In biology , caveolae Latin for little caves , singular caveola , which are a special type of lipid raft , are small 50 100 nanometer invagination s of the plasma membrane in many vertebrate cell biology cell types, especially in endothelium endothelial cells and adipocyte s. These flask shaped structures are rich in protein s as well as lipid s such as cholesterol and sphingolipid s and have several functions in signal transduction . ref cite journal author Anderson RG title The caveolae membrane system journal Annu. Rev. Biochem. volume 67 issue pages 199 225 year 1998 pmid 9759488 doi 10.1146 annurev.biochem.67.1.199 url http arjournals.annualreviews.org doi abs 10.1146 annurev.biochem.67.1.199?url ver Z39.88 2003&rfr id ori rid crossref.org&rfr dat cr pub 3dncbi.nlm.nih.gov ref They are also believed to play a role in endocytosis , oncogenesis , and the uptake of pathogen ic bacteria and certain virus es. ref cite journal author Frank P, Lisanti M title Caveolin 1 and caveolae in atherosclerosis differential roles in fatty streak formation and neointimal hyperplasia journal Curr Opin Lipidol volume 15 issue 5 pages 523 9 year 2004 pmid 15361787 doi 10.1097 00041433 200410000 00005 ref ref cite journal author Li X, Everson W, Smart E title Caveolae, lipid rafts, and vascular disease journal Trends Cardiovasc Med volume 15 issue 3 pages 92 6 year 2005 pmid 16039968 doi 10.1016 j.tcm.2005.04.001 ref ref cite journal author Pelkmans L title Secrets of caveolae and lipid raft mediated endocytosis revealed by mammalian viruses journal Biochim Biophys Acta volume 1746 issue 3 pages 295 304 year 2005 pmid 16126288 doi 10.1016 j.bbamcr.2005.06.009 ref Caveolae are one source of clathrin independent endocytosis involved in turnover of adhesive complexes. Formation and maintenance of caveolae is primarily due to the protein caveolin , ref MeshName Caveolae ref a 21 kD protein. This protein has both a cytoplasm ic C terminus and a cytoplasmic N terminus, linked together by ... more details
Refimprove date May 2007 Image Hyaloperonospora parasitica hyphae haustoria.jpg thumb right http commons.wikimedia.org wiki Category Hyaloperonospora Hyaloperonospora parasitica Hypha e and haustoria In botany, a haustorium plural haustoria is the appendage or portion of a parasitism parasitic fungus the hyphal tip or of the root of a parasitic plant such as the Orobanchaceae broomrape family or mistletoe that penetrates the host s tissue and draws nutrients from it. Haustoria do not penetrate the host s cell membranes. Fungi in all major divisions form haustoria. Haustoria take several forms. Generally, on penetration, the fungus increases the surface area in contact with host plasma membrane releasing enzymes that break down the cell wall, enabling greater potential movement of organic carbon from host to fungus. Thus, an insect hosting a parasitic fungus such as Cordyceps may look as though it is being eaten from the inside out as the haustoria expand inside of it. REMOVING CONTENT This statement contradicts earlier text that says haustorium does not penetrate the cell membrane. Someone knowledgable with the subject please verify, correct or remove The simplest forms of haustorium are small spheres. The largest are complex hand like formations occupying a significant proportion of the host cell. In the Chytridiomycota , the entire fungus may become enclosed in the cell, and it is arguable whether this should be considered analogous to an haustorium. END REMOVED CONTENT Haustoria arise from intercellular hyphae, appressoria , or external hyphae. The hypha narrows as it passes through the cell wall wall of the cell and then expands on invaginating the cell. A thickened, electron dense collar of material is deposited around the hypha at the point of invagination. Further, the host wall becomes highly modified in the invaginated zone. Inclusions normally present in plasma membrane are absent, and the outer layer contains more polysaccharide. The wall of both partners ... more details
