Next album Dutch Tour 1989 Break 1992 Artificial Invagination is an EP by the Japanese noise musician, Merzbow . Track listing All music by Masami Akita . Wing Over 20 55 Personnel Masami Akita electronics, tape manipulation, editing Reiko A Reiko Azuma voice Abtectonix artwork Notes Mixed at ZSF Produkt Studio , Tokyo, October 1991. Included live recordings at Webo , New York City 23 September 1990 and Success Hall in Kawaijuku No. 16 Nagoya, 17 September 1991. Original live recordings thanks for Gen Ken, Ron, Kiyokawa and Dislocation. Cover photo taken from Documentary Magazine Tasuki photo by Bara. Taken from True Romance performance at Nihon University on 3 November 1991. Special thanks for Tejima Vanilla Records References http www.discogs.com release 100102 Discogs website, page for Artificial Invagination Merzbow Use dmy dates date August 2011 Category Merzbow EPs Category 1991 EPs ... more details
Basilar invagination occurs when the top of the C2 vertebrae migrates upward. It can cause the opening in the skull where the spinal cord passes through to the brain the foramen magnum to narrow. It also may press on the lower brainstem . ref http www.tchain.com otoneurology disorders central cerebellar basilar 20invagination.htm ref This is similar to Chiari malformation . That, however, is usually present at birth. Symptoms Symptoms vary depending on whether the spinal cord, brain stem, nerves or their blood supply is affected by the pressure. Symptoms become apparent when the neck is bent. They include Posterior head pain Neck weakness Periods of confusion Dysarthria difficulty swallowing or talking due to loss of muscle control Dizziness Loss of sensation Cranial nerve disturbance Loss of the ability to know how joints are positioned Lhermitte s sign tingling when the neck bends backward Weakness of the arms and legs Orthostatic hypotension Patients will go into a pool and notice that below their belly button the water is not as cold as it is above. Complications from this can include hydrocephalus , pseudotumor cerebri or syringomyelia because it blocks the flow of fluid around the brain and spinal cord. Causes and Risk Factors Basilar invagination can be present at birth. If the condition develops after birth, it is usually the result of injury or diseases. If due to injury, about half the time it is caused by vehicle or bicycle accidents 25 of the time by falls and 10 of the time by recreational activities such as diving accidents. It also occurs in patients with bone diseases, such as osteomalacia , rheumatoid arthritis , Paget s disease of bone Paget s disease , Ehlers Danlos syndrome , Marfan syndrome , and osteogenesis imperfecta . Diagnosis A doctor will base his or her diagnosis on the symptoms the patient has and the results of tests, including An X ray Magnetic ... system DEFAULTSORT Basilar Invagination Category Neurological disorders ... more details
Crypts are anatomical structures that are narrow but deep invagination s into a larger structure. One common type of anatomical crypt is the Crypts of Lieberk hn . However, it is not the only type some types of tonsils also have crypts. Because these crypts allow external access to the deep portions of the tonsils, these tonsils are more vulnerable to infection. External links BUHistology 06601loa Lymphoid Tissues and Organs tonsil http www.siumed.edu dking2 erg GI044b.htm Histology of crypt of tonsil at siumed.edu anatomy stub Category Anatomy ... more details
Infobox anatomy Name Pilosebaceous unit Latin fabrica pilosebacea GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Width Image2 Caption2 Map MapPos MapCaption Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber Code Terminologia Histologica TH H3.12.00.3.01042 The Pilosebaceous unit is an epidermal invagination found on most surfaces of the human body. ref name WebsterRawlings2007 cite book author1 Guy F. Webster author2 Anthony V. Rawlings title Acne and Its Therapy url http books.google.com books?id sx cua GYS4C&pg PA9 accessdate 15 May 2011 year 2007 publisher CRC Press isbn 9780824729714 pages 9 ref See also Sebaceous gland Acneiform eruption References reflist Integumentary system anatomy stub Category Skin ... more details
