Image Culex sp larvae.png right thumb Mosquito larvae breathing, siphons up A siphon is a tubular organ of the respiratory system of some insect s that spend a significant amount of their time underwater, that serves as a breathing tube. The larvae of several kinds of insects, including mosquito es, Tabanidae tabanid flies , and Belostomatidae live in the water and breathe through a siphon. Image Ranatra elongata.png thumb Water scorpion Ranatra elongata Some adult insects which spend considerable time underwater have an abdominal breathing tube. For example adult water scorpion s have the Caudal anatomical term caudal process anatomy process which consists of a pair of half tubes capable of being locked together to form a siphon by means of which air is conducted to the Invertebrate trachea trachea e at the apex of the abdomen when the tip of the tube is thrust above the surface of the water. In immature forms the siphon is undeveloped and breathing takes place through six pairs of abdominal sperms. ref Dr. Jonathan Wright 1997 http www.northern.edu natsource INVERT1 Waters1.htm Water Scorpions Northern State University, South Dakota ref References references Category Insect anatomy Category Invertebrate respiratory system insect anatomy stub ... more details
Tracheole tr k l is a fine respiratory tube of the Invertebratetracheatrachea of an insect , part of the respiratory system of insects respiratory system . Tracheoles are about 1 m in diameter, and they convey oxygen to cells while providing a means for carbon dioxide to escape. Tracheoles branch from the larger tracheae which can be several mm in diameter much like capillaries branch from arteries, or twigs from branches of a tree. This increases the surface area for gas exchange in the insect. Areas of intense metabolic activity, such as the digestive tract and flight muscles have very dense aggregations of tracheoles. Though usually closely associated with cells, tracheoles physically penetrate only the flight muscle cells which have the highest oxygen demands. Unlike the larger tracheae which are derived of ectodermal stem cells, tracheoles do not molt with the insect. Instead, they remain in place and fuse themselves to new tracheae at each molt by a cement they produce. ref Klowden, M. J. 2007. Physiological systems in insects. Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 440 442. ref References reflist Category insect anatomy insect anatomy stub nl Trachee insecten pl Tracheola ... more details
Taxobox name Perrin s Cave Beetle status EX status system IUCN2.3 regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Beetle Coleoptera familia Dytiscidae genus Siettitia species S. balsetensis binomial Siettitia balsetensis binomial authority Abeille de Perrin , 1904 wikispecies Siettitia balsetensis Perrin s cave beetle Perrin s cave beetle is an extinct freshwater beetle from France . ref name IUCN IUCN2006 assessors World Conservation Monitoring Centre year 1996 id 20207 title Siettitia balsetensis downloaded 28 October 2006 Listed as Extinct EX ref It and Siettitia ayenionensis are the only two species in the genus Siettitia . This subterranean species was discoloured, its sensory silks were well developed and the eyes were extremely reduced and probably functional. The Invertebrate trachea trachea e of its wing cases Elytron elytra were well developed and it absorbed dissolved oxygen through its cuticle . ref name Maas Maas, P. 2006. Extinctions in Europe. http extinct.petermaas.nl The Extinction Website . ref See also List of extinct animals of Europe References references DEFAULTSORT Perrin s Cave Beetle Category Dytiscidae Category Beetles of Europe Category Cave beetles Category Extinctions since 1500 Category Extinct insects Category Extinct animals of Europe Category Animals described in 1904 Dytiscidae stub nl Siettitia balsetensis vi Siettitia balsetensis ... more details
Crista acustica also Siebold s organ , or crista acoustica is a part of the hearing organ tibial organ in some insects eg, grasshoppers, crickets, katydids . It is a collection of sensory cells that form a crest hence the name on top of the hollow tube the foreleg Invertebrate trachea trachea behind the hearing membrane tympanum on the legs of the insect. ref Comstock, JH. http books.google.com books?id VO9jlZc dikC&lpg PA152&ots pmQmnl0XhG&dq 22Siebold s 20organ 22&pg PA146 v onepage&q 22Siebold s 20organ 22&f false An Introduction to Entomology , 1920 ref ref http books.google.com books?id S7yGZasJ7nEC&pg PA95&dq scolopidia&lr &cd 52 v onepage&q scolopidia&f false The Insects An Outline of Entomology , P. J. Gullan, Peter Cranston. ref The crista acustica is a transition from the