AP180 is a protein that plays an important role in clathrin mediated endocytosis of synaptic vesicle s. It is capable of simultaneously binding both Biological membrane membrane lipid s via an ANTH domain and clathrin and is therefore thought to recruit clathrin to the membrane of newly invagination invaginating Vesicle biology vesicles . In Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies , deletion of the AP180 homology biology homologue , leads to enlarged but much fewer vesicles and an overall decrease in neurotransmitter transmitter release ref cite journal author Bao H, Daniels RW, MacLeod GT, Charlton MP, Atwood HL, Zhang B title AP180 maintains the distribution of synaptic and vesicle proteins in the nerve terminal and indirectly regulates the efficacy of Ca2 triggered exocytosis journal J. Neurophysiol. volume 94 issue 3 pages 1888 903 year 2005 pmid 15888532 doi 10.1152 jn.00080.2005 ref . In D. melanogaster it was also shown that AP180 is also required for either recycling vesicle proteins and or maintaining the distribution of both vesicle and synaptic proteins in the nerve terminal. A ubiquitous form of the protein in mammal s, CALM, Clathrin assembly lymphoid myeloid leukaemia protein is named after its association with myeloid leukemia myeloid and lymphoid leukemia lymphoid leukemia s where some chromosomal translocation translocations map to this gene . The C terminus of AP180 is a powerful and specific inhibitor of clathrin mediated endocytosis. More information is found on http www.endocytosis.org AP180 AP180.html endocytosis.org . See also Amphiphysin Epsin Notes references 2. cite journal author Zhang B, Koh YH, Beckstead RB, Budnik V, Ganetzky B, Bellen HJ title Synaptic vesicle size and number are regulated by a clathrin adaptor protein required for endocytosis journal Neuron volume 21 issue 6 pages 1465 75 year 1998 month December pmid 9883738 doi 10.1016 S0896 6273 00 80664 9 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0896 6273 00 80664 9 3. cite jour ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Goremageddon The Saw and the Carnage Done Type studio Artist Aborted Cover Goremageddon The Saw and the Carnage Done.jpg Released 2003 Recorded Genre Deathgrind Length 34 04 Label Listenable Records Listenable Producer Jacob Hansen Last album Engineering the Dead br 2001 This album Goremageddon The Saw and the Carnage Done br 2003 Next album The Haematobic EP br 2004 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1Score Rating 4 5 ref Allmusic class album id r651030 pure url yes ref Goremageddon The Saw and the Carnage Done is the third full length album by Belgian death metal band Aborted . It was released in 2003. All but the last track feature samples of a medical and or horror note. The title of the album and the title track are references to the title of a song by Neil Young , The Needle and the Damage Done . Some versions have a bonus cover of the Carcass band Carcass song Carnal Forge . Track listing tracklist total length 34 04 title1 Meticulous Invagination length1 3 02 title2 Parasitic Flesh Resection length2 2 10 title3 The Saw and the Carnage Done length3 4 51 title4 Ornaments of Derision length4 4 54 title5 Sanguine Verses ...of Extirpation length5 2 58 title6 Charted Carnal Effigy length6 3 31 title7 Clinical Colostomy length7 3 29 title8 Medical Deviance length8 3 11 title9 Sea of Cartilage length9 3 02 title10 Nemesis length10 2 59 title11 Carnal Forge note11 Carcass band Carcass cover, 2009 bonus track length11 4 03 title12 Gestated Rabidity note12 2009 bonus track length12 4 13 title13 Voracious Haemoglobinic Syndrome note13 2009 bonus track length13 4 06 Personnel Sven Svencho de Caluw vocals Bart Vergaert guitars Thijs De Cloedt guitars Frederik Vanmassenhove bass Dirk Verbeuren session drummer References reflist Category Aborted band albums Category 2003 albums Aborted es Goremageddon The Saw and the Carnage Done fr Goremageddon The Saw and the Carnage Done it Goremageddon The Saw and the Carnage Done ru Gore ... more details
Taxobox name Raphidophytes image Gonyostomum cells.JPG image caption Gonyostomum semen domain Eukaryote Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata phylum Heterokont ophyta classis Raphidophyceae classis authority Chadefaud, 1950 Raphidophytes formerly referred to as Chloromonadophyceae and Chloromonadineae ref name Herbert Graffius1966 cite jstor 3224637 ref are a small group of eukaryote eukaryotic alga e that includes both marine ocean marine and fresh water freshwater species . ref name hoek95 Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D. G. and Jahns, H. M. 1995 . http books.google.co.uk books?id xuUoiFesSHMC&printsec frontcover Algae An introduction to phycology , Cambridge University Press, UK. ref All raphidophytes are unicellular , with large cells 50 100 Micrometre m but no cell walls . Raphidophytes possess a pair