Iraqw may refer to the Iraqw people the Iraqw language disambig fr Iraqw Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
ethnic group group Iraqw image Image Iraqw Man.jpg 150px Beja Bedouins image caption Iraqw man region1 flagcountry Tanzania rels Christianity , Islam langs Iraqw language Iraqw related Cushitic languages Cushitic people The Iraqw , known as the Mbulu in Swahili language Swahili , are a Cushitic people of the Arusha Region Arusha and Manyara Region s of north central Tanzania , near the East African Rift Rift Valley wall and south of Ngorongoro Crater . In 2001 the Mbulu population was estimated to number 462,000 http www.ethnologue.com show country.asp?name TZ . The Iraqw language belongs to the South Cushitic languages South Cushitic branch of the Afro Asiatic family. The core area of the Iraqw is Iraqw ar Da aw or Mama Issara in the Mbulu Highlands . It has long been known for its locally developed intensive cultivation, and referred to as an island within a matrix of less intensive cultivation. ref B rjeson, L. A History under Siege Intensive Agriculture in the Mbulu Highlands, Tanzania, 19th Century to the Present . 2004, Stockholm University ref The areas surrounding Karatu Town in the Arusha Region are also predominantly settled by the Iraqw. Genetics Recent advances in genetic analyses helped shed some light on the ethnogenesis of the Iraqw people. Their autosome autosomal DNA has been examined in a comprehensive study on African genetics Tishkoff et al. 2009 , their genetic profile suggests they descend from the first wave of migrations by Southern Cushitic speakers ancestral to the Iraqw, Gorowa people Gorowa Fiome , Burunge people Burunge , and Mbugu , moving south from Ethiopia into Kenya and then into Tanzania where they currently reside. The Iraqw did not absorb ... by the practice of endogamy in this community. References Mous, Maarten. 1993. A Grammar of Iraqw ... Africa Tanzania ethno group stub bg de Iraqw Volk es Iraqw eo Irakvoj fr Iraqw peuple sw Wairaqw ja ru sr sv Iraqw ... more details
Not to be confused with Iroquois language . Infobox language name Iraqw nativename K ngw Iraqw states Tanzania region Arusha Region speakers 460,000 date 2001 ethnicity Iraqw people Iraqw familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 Cushitic languages Cushitic fam3 South Cushitic languages South fam4 Rift fam5 West Rift fam6 NW Rift fam7 Iraqwoid iso3 irk notice IPA Iraqw is a Cushitic languages Cushitic language spoken in Tanzania in the Arusha Region Arusha and Manyara Region s. It is expanding in numbers, as the Iraqw people absorb neighboring ethnic groups. The language has a large number of Datooga language Datooga loanwords, especially in poetic language. The Gorowa language to the south shares numerous similarities and is sometimes considered a dialect. Phonology Vowels Whiteley 1958 lists the following vowel phonemes for Iraqw. All of the vowels except occur in both short and long versions class wikitable Front vowel Front Central vowel Central Back vowel Back align center Close vowel Close ... the following consonants. class wikitable style text align center Iraqw consonant phonemes colspan ... 0 In the popular orthography for Iraqw used in Lutheran and Catholic materials, the sound IPA is spelled sl and IPA is spelled Mous 1993 16 . Morphology Noun morphology Gender Nouns in Iraqw ... fem big colspan 2 big python Sentences An Iraqw sentence contains a verb in final position, and an auxiliary ... www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code irk Ethnologue entry for Iraqw Mous, Maarten. 1993. A grammar of Iraqw . Hamburg Buske. Mous, Maarten, Martha Qorro, Roland Kie ling. 2002. Iraqw English Dictionary ... 1958. A short description of item categories in Iraqw . Kampala East African Institute of Social Research. External links http wold.livingsources.org vocabulary 2 Iraqw language topical vocabulary list ... languages Category Languages of Tanzania ca Iraqw eu Iraqw hizkuntza fr Iraqw langue sw Kiiraqw no Iraqw spr k pms Lenga Iraqw pl J zyk iraku ... more details
Infobox language name Mbugwe nativename states Tanzania speakers 24,000 date 1999 ethnicity Mbugwe people Mbugwe familycolor Niger Congo fam2 Atlantic Congo languages Atlantic Congo fam3 Benue Congo languages Benue Congo fam4 Bantoid languages Bantoid fam5 Bantu languages Bantu Guthrie classification of Bantu languages Zone F Zone F fam6 Mbugwe Rangi F.30 iso3 mgz Mbugwe or Mbuwe Kimbugwe is a Bantu language of spoken by the Mbugwe people of Lake Manyara in the Manyara Region of Tanzania . Mbugwe is isolated from other Bantu languages, being bordered by the locally dominant Cushitic language Iraqw language Iraqw to the west, the Gorowa language or dialect of Iraqw to the south, the Nilotic Maasai language to the east, and the lake to the north. It shares about 70 vocabulary with its Bantu cousin Rangi language Rangi . Category Languages of Tanzania Category Mbugwe Rangi languages nc lang stub sw Kimbugwe no Mbugwe ... more details