intermedia organ from the midline to the periphery , together which compose the tibial hearing organ as opposed to the Tympanal organ tympanal hearing organ . The crista acustica is one of three fiddle string like organs or chordotonal organ in insects the others are the intermediate organ and the supratympanal organ subgenual organ . These chordotonal organs are actually collections of sensory cells sensitive to vibration these cells are called scolopidia cells . Their cells are attached to the tube in the legs of the insects the trachae, trah key ah . So when the tube vibrates, the cells vibrate. In the crista acustica, it turns out that different scolopidia cells are sensitive to different vibrations depending on the frequency of the vibration. Since these organs are sensitive to vibrations due to changes in pressure ref cf. far field pressure gradients, as opposed to pure displacement sensations or near field acoustics ref . It turns out the cells closest to midline are the largest and sensitive to the lowest frequency low frequencies having the largest wavelength , and the cells further out distal are smaller and sensitive to higher frequencies since high frequencies have shorter wav ... more details
Infobox Artery Name PAGENAME Latin rami tracheales arteriae thyroideae inferioris GraySubject 148 GrayPage 581 Image Caption Image2 Caption2 BranchFrom inferior thyroid artery BranchTo Vein Supplies Vertebrate trachea trachea MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre r 02 DorlandsSuf 12692363 The tracheal branches of inferior thyroid artery are distributed upon the Vertebrate trachea trachea , and anastomose below with the bronchial arteries . Gray s Arteries of head and neck Category Arteries of the head and neck ... more details
wiktionary breathing tube A breathing tube is a device or tool that can serve as a conduit for breathing . Various types of breathing tubes are available for different specific applications. Breathing tube may also refer to, or be part of Anatomy Vertebrate trachea , also known as the windpipe , a tube present in tetrapods that connects the pharynx or larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of breathing gas most commonly air Invertebrate trachea , the open respiratory system employed by most terrestrial arthropods to transport metabolic gases to and from tissues Siphon mollusc , a tube like structure through which water or air may flow for one or more purposes such as locomotion, feeding, respiration, and reproduction Siphon insect , a tubular organ of the respiratory system of some insects that spend a significant amount of their time underwater, that serves as a breathing tube Medical applications Laryngeal mask airway , a supraglottic airway device used in anesthesia and in emergency medicine for airway management Tracheal tube , a device that is inserted into the trachea to establish and maintain an airway Anaesthetic machine Anesthetic machine , a machine which may be connected to a mask, laryngeal mask airway or tracheal tube to support the administration of anaesthesia Medical ventilator , a machine which may be connected to a mask, laryngeal mask airway or tracheal tube to mechanically move breatheable air into and out of the lungs Bag valve mask , a device which may be connected to a mask, laryngeal mask airway or tracheal tube to mechanically move breatheable air into and out of the lungs Anesthesia breathing circuit , a system of breathing hoses which may be connected to a mask, laryngeal mask airway or tracheal tube to support the administration of anaesthesia Underwater applications Snorkel , a J shaped rubber or plastic tube fitted with a mouthpiece at the lower end, used for breathing air from above the water surface when the wearer s mouth and nose ... more details
Taxobox name Glassworm image Chaoborus sp. pupa, Netherlands.jpg regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropoda subphylum Hexapoda classis Insecta ordo Diptera familia Chaoboridae familia authority Wilhem de Haan De Haan , 1849 genus Chaoborus A glassworm is a type of midge insect midge larva called Chaoborus . They are also known as phantom midge larvae , because they are transparency behavior transparent . They can be found commonly in lake s all over the world and can be up to 2 centimeters in length. Glassworms are almost entirely transparent, except for pairs of black kidney shaped structures in the front and the back of the body. These dots are the air sac s. They use these air sacs to migrate up and down in lakes. Glassworms breathe through the end of their abdomen and have two small insect eye eye s at the front of their bodies. Chaoborus adults do not bite or suck blood . Larvae live in open waters and even sediments, where there is no oxygen for them to breathe. In some lakes they can found as deep as 70m. In these deep anoxic waters they can avoid predation more easily than near the surface. They get around the fact that a normal air filled invertebrate trachea l system would fail at these depths by having it reduced to just two air sacs. ref Maddrell, S.H.P. 1998 . Why are there no insects in the open sea? Journal of Experimental Biology 201 2461 2464. http jeb.biologists.org cgi reprint 201 17 2461.pdf Online . ref They are predaceous, and catch their prey with their modified prehensile antennae. They look somewhat like mosquito larvae, on which they prey and frequently destroy in large numbers. The simplest way to collect Chaoborus larvae is by a plankton net. Glassworms are very easy to store if the water is kept cold and aerated. They are very tolerant to bad water conditions, including chlorine . They are sometimes collected and sold as fish food . References reflist Category Nematocera fr Chaoborus pl Wodzie ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Nepa cinerea image Nepa cinerea01.jpg image width 200px regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Hemiptera subordo Heteroptera familia Nepidae genus Nepa genus Nepa species N. cinerea binomial Nepa cinerea binomial authority Carl Linnaeus Linnaeus , 10th edition of Systema Naturae 1758 ref EOL 612581 Nepa cinerea ref Nepa cinerea is a species of water scorpion Nepidae , found in Central Europe and the British Isles . It lives in pond s and stagnant water and feeds upon aquatic animals, especially insect s. Respiration physiology Respiration in the adult is effected by means of the caudal process, which consists of a pair of half tubes capable of being locked together to form a siphon by means of which air is conducted to the Invertebrate trachea tracheae at the apex of the abdomen when the tip of the tube is thrust above the surface of the water. In immature forms the siphon is undeveloped and breathing takes place through six pairs of abdominal spiracle s. The eggs, laid in the stems of plants, are supplied with seven filamentous processes which float freely in the water. References Reflist Category Hemiptera Category Hemiptera of Europe Category Animals described in 1758 cs Sple ule bl tiv da Skorpionst ge de Wasserskorpion nv T bich osh s igo nahalin g et Vesihark es Nepa cinerea fr N pe hu K z ns ges v ziskorpi nl Waterschorpioen pl P oszczyca szara ru fi Vesiskorpioni sv Vattenskorpion ... more details
Atelocerata is a proposed clade of arthropod s that includes Hexapoda insect s and a few related taxa and Myriapoda millipede s, centipede s, and similar taxa , but excludes crustacean Crustacea such as shrimp and lobster s and Chelicerata such as spider s and horseshoe crab s . Some authors use the name interchangeably with Uniramia and Tracheata. It was first proposed by Richard Heymons in 1901 ref cite book author Richard Heymons year 1901 title Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Scolopender journal Zoologia volume 33 pages 1 244, tables i viii url http www.archive.org details dieentwicklungsg00heym publisher Erwin N gele location Stuttgart ref It is an extensive division of arthropod s comprising all those which breathe by Invertebrate trachea tracheae , as distinguished from crustacean Crustacea , which breathe by means of gill s. The status of Atelocerata as a true clade is now doubted. Some recent authors have viewed the crustaceans as more closely related to hexapods than myriapods are. ref cite book author Guillaume Lecointre & Herv Le Guyader year 2006 title The Tree of Life A Phylogenetic Classification publisher Harvard University Press isbn 9780674021839 ref If this is true, then characters shared by hexapods and myriapods, but not crustaceans, must be the result of either convergent evolution convergence , or secondary loss in the Crustacea. ref cite journal author Maximilian J. Telford & Richard H. Thomas year 1995 title Demise of the Atelocerata? journal Nature journal Nature volume 376 issue 6536 pages 123 124 doi 10.1038 376123a0 ref References reflist Category Arthropods arthropod stub bg cs Vzdu nicovci ru ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Respiratory organs or breathing organs are used by most, or all, animals to exchange the gases necessary for their life function known as respiration physiology respiration . These organs come in many forms, some of them apparently having independently evolved skin some aquatic and small terrestrial animals including some of the smallest spider s, earthworms and mite s can breathe simply by exchanging gas through the