of flagellum flagella , organised such that both originate from the same invagination or gullet . One flagellum points forwards, while the other, covered in hair like mastigonemes , points backwards across the cell surface, lying within a Anatomical terms of location ventral groove. Raphidophytes contain numerous ellipse ellipsoid chloroplast s, which contain chlorophyll s a, c sub 1 sub and c sub 2 sub . They also make use of accessory pigment s including carotene carotene and Xanthophyll Xanthophyll cycle diadinoxanthin . Unlike other heterokontophytes, raphidophytes do not possess the Eyespot apparatus photoreceptive organelle or eyespot typical of this group. In terms of ecology , raphidophytes occur as photosynthesis photosynthetic autotroph s across a range of Aquatic ecosystem aquatic systems. Freshwater species are more common in acid ic waters, such as pools in bog s. Marine species often produce large algal bloom blooms in summer, particularly in coast coastal waters . Off the Japan ese coast, the resulting red tide s often cause disruption to fish farming fish farms , although raphidophytes are not usually responsible for toxicity toxic blooms. See also Chattone ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Music for Bondage Performance Type soundtrack Artist Merzbow Right Brain Audile Cover Music for Bondage Performance.jpg Alt Released Start date 1991 Recorded 1989 1991 Genre Noise music Noise Length Duration m 59 s 38 Label Extreme Records Extreme Producer Masami Akita Last album Great American Nude Crash for Hi Fi br 1991 This album Music for Bondage Performance br 1991 Next album Artificial Invagination br 1991 Misc Extra chronology Artist Right Brain Audile Type soundtrack Last album This album Music for Bondage Performance br 1991 Next album Music for Bondage Performance 2 br 1996 Nihongo Music for Bondage Performance Kinbaku no tame no ongaku is an album by the Japan ese noise music ian Merzbow . ref cite web url http www.discogs.com release 183696 title Merzbow Right Brain Audile Music For Bondage Performance CD, Album work Discogs accessdate April 16, 2012 ref It is composed of soundtracks he made for videos by Right Brain, including Lost Paradise , which he directed. ref cite web url http www.xtr.com catalog XCD 008 title XCD 008 Merzbow Music for Bondage Performance work Extreme Records accessdate April 16, 2012 ref Material from the RBA sessions appears on Merzbient . Track listing Track listing total length 59 38 all music Masami Akita R.B.A. title1 Hara Kiri Video Lost Paradise Theme length1 3 06 title2 Seishi Seppuku Kei length2 10 47 title3 Ropes in Tears length3 7 43 title4 Aimei Nawa length4 12 08 title5 Lost Paradise Fire Scene length5 0 43 title6 Bondage Performance at Homo Fixas length6 26 17 Notes Track 1 1991 for Asako Track 2 1989 made for female prisoner in bondage & seppuku Japanese style. B&D performance by Ruka Mikami in Homo Fixas Studio, Yotsuya Track 3 1990 made for bondage & pipe in western style. B&D performance by Satomi Fuji in Kannon Studio, Shinjuku. Track 4 1989 made for office girl in bondage in Yokohama. B&D performance by Youri Sunohara Track 6 1989 & 1990 Personnel Ma ... more details
Interventions infobox Name Vasoepididymostomy Image Caption ICD10 ICD9 ICD9proc 63.83 MeshID OPS301 OtherCodes HCPCSlevel2 Vasoepididymostomy or epididymovasostomy is a surgery by which Vasectomy vasectomies are reversed. It involves connection of the severed vas deferens to the epididymis and is more technically demanding than the vasovasostomy . For a vasectomy reversal that involves a vasoepididymostomy, there are two microsurgical approaches. The procedure involves a similar surgical incision as vasovasostomy however, unlike with a vasovasostomy, the testis is usually delivered into the field for this more complex microsurgery. After the findings from the vasal fluid are reviewed showing epididymal obstruction, the epididymis is exposed by opening the outer testis covering tunica vaginalis . The epididymis is inspected and an individual tubule is selected to enter and connect to the vas deferens. From this point on, one of two epididymovasostomy techniques is taken. In the mucosa to mucosa, end to side method, ref Thomas AJ Jr. Vasoepididymostomy. Urol Clin North Am. 14 527, 1987 ref an opened epididymal tubule is connected to the cut end of the vas deferens with 4 to 6 small 10 0 simple sutures placed around the circumference of each. This inner layer is