The Kw adza were an ethnic and linguistic group based in the Mbulu District of central Tanzania , distinct from but related to the Iraqw . In 1999 Ethnologue reported that the Kw adza language had become extinct, though no information was given regarding whether living descendents of the Kw adza people identify themselves as such http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code wka . Category Ethnic groups in Tanzania Tanzania ethno group stub eu Kw adza hizkuntza pms Lenga Kw adza ... more details
There are many languages spoken in Tanzania , but no one language is spoken natively by a majority or a large plurality of the population. Government policies encourage the use of Swahili language Swahili as the main common lingua franca , while English language English is the most important foreign language. Other languages Bemba language Bemba Bena language Bena Gogo language Gogo Haya language Haya Hehe language Hehe Iramba language Iramba Iraqw language Iraqw Luguru language Luguru Nyakyusa language Nyakyusa Nyamwezi language Nyamwezi Sukuma language Sukuma Turu language Turu Yao language Yao etc. See Category Languages of Tanzania . External links http www.ethnologue.com show country.asp?name tz Languages of Tanzania at Ethnologue site. http www.ethnologue.com show map.asp?name TZ&seq 10 Map of languages of Tanzania at Ethnologue Africa in topic Languages of Tanzania stub Category Languages of Tanzania mk ... more details
Infobox language family name South Cushitic altname Rift region Tanzania familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 Cushitic languages Cushitic fam3 Lowland East Cushitic languages Lowland East Cushitic child1 Rift child2 Dahalo disputed child3 Mbugu disputed The South Cushitic or Rift languages of Tanzania belong to the Afro Asiatic languages Afro Asiatic family. The most numerous is Iraqw language Iraqw , with half a million speakers. Classification Robert Hetzron Hetzron 1980 70ff and Ehret 1995 have suggested that the Rift languages South Cushitic are a part of Lowland East Cushitic Citation needed date November 2008 . Kie ling & Mous 2003 have suggested more specifically that they be linked to a Southern Lowland branch, together with Oromo, Somali, and Yaaku Dullay. It is possible that the great lexical divergence of Rift from East Cushitic is due to Rift being partially relexified through contact with Khoisan languages , as perhaps evidenced by the unusually high frequency of the ejective affricates IPA ts and IPA t , which outnumber pulmonary consonants like IPA p, f, w, , x . Kie ling & Mous suggest that these ejectives may be remnants of click consonant clicks from the source language. The terms South Cushitic and Rift are not quite synonymous The Ma a and Dahalo languages are sometimes included in South Cushitic e.g. Ehret 1980 , but are not considered Rift. The Rift languages are named after the Great Rift Valley of Tanzania, where they are found. clade label1 nowrap South Cushitic 1 clade label1 Rift 1 clade label1 nowrap West Rift 1 clade label1 North 1 clade label1 Iraqwoid 1 clade 1 Gorowa language Gorowa 2 Iraqw language Iraqw 2 Alagwa language Alagwa label2 South 2 Burunge language Burunge label2 nowrap ? East Rift 2 clade 1 Aas x language Aas x extinct 2 Kw adza language Kw adza extinct 2 ? Mbugu language Mbugu Ma a, endangered 3 ? Dahalo language Dahalo endangered Iraqw and Gorowa ... more details
Image Bucket hat line drawing.svg thumb A bucket hat. This example has two eyelets on each side for ventilation and the brim is angled sharply downwards. wiktionary Unreferenced date January 2008 A bucket hat , fishing hat or beanie hat , is a soft cotton hat with a wide and downwards sloping brim which is worn by both men and women. The brim offers shade from the sun for the eyes and face. The hat is usually made from heavy duty cotton fabric such as denim or canvas . Two metal eyelets are commonly placed on each side of the hat so that it is cool to wear on hot days. A similar hat is used officially by the U.S. Navy for enlisted uniforms of the United States Navy Service Dress service dress uniforms, commonly referred to as a Dixie Cup hat, as in the Dixie cup Dixie cups manufacturer brand . Bucket hats are favored by glider aircraft glider pilots, who require shade in their cockpits but cannot wear wide brimmed hats because they must be able to see in all directions. In the UK this style of hat is occasionally known as a Reni Hat after The Stone Roses drummer Reni Alan Wren who was easily identified by his bucket hat. In Australia, this hat is referred to as a giggle hat . In Tanzania, it is very popular among elders, especially among the Iraqw people . In South Africa, it is known as ispoti and is very popular with urban black youth, representing being streetwise without copying foreign hip hop trends. In Israel, it is known as a Rafael hat as Rafael Eitan , an Israeli general, politician, and former Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces used to wear one. A similar type of hat called a Tembel hat is dubbed the national hat of Israel as it was worn by Israeli Halutz im to protect from sun burn. In Sweden, it is known as Beppehatt or Beppem ssa since Beppe Wolgers , a Swedish author and artist, used to wear it and made it popular in the 1970s. DEFAULTSORT Bucket Hat Category Hats fr Bob chapeau he zh ... more details
found in most Nilotic languages. In turn, Datooga has strongly influenced the Iraqw language which ..., the Iraqw use Datooga vocabulary for poetic language. Datooga has a verb initial word order , but the relative ... more details