surface of their body gill many aquatic animals, like fish , and a few of the smaller terrestrial animals, like woodlouse woodlice , use gills to breathe. Gills are simply layers of tissue adapted specifically to gas exchange. book lung Some spiders, scorpion s, and other arthropod s still use primitive book lungs, essentially gills adapted for land use, in their respiration. These are simply tissue with many wrinkles to increase their surface area. Branchiostegal lung some crabs, coconut crabs in particular, use this gill like lung Labyrinth organ A secondary breathing organ specific to the labyrinth fish , essentially an enclosed maze of tissue, evolved from a niche in their gill structure. Invertebrate trachea tubes evolved by many arthropods, possibly from book lungs, which simply lead directly into their bodies through holes called spiracle s, where their internal organs generally absorb their own air. These can be very primitive, as with some spiders, or more complex, ending with specialized air sacs, as with many insects. lung The lung is made up of muscle tissues, the cells inside the lung which collect the oxygen in the air and pass it into the blood stream via veins and carbon dioxide passes out and that is breathing respiratory system respiratory . Thoracic diaphragm diaphragm a layer of muscular membrane located at the bottom of the thoracic cavity which in responsible in adjusting the volume of the thoracic cavity. Category Respiration DEFAULTSORT Respiration Organ Respiratory stub hi no Pu ... more details
Automatic taxobox fossil range Middle Miocene , Fossil range 13.4 taxon Schistomerus californense binomial Schistomerus californense binomial authority Palmer, 1957 Schistomerus is an extinct genus of predaceous diving beetle that is known from one species, Schistomerus californense , which inhabited Lake Barstow during the middle Miocene. ref Citation title Paleoecology of an Exceptionally Preserved Arthropod Fauna from Lake Deposits of the Miocene Barstow Formation, Southern California, U.S.A journal Palaios publisher Society for Sedimentary Geology first1 Lisa E. last1 Park first2 Kevin F. last2 Downing month April year 2001 pages 175 184 doi 10.1669 0883 1351 2001 016 0175 POAEPA 2.0.CO 2 volume 16 issn 0883 1351 issue 2 ref It is the most common beetle found in the concretions from the Barstow Formation . The specimens are typically preserved in three dimensions. All ontogenetic stages of the beetle are present in the concretions. The larval stages of the beetle are most commonly represented, and the mature larvae range from 4.5 5.5 mm long. ref name Palmer1957 Palmer, A.R., 1957, Miocene arthropods from the Mojave Desert California U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, v. 294 G, p. 237 280. ref Only 3 adults have been recovered. Due to the preservational conditions of the formation, a number of individuals were preserved with intact internal anatomy. The invertebrate trachea tracheal system as well as parts of the organism s nervous system have been described. ref name Palmer1957 ref See Also Lagerst tte References Reflist Category Paleontology Dytiscidae stub Paleo stub nl Schistomerus vi Schistomerus ... more details
Tracheobronchomalacia or TBM is a condition characterized by flaccidity of the vertebrate tracheatrachea l support cartilage which leads to tracheal collapse with condition extends further to the bronchi. See also Tracheomalacia External links EmbryologySwiss rrespiratory patholrespi01 Congenital malformations and deformations of respiratory system Category Congenital disorders of respiratory system roa rup Tracheobronchomalacia ... more details
Taxobox name Nepidae image Nepa cinerea01.jpg image width 200px image caption Nepa cinerea regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Hemiptera subordo Heteroptera infraordo Nepomorpha familia Nepidae subdivision ranks Subfamilies, Genera subdivision Ranatrinae Austronepa Cercotmetus Goondnomdanepa Ranatra Nepinae Borborophilus Borborophyes Curicta genus Curicta Laccotrephes Montonepa Nepa genus Nepa Nepella Nepita waterscorpion genus Nepita Paranepa Telmatotrephes Nepidae is a family of exclusively aquatic Heteroptera n insect s in the order Hemiptera . http tolweb.org tree?group Nepomorpha They are commonly called waterscorpions for their superficial resemblance to scorpion s, which is due to their raptorial forelegs and the presence of a long slender process at the posterior end of the abdomen, resembling a tail. There are 14 genera in the family, in two subfamilies, Nepinae and Ranatrinae , and they can be found on all continents except Antarctica. Members of the genus Ranatra , the most widespread and speciose genus, are