Cytomeres are structures that are formed when the contents of a single large schizont are separated into multiple daughter cells, in the course of schizogony . ref cite journal author Moltmann UG, Mehlhorn H, Friedhoff KT title Ultrastructural study of the development of Babesia ovis Piroplasmia in the ovary of the vector tick Rhipicephalus bursa journal The Journal of protozoology volume 29 issue 1 pages 30 8 year 1982 month February pmid 7086711 ref Cytomeres are caused by complex invagination s of the surface of the schizont. They complete the budding process in the formation of large numbers of merozoite s and are found in some species of sporozoan s&mdash including those of the Leucocytozoon genus&mdash undergoing exoerythrocytic asexual division. References Reflist Category Apicomplexa protist stub ... more details
Invagination Gestated Rabidity The Holocaust Incarnate The Inertia Interlude The Saw and the Carnage ... Wreckoning Meticulous Invagination A Cold Logistic Slaughter col 2 Wacken Open Air 2006 The Inertia ... Meticulous Invagination Gestated Rabidity The Sanctification Of Fornication North American Tour ... more details
The primitive gut that forms during gastrulation in the developing blastula is known as the archenteron . It develops into the digestive tract of an animal. Formation of the Archenteron in Sea Urchins See Gastrulation . As primary mesenchyme cells detach from the vegetal pole in the gastrula and enter the fluid filled cavity in the center the blastocoel , the remaining cells at the vegetal pole flatten to form a vegetal plate . This buckles inwards towards the blastocoel in a process called invagination . The cells continue to be rearranged until the shallow dip formed by invagination transforms into a deeper, narrower pouch formed by the gastrula s endoderm . This narrowing and lengthening of the archenteron is driven by convergent extension . The open end of the archenteron is called the blastopore . File Protovsdeuterostomes.svg right thumb The Archenteron is labeled as the digestive tube The filopodia thin fibers formed by the mesenchyme cells found in a late gastrula contract to drag the tip of the archenteron across the blastocoel. The endoderm of the archenteron will fuse with the ectoderm of the blastocoel wall. At this point gastrulation is complete, and the gastrula has a functional digestive tube. The indentation that is actually formed is called the lip of the blastopore in amphibian s and fish , and the primitive streak in bird s and mammal s. Each is controlled by the dorsal blastopore , and primitive node also known as Hensen s node , respectively. During Gastrulation , the Archenteron develops into the digestive tube, with the blastopore developing into either the mouth Protostome or the anus Deuterostome External links http chsweb.lr.k12.nj.us mstanley outlines animals antax image51.gif Diagram developmental biology stub Embryology Category Developmental biology ca Arqu nteron cs Prvost evo de Archenteron es Arqu nteron fr Archent ron it Archenteron ja pl Prajelito pt Arqu ntero zh ... more details
ESCRT e ndosomal s orting c omplex r equired for t ransport refers to a series of cytosolic protein complexes called ESCRT 0, ESCRT I, ESCRT II, and ESCRT III. Endocytosis and Receptor Down Regulation Image with unknown copyright status removed File MVB Sorting Pathway.gif thumb right MVB Sorting Pathway The ESCRT complexes mediate sorting of ubiquitylated cargo proteins into subregions of the endosomal membrane for inclusion in the internal vesicle biology s of resulting multivesicular bodies MVBs The sequential activities of the ESCRT complexes are required for the recognition and sorting of ubiquitin modified cargo proteins into the internal vesicles of multivesicular bodies MVBs . Sorting of membrane cargo proteins into the internal vesicles of a MVB requires one or more ubiquitin tags, which are added to the cytosolic domains of membrane proteins. These ubiquitin tags are recognized by the ESCRT complexes, which bind sequentially and work in concert to pass along the cargo proteins from one complex to the next, sorting the ubiquitylated cargo proteins into subregions of the endosomal membrane for inclusion in an intralumenal MVB vesicle. Invagination of the membrane into an internal vesicle also depends on PI 3 P, resulting from the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol by a lipid kinase , and functioning as another docking site