Sound change Fortition is a consonantal change from a weak sound to a strong one, the opposite of the more common lenition . For example, a fricative or an approximant may become a plosive i.e. IPA v becomes IPA b or IPA r becomes IPA d . Although not as typical of sound change as lenition, fortition may occur in prominent positions, such as at the beginning of a word or stressed syllable as an effect of reducing markedness or due to morphological leveling . Examples The extremely common approximant sound IPA j is sometimes subject to fortition since it is a semivowel, almost any change to the sound other than simple deletion would constitute fortition. It has changed into the voiced palatal fricative voiced fricative IPA in a number of indigenous languages of the Arctic , such as the Eskimo Aleut languages and Ket language Ket , and also in some varieties of Spanish language Spanish . Via a voiceless palatal approximant , it has turned in some Germanic languages into IPA , the voiceless equivalent of IPA and also cross linguistically rare though less so than IPA . Another change turned IPA j to an affricate IPA d during the development of the Romance languages . Fortition of the cross linguistically rare interdental fricatives IPA and IPA to the almost universal corresponding stops IPA t and IPA d is relatively common. This has occurred in most continental Germanic languages and several English dialects , several Uralic languages , and a few Semitic languages , among others. This has the result of reducing the markedness of the sounds IPA and IPA . Fortition also frequently occurs with voiceless versions of the common lateral consonant lateral approximant IPA l , which are usually source from combinations of IPA l with a voiceless obstruent . The product is a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative IPA . In the Cushitic language Iraqw language Iraqw , d has lenited to r between vowels, but r has undergone fortition to d word initially. In addition t ... more details
The Sirikwa were an ethnic group in the Western Highlands of Kenya , being most prominent from 12th to 15th century. ref name encyclopedia Kevin Shillington 2005 http books.google.com books?id Ftz gtO pngC&pg PA1367&lpg PA1367&dq 22sirikwa holes 22&source bl&ots IuzEspguqW&sig cqNfxVqw0ZuHZN7 l0BfZdS8cMM&hl en&ei 3li2SoOgNeqd4Aaj7ol9&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 5 v onepage&q 22sirikwa 20holes 22&f false Encyclopedia of African history, Volume 1 . CRC Press. ISBN 1579584535 ref The area inhabited by Sirikwa expanded to today s Sotik , Nakuru , Cherangani Hills , Mount Elgon and Eldoret . ref name communities Wanguhu Ng ang a 2008 http www.kenyacommunities.org articles&downloads Chapter 20One.pdf KENYA ETHNIC COMMUNITIES FOUNDATION OF THE NATION Chapter One ref The Sirikwa were primarily cattle herders, but they also carried out small scale cultivation and gathering of fruits and other wild plants. ref name encyclopedia The Sirikwa disappeared as an ethnic group in the 17th and 18th century by amalgamating to new communities in the area, such as Maasai and Kalenjin people Kalenjin s. Their language may have contributed to the Kalenjin languages . ref name communities Sirikwa are also sometimes identified with the Oropom people Oropom . ref name thousand John Sutton 1990 A Thousand Years of East Africa. British Institute in East Africa. ISBN 1 872566 00 6 ref Although not ethnically closely related and despite different lifestyles, the Sirikwa had a close economical and cultural relationship with the hunter gatherer tribe of Ogiek . They also shared linguistic similarities. ref name communities The Sengwer community living in the Cherangani Hills claim descendance from the Sirikwa, though assimilated to the Pokot since colonial times until the change of government in 2002. Sirikwa were possibly linked to the Engaruka in Tanzania s crater highlands ref name thousand and related to the Iraqw Mbulu people who still live nearby and speak a distinct South Cushitic ... more details
Africa , haplogroup B2a1a Y DNA has been found in 11 1 9 of a small sample of Iraqw people Iraqw males ... language Turu from Tanzania, ref name Tishkoff2007 5 2 43 of a sample of Iraqw people Wairak from Tanzania ... of the Congo . ref name Wood2005 This haplogroup also has been found in an Iraqw people Iraqw South ... more details
from Madagascar , Fon people Fon from Benin , Iraqw from Tanzania , ref Called Wairak and misidentified ... of Bantu peoples Bantus from Kenya, ref name Luis2004 and 2 1 43 of a sample of Iraqw from Tanzania ... more details
Iraqw people Iraqw and Datooga people Datoga were both forced to migrate into the area by the expansion ... Yaeda Chini and Munguli are now inhabited by the Isanzu, Iraqw and Datoga. Another, Mongo wa Mono ... neighbor the Hadza. Unlike the Iraqw people Iraqw and the cattle raiding Maasai people Maasai who ... more details
of neighboring languages such as Iraqw language Iraqw and Sandawe language Sandawe . The apostrophe ... lateral tlh tl dl , tc and tch as in Sandawe . The fricatives are f s sl sh h hh , as in Iraqw ... more details
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