sometimes called needle bugs or water stick insects as they are more slender than Nepa genus Nepa and feed primarily on invertebrates, but occasionally take small fish or tadpoles. Respiration in the adult is effected by means of the caudal process, which consists of a pair of half tubes capable of being locked together to form a siphon by which air is conducted to the Invertebrate trachea trachea e at the apex of the abdomen when the tip of the tube is thrust above the surface of the water. In immature forms the siphon is often underdeveloped and respiration takes place through six pairs of abdominal spiracles. The eggs, which are laid above the waterline in mud, decomposing vegetation, the stems of plants or rotting wood, are supplied with air by filamentous processes which vary in number among the genera. Species in the subfamily Nepinae tend to have a broad, flat body, whereas those in the subfamily Ranatrinae tend to have a ... more details
Amphibious caterpillar refers to 12 as yet unnamed species of caterpillar s Endemism endemic to Hawaii are the only insect s that live as readily in water as on land. ref name usnwr cite web title Hawaiian Caterpillars Are First Known Amphibious Insects publisher U.S. News & World Report first Susan last Milius date March 23, 2010 url http www.usnews.com science articles 2010 03 23 hawaiian caterpillars are first known amphibious insects.html ref In 2010, Daniel Rubinoff and Patrick Schmitz at the University of Hawaii at Manoa first described the amphibian amphibious habits of the larva e in the moth genus Hyposmocoma of the Family biology family Cosmopterigidae of Order biology order Gelechioidea . Young of each species thrive both underwater in rushing streams and exposed to air on rocks poking out of the water. Rubinoff states, These species are at least as different as chimpanzees are from us . While some other caterpillars can survive for short periods under water, they are possibly the only air breather that can thrive exclusively there. No other animal that breathes air can handle being submerged for a month, he says. ref cite web publisher Science Magazine title Landlubber Caterpillars Take to the Water first Lauren last Schenkman date March 22, 2010 url http news.sciencemag.org sciencenow 2010 03 landlubber caterpillars take to .html?rss 1 ref These caterpillars don t have gill s or anything that covers the Invertebrate trachea trachea to operate marine mammals surface to breathe technique for respiration physiology respiration . ref name lat Instead they appear to absorb oxygen directly through pores in their skin from the enveloping water. The caterpillars require flowing water to provide sufficient oxygen. They spin silk tether s to attach themselves to the downstream sides of rocks to keep from washing away. ref name usnwr They cover themselves with silk cases in a variety of shapes and sizes that they add to as they grow, with names such as cone geomet ... more details
diffusion . It was believed that air entered the invertebratetrachea tracheae through the spiracle ... rather than being exported to the invertebratetrachea tracheal system . ref name IPE This mismatch between O sub 2 sub consumption and CO sub 2 sub production within the invertebratetrachea tracheal ... pressure of O sub 2 sub in the invertebratetrachea tracheal system drops below a lower limit ... of the haemolymph and begins to build up within the invertebratetrachea tracheal system . CO sub 2 sub within the invertebratetrachea tracheal system has both a direct acting on the muscle muscle tissue ... IPE During the open phase, O sub 2 sub partial pressure in the invertebratetrachea tracheal system ... flight flight muscle s of active honeybee s. As a result of large populations of invertebratetrachea ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Oliver s sign , or the tracheal tug sign , is an abnormal downward movement of the Vertebrate trachea trachea during Systole medicine systole that can indicate a dilation or aneurysm of the aortic arch . Oliver s sign is elicited by gently grasping the cricoid cartilage and applying upward pressure while the patient stands with his or her chin extended upward. Due to the anatomic position of the aortic arch, which overrides the left main bronchus , a downward tug of the Vertebrate trachea trachea may be felt if an aneurysm is present. The sign was first described by English people English military surgeon William Silver Oliver in 1878 . See also Aortic aneurysm Cardarelli s sign Eponymous medical signs for circulatory and respiratory systems DEFAULTSORT Oliver s Sign Category Symptoms and signs Vascular pl Objaw Olivera ... more details