for the ESCRT complexes. The complexes require PI 3 P and ubiquitylated cargo proteins to attach to the endosomal membrane. When another phosphate group is added to PI 3 P, producing PI 3,5 P sub 2 sub , the ESCRT III complex is able to form a large multimeric aggregation on the membrane, enabling the invagination and pinching off processes required to form the internal vesicles. References cite book last Alberts first Bruce authorlink coauthors Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter title Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th ed. publisher Garland Science date 2008 location New York, NY pages 795 797 u ... more details
closure. Neural tube cells in Xenopus apically constrict during the initial invagination as well as during ... constriction of midline cells initiates invagination to create the ventral furrow . Like in Xenopus ... more details
as problematic that a gastrulation by invagination is by no means universal among eumetazoans. Only recently has an invagination been confirmed in a Calcarea sponge, albeit too early to form a remaining ... life cycle, with a pelagic juvenile and a benthic adult stage. The invagination of the original ... more details
Automatic taxobox image Phoronis hippocrepia 2 Wright, 1856 .jpg image caption Phoronis hippocrepia subdivision Phoronis australis Phoronis hippocrepia Phoronis ijimai Phoronis muelleri Phoronis ovalis Phoronis pallida Phoronis psammophila ref name WoRMS http www.marinespecies.org aphia.php?p taxdetails&id 128545 World Register of Marine Species ref Phoronis is one of the two genus genera of the horseshoe worm family Phoronidae , in the phylum biology phylum Phoronida . The body has two sections, each with its own coelom . There is a specialist feeding structure, the lophophore , which is an extension of the wall of the coelom and is surrounded by tentacles. The gut is U shaped. The diagnostic feature that distinguishes this genus is the lack of epidermal invagination at the base of the lophophore. These worms are filter feeder s. ref http www.jiffynotes.com a study guides book notes grze 02 grze 02 00147.html Phoronida ref Taxonomy Phronis architecta is no longer accepted and is considered to be a synonym of Phoronis psammophila . Similarly Phoronis vancouverensis is considered to be a synonym of Phoronis ijimai . ref http www.itis.gov servlet SingleRpt SingleRpt?search topic TSN&search value 155466 ITIS ref References reflist Category Phoronids Invertebrate stub nl Phoronis ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Platybasia Image Caption Clinical features it occurs as an isolated congenital anomaly or in conjunction with skeletal dysplasia such as achondroplasia, osteogenosis imperfecta or secondary to Paget s or bone softening disorders. impingement over neural and vascular structures may appear in 3 4 th decade. Radiological findings increase in skull base angle 152 degrees martin basilar angle DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 Q 75 8 q 65 ICD9 ICD9 756.0 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D010985 Platybasia is a spinal disease of a malformed relationship between the occipital bone and cervical spine . It may be caused by Paget s disease of bone Paget s disease . External links GPnotebook 1811546100 cite journal author Pearce JM title Platybasia and basilar invagination journal Eur. Neurol. volume 58 issue 1 pages 62 4 year 2007 pmid 17483591 doi 10.1159 000102172 Congenital malformations and deformations of musculoskeletal system Category Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system pl P askopodstawie disease stub Platybasia is also a feature of Gorlin Goltz syndrome, commonly known as Basal cell nevus syndrome. ... more details