supported with an outer layer of radially placed 9 0 sutures to strengthen the connection. Recently, an invagination vasoepididymostomy was described as an alternative to the mucosa to mucosa method. ref Berger RE. Triangulation end to side vasoepididymostomy. J. Urol. 159 1951, 1998 ref With this technique, one, two or three vest sutures of 10 0 suture should be placed near the opening of the epididymal tubule to allow the epididymal tubule to invaginate into the vas deferens, theoretically creating a connection, that, based on studies in animal models, has an improved watertight seal and possibly a higher chance for success. Once the vas deferens epididymis connection is completed, the covering around the tes ... more details
expert subject Biology date December 2011 Taxobox name M. subdolum regnum Animal ia divisio Flatworm Platyhilmenthes classis Trematoda ordo Plagiorchiida subordo Plagiorchiata familia Microphallidae genus Maritrema species Subdolum binomial maritrema subdolum Maritrema subdolum is a species of parasitic fluke found in the Wadden Sea . It is related to the New Zealand species M. novaezealandensis , and like its New Zealand relative, M. subdolum infects local amphipods , in this case, Corophium volutator and Corophium Corophium arenarium Corophium arenarium . The Trematode lifecycle stages cercariae of M. subdolum emerge from the first intermediate host, a gastropod of the genus Hydrobia for example, and seek out the next host, a crustacean. There the cercariae develop into metacercariae and form metacercarial cysts of different sizes. Morphology M. Subdolum have 2 layers an inner transparent and an outer light refractory layer. The latter encloses either the entire body or only the anterior end. It lies in a pouch formed by an invagination of the tegument of the oral sucker and its posterior end is surrounded in the syncytial layer at the base of the pouch in close contact with the basal membrane. The anterior end is limited only by an external plasmatic membrane. The cercarial body is a strongly developed tegumental spine. Pathogenicity M. subdolum is the bane of the local crustacean population. The main transmission window of M. subdolum seems to occur during low water in tidal pools where light levels are high and solar radiation rapidly elevates the water temperature, as well as salinity through evaporation. M. subdolum does not affect all of its crustacean hosts equally and this has some important ecological consequences. References cite journal last Mouritsen first K.N. title The Hydrobia ulvae Maritrema subdolum association influence of temperature, salinity, light, water pressure and secondary host exudates on cercarial emergence and longevity journal Journal ... more details
Image Itrafig2.jpg thumb 300px Mechanism of clathrin dependent endocytosis. Receptor mediated endocytosis RME , also called clathrin dependent endocytosis , is a process by which cells internalize molecules endocytosis by the inward budding of plasma membrane vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being internalized. Process After the binding of a ligand to plasma membrane spanning receptors, a signal is sent through the membrane, leading to membrane coating, and formation of a membrane invagination . The receptor and its ligand are then opsonized in clathrin coated vesicles. Once opsonized, the clathrin coated vesicle uncoats a pre requisite for the vesicle to fuse with other membranes and individual vesicles fuse to form the early endosome . Since the receptor is internalized with the ligand, the system is saturable and uptake will decline until receptors are recycled to the surface. Common for biology. Function The function of receptor mediated endocytosis is diverse. It is widely used for the specific uptake of certain substances required by the cell examples include LDL via the LDL receptor or iron via transferrin . The role of receptor mediated endocytosis is also well recognized in the downregulation of transmembrane signal transduction. The activated receptor becomes internalised and is transported to late endosomes and lysosomes for degradation. However, receptor mediated endocytosis is also actively implicated in transducing signals from the cell periphery to the nucleus. This became apparent when it was found that the association and formation of specific signaling complexes is required for the effective signaling of hormones e.g. Epidermal growth factor EGF . Additionally