doi 10.1016 0040 8166 91 90062 X ref The Morphology biology morphology of the Invertebratetrachea ... invertebrate s, alive or dead. Small invertebrates that it eats include caterpillar s, mite s, woodlouse ... more details
Infobox Lymph Name Tracheobronchial lymph nodes Latin nodi lymphoidei tracheobronchiales GraySubject 181 GrayPage 717 Image Gray622.png Caption The tracheobronchial lymph glands. Image2 Illu lymph chain05.jpg Caption2 1. Pulmonary Juxtaesophageal BR 2. Bronchopulmonary Hilar BR 3. Superior Tracheobronchial BR 4. Inferior Tracheobronchial BR 5. Paratracheal DrainsFrom Source DrainsTo bronchomediastinal trunk MeshName MeshNumber Dorlands DorlandsID The tracheobronchial lymph nodes form four main groups a tracheal , on either side of the Vertebrate trachea trachea b bronchial , in the angles between the lower part of the trachea and bronchi and in the angle between the two bronchi c bronchopulmonary , in the hilum of lung hilus of each lung and d pulmonary , in the lung substance, on the larger branches of the bronchi. The afferents of the tracheobronchial glands drain the lungs and bronchi, the thoracic part of the trachea and the heart some of the efferents of the posterior mediastinal glands also end in this group. Their efferent vessels ascend upon the trachea and unite with efferents of the internal mammary and anterior mediastinal glands to form the right and left bronchomediastinal trunk s. External links SUNYAnatomyLabs 21 09 01 03 Mediastinum Tracheobronchial Lymph Nodes and the Carina of trachea Carina GPnotebook 979763140 http www.instantanatomy.net thorax vessels lnodes.html Gray s Thoracic lymph nodes Category Lymphatics of the torso lymphatic stub ... more details
Infobox Ligament Name Cricotracheal ligament Latin ligamentum cricotracheale GraySubject 236 GrayPage 1077 Image Caption Image2 Caption2 From To MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 09 DorlandsSuf 12492093 The cricotracheal ligament connects the cricoid cartilage with the first ring of the trachea . It resembles the fibrous membrane which connects the cartilaginous rings of the trachea to each other. File Larynx detailed.jpg thumb right 300px Cricotracheal ligament Gray s Larynx anatomy Category Ligaments of the head and neck respiratory stub ... more details
Trachealis muscle is an example of smooth muscle . It bridges the gap between free ends of C shaped cartilage s at the posterior border of the Vertebrate trachea trachea , adjacent to the esophagus . A primary function of the trachealis is to constrict the windpipe, allowing for higher velocity of air in the windpipe during coughing. See also Muscles of respiration References Histology a Text and Atlas Michael H. Ross, Wojciech Pawlina., 5th ed., pg.617 muscle stub Respiratory system Lung Category Respiratory system Category Respiration de Musculus trachealis ga Musculus trachealis ... more details
The cervical vertebra 6 C6 is a vertebra of the spinal column . The cervical spinal nerve 6 C6 passes out above this vertebra. The first cricoid ring is directly opposite C6. C6 is the vertebral level that the Esophagus oesophagus becomes continuous with the laryngopharynx and also where the larynx becomes continuous with the Vertebrate trachea trachea . It is also the level where the carotid pulse can be palpated against the transverse process of the C6 vertebrae. References reflist Bones of torso musculoskeletal stub Category Bones of the torso ... more details
Infobox Lymph Name PAGENAME Latin nodi lymphoidei pretracheales GraySubject GrayPage Image Illu lymph chain02.jpg Caption 5. Pretracheal Image2 Caption2 DrainsFrom Source DrainsTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre n 09 DorlandsSuf 12577054 The pretracheal lymph nodes are lymph nodes located anterior to the Vertebrate trachea trachea . External links http www.emedicine.com ent topic306.htm section anatomy of the cervical lymphatics lymphatic stub Lymphatics of head and neck Category Lymphatics of the head and neck ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 The tracheoesophageal stripe is formed by the posterior wall of the Vertebrate trachea trachea and the anterior wall of the esophagus . This line is best identified on the lateral chest x ray. When this line is greater than 5 mm it is considered abnormal. The most common cause of a thickened tracheoesophageal stripe is esophageal carcinoma , however, lymphadenopathy likely cannot be excluded and further evaluation with additional imaging is recommended. References http www.meddean.luc.edu lumen MedEd MEDICINE PULMONAR cxr atlas testripe1.htm Category Head and neck medicine stub ... more details
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