Taxobox color lightgreen name Pycnococcaceae domain Eukaryota regnum Viridiplantae phylum Chlorophyta classis Prasinophyceae ordo Pseudoscourfieldiales familia Pycnococcaceae subdivision ranks Genus biology Genera subdivision Nephroselmis Pycnococcus Pseudoscourfieldia Prasinococcus Prasinoderma In alpha taxonomy taxonomy , the Pycnococcaceae are a family biology family of algae , specifically of the Pseudoscourfieldiales . ref See the National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?mode Info&id 41878 webpage on Pycnococcaceae . Data extracted from the cite web url ftp ftp.ncbi.nih.gov pub taxonomy title NCBI taxonomy resources publisher National Center for Biotechnology Information accessdate 2007 03 19 ref The defining features of this family include the single invagination of the pyrenoid where the mitochondrial membrane fits into it ref name Gui Guillard et al. 1991 Pycnococcus provasolii, a coccoid prasinoxanthin containing phytoplankter from the Western North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Phycology 27 39 47. ref and the decapore a ring of 10 pores through the thick cell wall . ref name Sie Sieburth et al. 1999 Widespread occurrence of the oceanic ultraplankter Prasinococcus capsulatus Prasinophyceae , the diagnostic Golgi Decapore complex and the newly discovered polysaccharide capsulan ref References reflist 1 External links Scientific references Taxonomic references taxon Pycnococcaceae Scientific databases Taxonomic links NCBI taxID 41878 taxoname Pycnococcaceae Category Algae families algae stub ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Dutch Tour 1989 Type Live Album Artist Merzbow Cover Dutch Tour 1989.jpeg Released 1992 Recorded 23 September 9 October 1989 Genre Noise music Length 3 32 58 Label V2 Archief Producer Masami Akita Reviews Last album Artificial Invagination br 1991 This album Dutch Tour 1989 br 1992 Next album Hannover Interruption br 1992 Dutch Tour 1989 is a double cassette live album by the Japanese noise musician, Merzbow . It was a limited release and every copy had different cover artwork. Track listing V2 S Hertogenbosch 29 09 89 55 48 Diogenes Nijmegen 03 10 89 52 07 Ekko Utrecht 09 10 89 51 47 Radio Rataplan Live Show Nijmegen 03 10 89 28 23 Side A B C 24 53 Personnel Masami Akita metals, feedbacksystems Reiko Akita metals Kiyoshi Mizutani guitars, feedbacksystems Frans de Waard studio effects External links http www.discogs.com release 709645 Discogs entry Merzbow Category Merzbow live albums Category 1992 live albums ... more details
File Sclerocephalus hauseri head.jpg thumb right Skull of Sclerocephalus , showing the otic notches Otic notches are invagination in the posterior margin of the skull roof , one behind each orbit anatomy orbit . Such notches are found in labyrinthodontia labyrinthodonts and some of their immediate ancestors, but not their reptile reptilian descendants. The presence or absence of the otic notches is one of the traits used to separate the amniote s from the amphibian evolutionary grade grade tetrapod s. The notches have been interpreted as part of an auditory structure, and are often shown holding a tympanum anatomy tympanum similar to those seen in modern anura ns. Analysis of the columella the stapes in amphibians and reptiles of labyrinthodonts however indicate it did not function in transmitting low energy vibrations, thus rendering them effectively deaf to airborne sound. ref Lombard, R. E. & Bolt, J. R. 1979 Evolution of the tetrapod ear an analysis and reinterpretation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society No 11 pp 19 76 http onlinelibrary.wiley.com doi 10.1111 j.1095 8312.1979.tb00027.x abstract Abstract ref The otic notch instead functioned as a spiracle , at least in the early forms. ref Laurin, M. 1996 http tolweb.org accessory Hearing in Stegocephalians?acc id 470 Hearing in Stegocephalians , from the Tree of Life Web Project ref References Reflist Category Skull Category Vertebrate anatomy Category Head and neck fr chancrure otique ... more details
File Invagination 001 CT cor.png thumb Small intestinal invagination on computed tomography ... de Intussuszeption es Invaginaci n fr Invagination intestinale it Invaginazione he ja ... more details
Image Pinocytosis.svg thumb right 250px Pinocytosis In cellular biology , pinocytosis cell drinking , bulk phase pinocytosis , non specific, non absorptive pinocytosis , fluid endocytosis is a form of endocytosis in which small particles are brought into the cell, forming an invagination, and then suspended within small vesicle biology vesicles pinocytotic vesicles that subsequently fuse with lysosome s to hydrolyze, or to break down, the particles. This process requires a lot of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate , the chemical compound is mostly used as energy in the majority of cells. Pinocytosis is used primarily for the absorption of extracellular fluids ECF , and, in contrast to phagocytosis , generates very small vesicles. Unlike receptor mediated endocytosis , pinocytosis is nonspecific in the substances that it transports. The cell takes in surrounding fluids, including all solutes present. Pinocytosis also works as phagocytosis, the only difference being that phagocytosis is specific in the substances it transports. Phagocytosis actually engulfs whole particles, which are later broken down by enzymes, such as lysosomes, and absorbed into the cells. Pinocytosis, on the other hand, is when the cell engulfs already dissolved or broken down food. In contrast, molecule specific endocytosis is called receptor mediated endocytosis . References Campbell, Reece, Mitchell Biology , Sixth Edition, Copyright 2002 P. 151 Marshall, Ben, Incredible Biological Advancements of the 20th Century, Copyright 2001 p. 899 Alrt, Pablo, Global Society Harvard study, copyright 2003 p. 189 Brooker, Robert Biology , Second Edition, Copyright 2011 p. 116 Further reading Macropinosome Category Cellular processes ar bg bs Pinocitoza ca Pinocitosi cs Pinocyt za da Pinocytose de Pinozytose et Pinots toos es Pinocitosis eu Pinozitosi fr Pinocytose gl Pinocitose id Pinositosis it Pinocitosi he jv Pinositosis kk nl Pinocytose pl Pinocytoza pt Pinoc ... more details
Infobox embryology Name PAGENAME Latin lamina dentalis GraySubject GrayPage Image Dentallamina11 17 05.jpg Caption Micrograph of a dental lamina and tooth bud. H&E stain . Image2 Caption2 MeshName MeshNumber Code TerminologiaEmbryologica 05 04 .1.1.1.0.3 The dental lamina is a band of epithelium epithelial Biological tissue tissue seen in histology histologic sections of a tooth development developing tooth . The dental lamina is first evidence of tooth development and begins at the sixth week in utero or three weeks after the rupture of the buccopharyngeal membrane. It is formed when cells of the oral ectoderm proliferate faster than cells of other areas. Best described as an in growth of oral ectoderm , the dental lamina is frequently distinguished from the vestibular lamina , which develops concurrently. This dividing tissue is surrounded by and, some would argue, stimulated by ectomesenchymal growth. When it is present, the dental lamina connects the developing tooth bud to the epithelium of the oral cavity . Eventually, the dental lamina disintegrates into small clusters of epithelium and is resorbed. In situations when the clusters are not resorbed, this remnant of the dental lamina is sometimes known as the glands of Serres eruption cyst s are formed over the developing tooth and delay its eruption into the oral cavity. This invagination of ectodermal tissues is the progenitor to the later ameloblasts and Tooth enamel enamel while the ectomesenchyme is responsible for the dental papilla and later odontoblasts . References Cate AR. Ten. Oral histology development, structure, and function. 5th ed. 1998. ISBN 0 8151 2952 1. Brand RW, Isselhard DE. Anatomy of orofacial structures. 7th ed. Mosby. 2003. ISBN 0323019544. Bhaskar SN. Orban s oral histology and embryology. 11th ed. 1991. ISBN 81 8147 012 5. Gartner, L. The Essentials of Oral Histology and Embryology. Jen House Publishing Company. Baltimore, MD. 1999. pg19 20 Tooth development Category Tooth developmen ... more details
Infobox Embryology Name PAGENAME Latin nodus primitivus GraySubject 6 GrayPage 47 Image Caption Image2 Caption2 System CarnegieStage Days 17 Precursor GivesRiseTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre k 04 DorlandsSuf 12471954 The primitive knot or primitive node is the organizer for gastrulation in vertebrates. Diversity In bird s it is known as Hensen s node , and is named after its discoverer Victor Hensen . In amphibian s, it is known as Spemann s organizer , and is named after Hans Spemann who, with Mangold, first identified the organizer in 1924. ref name pmid17563072 cite journal author Garcia Fern ndez J, D Aniello S, Escriv H title Organizing chordates with an organizer journal Bioessays volume 29 issue 7 pages 619 24 year 2007 pmid 17563072 doi 10.1002 bies.20596 ref Development The primitive knot starts as a regional knot of cells that forms on the blastodisc immediately anterior to where the outer layer of cells will begin to migrate inwards an area known as the primitive streak . Posterior to the