it has been proposed that the directed transport of active signaling complexes to the nucleus might be required to enable signaling as random diffusion is too slow ref cite journal last Howe first Charles L. title Modeling the Signaling Endosome Hypot ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name T tubule Latin tubulus transversus GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber Code TerminologiaHistologica 2 00 05.2.01018 BR TerminologiaHistologica 2 00 05.2.02013 A T tubule or transverse tubule is a deep invagination of the sarcolemma , which is the plasma membrane , only found in skeletal muscle skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. These invaginations allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell. Structure Each muscle fiber is surrounded by a sarcolemma the muscle fiber s plasma membrane which invaginates perpendicular to the length of the fiber to form what is called a T tubule. At these invaginations the sarcolemma is studded with a large number of DHP receptor L type calcium channels . In skeletal muscle cells specifically, T tubule invaginations are typically located at the junction overlap between the A and I bands of the sarcomere , and together with a pair of terminal cisternae bulbous enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum it forms an arrangement called a triad anatomy triad . br Cardiac muscle has a similar structure instead of a triad there is a diad , which is composed of a T tubule and a single terminal cisterna, and it occurs at the Sarcomere Bands Z line . It is physiologically important for excitation contraction coupling see section below that the T tubules are positioned close to the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum as the triad anatomy triad or diad arrangement allows physical and functional contact by voltage dependent DHP receptor L type calcium channels . So, an action potential along the sarcolemma causes calcium channels to open in the terminal cisternae sarcoplasmic reticulum which enables calcium to move from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytoplasm and the intracellular calcium concentration to increase. Excitation contraction coupling See Excitation contraction coupling T tubules are t ... more details
Orphan date March 2011 Mammary Gland Development is characterized by the unique process by which the epithelium invades the stroma animal tissue stroma . The development of the mammary gland occurs mainly after birth . During puberty , tubule formation is coupled with branching morphogenesis which establishes the basic arboreal network of ducts emanating from the nipple . ref cite journal last Sekhri first KK title Studies of mouse mammary glands. I. Cytomorphology of the normal mammary gland. journal J Natl Cancer Inst. year 1967 month Sep volume 39 issue 3 pages 459 90 pmid 6053715 ref Embryonic Mammary Gland Development Embryonic mammary gland development can be divided into a series of specific stages. Initially, the formation of the milk lines that run between the fore and hind limbs bi laterally on each side of the midline occurs around embryonic day 10.5 E10.5 . The second stage occurs at E11.5 when placode formation begins along the mammary milk line. This will eventually give rise to the nipple. Lastly, the third stage occurs at E12.5 and involves the invagination of cells within the placode into the mesenchyme , leading to a mammary anlage biology . ref cite journal last Hens first JR coauthors Wysolmerski JJ title Key stages of mammary gland development molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of the embryonic mammary gland. journal Breast Cancer Res. date 10 year 2005 month Aug volume 7 issue 5 pages 220 4 pmid 16168142 doi 10.1186 bcr1306 pmc 1242158 ref Pre Pubertal Mammary Gland Development Postnatal Postnatally , the mammary ducts elongate into the mammary fat pad. Then, starting around four weeks of age, mammary ductal growth increases significantly with the ducts invading towards the lymph node . Terminal end buds, the highly proliferative structures found at the tips of the invading ducts, expand and increase greatly during this stage. This developmental period is characterized by the emergence of the terminal end buds and lasts until an age ... more details
. Each arises on the lateral aspect of the corresponding Wolffian duct as a tubular invagination of the cells lining the abdominal cavity. The orifice of the invagination remains open, and undergoes ... tube remains from the anterior extremity of the original tubular invagination from the abdominal ... more details
invagination of the cells lining the abdominal cavity. The orifice of the invagination remains ... of the fallopian tube remains from the anterior extremity of the original tubular invagination ... more details
refimprove date June 2007 The Mesozoa are enigmatic, minuscule, worm like parasite s of marine invertebrates. As of 2012 it was still unclear whether they are degenerate platyhelminthes flatworm s or truly primitive, basal biology basal metazoa ns. Generally, these tiny, elusive creatures consist of a somatoderm outer layer of cilia ted cells surrounding one or more reproductive cells. Decades ago, Mesozoa were Scientific classification classified as a Phylum biology phylum . Molecule Molecular phylogeny studies, however, have shown that the mysterious mesozoans are polyphyletic . That is, they consist of at least two unrelated groups. ref cite journal author Pawlowski, J. J. I. MontoyaBurgos J. F. Fahrni J. Wuest and L. Zaninetti title Origin of the Mesozoa inferred from 18S rRNA gene sequences journal Molecular Biology and Evolution year 1996 pages 1128 32 url http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi content abstract 13 8 1128 pmid 8865666 doi volume 13 issue 8 ref As a result of these recent findings in molecular biology , the label mesozoan is now often applied informally, rather than as a formal taxon . Some workers previously classified Mesozoa as the sole phylum of the lonely subkingdom biology subkingdom Agnotozoa . Some who? the mesozoans in kingdom protista . In the 19th century, the Mesozoa were a wastebasket taxon for multicellular organisms which lacked the Invagination invaginating gastrula which was thought to define the Metazoa . ref Cite journal url http ecolevol.de pubs 2002 syed schierwater VM2002b.pdf author T. Syed and B. Schierwater title Trichoplax adhaerens discovered as a missing link, forgotten as a hydrozoan, re discovered as a key to metazoan evolution journal Vie et Milieu year 2002 volume 52 issue 4 pages 177 187 postscript None ref Evolution Mesozoa were once thought to be evolution ary intermediate forms between Protozoan s and Metazoan s, but now they are thought to be degenerate or simplified metazoa . Their ciliated larva are similar to the ... more details
unreferenced date October 2008 Intensive Science and Virtual Philosophy hereafter referred to as ISVP is a 2002 book by Manuel De Landa . In De Landa s words, the book seeks to present the process based philosophical realism realist philosophy of Gilles Deleuze to an audience of analytical philosophers of science and scientists with an interest in philosophical questions. Specifically, the author explores Deleuze s ontology , using examples from differential geometry , group theory and Complex systems complexity theory to divide this ontology into three partially overlapping domains, the virtual, the intensive and the actual. Deleuze s ontology The book opens by explaining the immanence of Deleuze s realist philosophy, ie. that it does not rely on essentialism essences . The virtual abstract In the first domain, the virtual, essences are replaced with multiplicities, which De Landa describes as concrete sets of singularities or strange attractor attractors realised as tendencies in physical processes linked together by bifurcations realised as abrupt transitions in the tendencies of physical processes . These multiplicities are meshed together into a heterogeneous virtual continuum , a continuous, immanent, abstract space in which, through various interactions, each multiplicity progressively differentiates into the intensive and then the actual, through a cascade of symmetry breaking events. There is a notable similarity between multiplicities described as such and Morphogenetic field morphogenetic field theory . The intensive The intensive domain is informed by the singularities comprising a multiplicity, and is a domain of flux and qualitative differentiation eg. the differentiation of neutral cells into blood, bone and muscle cells where nonmetric, non exact yet rigorous relationships of ordinality are still primary, as opposed to the metric, quantitative exactitude which accounts for the spatial structuration of the actual, eg. cell biology cellular migration , ... more details
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