node is the primitive pit, where the cells of the epiblast the upper layer of embryonic cells initially begin to invaginate. This invagination expands posteriorly into the primitive groove as the cells layers continue to move into the space between the embryonic cells and the yolk. This differentiates the embryo into the germ layer s endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. The primitive knot migrates posteriorly as gastrulation proceeds, eventually being absorbed into the tail bud. The Default Model The cells of the primitive node secrete many cellular signals essential for neural differentiation. After gastrulation the developing embryo is divided into ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The ectoderm gives rise to epithelial and neural tissue, with neural tissue being the default cell fate. Bone morphogenetic proteins BMPs suppress neural differentiation and promote epithelial growth. Therefore, the primitive node the dorsal lip of the blastopore secretes BMP antagonists, ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Dens invaginatus Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 K 00 2 k 00 ICD9 ICD9 520.2 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Dens invaginatus , also known as dens in dente tooth within a tooth is a condition found in teeth where the outer surface folds inward. There are Commonly used terms of relationship and comparison in dentistry coronal and Commonly used terms of relationship and comparison in dentistry radicular forms, with the coronal form being more common. Dens invaginatus is a malformation of teeth most likely resulting from an infolding of the dental papilla during tooth development or invagination of all layer of the enamel organ in dental papillae. Affected teeth show a deep infolding of enamel and dentine starting from the foramen coecum or even the tip of the Cusp dentistry cusps and which may extend deep into the root. Teeth most affected are maxilla maxillary lateral incisors and bilateral occurrence is not uncommon. The malformation shows a broad spectrum of morphologic variations and frequently results in early Pulp tooth pulp necrosis . Root canal therapy may present severe problems because of the complex anatomy of the teeth. Aetiology, prevalence, classification, and therapeutic considerations including root canal therapy, Apical anatomy apical surgery and prevention of pulpal involvement are reviewed. Clinical case A patient presents with symptoms of an acute abscess on the maxillary left lateral incisor. There are no clinical signs of decay or restoration. The cause can be evaluated Radiography radiographically . References Kahn, Michael A. Basic Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Volume 1. 2001. Tooth disease Category Developmental tooth disorders disease stub zh min nan Kh tiong kh ja sv Dens invaginatus ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 K 00 2 k 00 ICD9 ICD9 520.2 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Taurodontism is a condition found in the molar teeth of humans whereby the body of the tooth and pulp tooth pulp chamber is enlarged vertically at the expense of the roots. As a result, the floor of the pulp and the furcation of the tooth is moved apically down the root. The underlying mechanism of taurodontism is the failure or late invagination of Hertwig s epithelial root sheath , which is responsible for root formation and shaping causing an apical shift of the root furcation. The constriction at the amelocemental junction is usually reduced or absent. Taurodontism is most commonly found in permanent dentition although the term is traditionally applied to molar teeth. In some cases taurodontism seems to follow an autosomal dominant type of inheritance. Taurodontism is found in association with amelogenesis imperfecta , ectodermal dysplasia and tricho dento osseous syndrome. The term means bull like teeth derived from similarity of these teeth to those of ungulate or cud chewing animals. According to Shaw these can be classified as hypotaurodont, hypertaurodont and mesotaurodont. According to Mangion taurodontism may be 1. A retrograde character 2. A primitive pattern 3. Mendelian recessive character 4. Atavistic feature 5. A mutation The condition is of anthropological importance as it was seen in Neanderthals . It has also been reported in Klinefelter s syndrome and Down s syndrome . The teeth involved are invariably molars, sometimes single and at the other times multiple teeth may be involved. The teeth themselves may look normal and do not have any particular anatomical character on clinical examination. On a dental radiograph, the involved tooth looks rectangular in shape without apical taper. The pulp chamber is extremely large and the furcations may be only a few millimeters long at times. References Kahn ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Haematobic EP Type ep Artist Aborted Cover The Haematobic.jpg Released September 28, 2004 Recorded Genre Deathgrind Length 24 58 Label Listenable Records Listenable , The End Records The End Producer Reviews Last album This album The Haematobic EP br 2004 Next album Coronary Reconstruction br 2010 The Haematobic EP is an EP by Aborted released on September 28, 2004. Track listing tracklist title1 Gestated Rabidity length1 4 13 title2 Drowned note2 Entombed band Entombed Cover length2 3 46 title3 Voracious Haemaglobinic Syndrome length3 4 06 title4 The Sanctification Of Refornication length4 3 44 title5 Parasitic Flesh Resection note5 live length5 2 05 title6 The Holocaust Incarnate note6 live length6 7 04 Videos tracklist title1 Meticulous Invagination note1 video title2 The Saw & The Carnage Done note2 video title3 Parasitic Flesh Resection note3 live video title4 The Holocaust Incarnate note4 live video title5 Eructations Of Carnal Artistry note5 live video Personnel Sven Svencho de Caluw vocals Bart Vergaert guitars Thijs De Cloedt guitars Frederik Vanmassenhove bass Dirk Verbeuren Dirk Vanbueren drums References refbegin Allmusic class album id r1729437 pure url yes The Haematobic EP Listenable at Allmusic Allmusic class album id r708274 pure url yes The Haematobic EP The End at Allmusic refend DEFAULTSORT Haematobic Ep Category Aborted band albums Category 2004 EPs Aborted es The Haematobic EP it The Haematobic EP ru The Haematobic EP ... more details
Stomotheca is the term applied to the feeding apparatus in front of the mouth of harvestmen , and sometimes the related scorpion s. Usually it consists of the epistome Labrum arthropod mouthpart labrum , two pairs of coxapophyses endites, maxilla ry lobes and often a labium insect labium . ref name pinto 23ff aut Shultz, Jeffrey W. & Pinto da Rocha, Ricardo 2007 Morphology and Functional Anatomy. In Pinto da Rocha et al. 2007 23ff ref The epistome is a projection that forms the anterior wall of the stomotheca. Its upper side is hardened and divided by a transverse invagination Sulcus anatomy sulcus . The part nearer the groove is sometimes called clypeus , the other one Labrum arthropod mouthpart labrum . The area around the mouth is soft and flexible, often with a distal lobe. On the sides, the walls around the mouth are fused to the medial surfaces of the pedipalpal coxa e, and a transverse muscle attaches to the inner surfaces of the epistomal walls. ref name pinto 23ff Coxapophyses are extensions from the pedipalps and first pair of legs. While hardened at the base, they end in large soft pads that work as lips. It some species there is a narrow canal pseudotrachea on the posterior surface of the pedipalpal coxapophysis, possibly conducting fluids into the digestive tract. Salivary gland s lead into the preoral chamber from both pairs of coxapophyses. While most harvestmen have coxapophyses on the second pair of legs as well, these do not end in pad like structures and are reduced in many groups. Where they are fully developed, they probably aid in food intake. Similar lobular structures are sometimes found on the two latter pairs of legs as well, but their function is unknown. ref name pinto 23ff The labium , when present, is a flattened plate derived from the somite of the first walking leg. While large in many Eupnoi and Dyspnoi , it is small in most Laniatores and absent in Cyphophthalmi . ref name pinto 23ff The term stomotheca is derived from Ancient Greek ... more details
A, et al. title Dynamin and the actin cytoskeleton cooperatively regulate plasma membrane invagination ... invagination journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 281 issue 39 pages 29042 53 year 2006 pmid 16885158 doi ... more details
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