saved book title Irrationality subtitle A Handbook cover image A First Letter Square root of 2.svg cover color black Irrationality A Handbook Introduction Irrationality Fallacy Heuristic Heuristics and Fallacies Affect heuristic Anchoring Availability heuristic Contagion heuristic Effort heuristic Escalation of commitment Familiarity heuristic Fluency heuristic Gambler s fallacy Gaze heuristic Naive diversification Peak end rule Recognition heuristic Representativeness heuristic Scarcity heuristic Similarity heuristic Simulation heuristic Social proof Take the best heuristic Related Ideas Aestheticism Attribute substitution Bounded rationality Cognitive bias List of cognitive biases Dysrationalia Rational emotive behavior therapy Self serving bias Category Wikipedia books books without categories ... more details
Primary sources date October 2009 The concept known as rational irrationality was popularized by economist Bryan Caplan in 2001 to reconcile the widespread existence of irrationality irrational behavior ... economics bcaplan eejformat.doc title Caplan s original paper on rational irrationality publisher ... www.gmu.edu departments economics bcaplan ratirnew.doc title Caplan s paper on rational irrationality ... intuitionism ethical intuitionist philosopher Michael Huemer as an explanation for irrationality in politics ... Michael Huemer on irrationality in politics publisher Michael Huemer date accessdate 2012 02 13 ref ref name HuemerTEDX cite web title Michael Huemer s TEDX talk on irrationality in politics url http ... irrationality in religion publisher Bryan Caplan date accessdate 2012 02 13 ref Theory Two types ... means to attain one s actual goals, given one s actual beliefs. Rational irrationality describes a situation ... irrationality is more likely in situations where people have preferences over beliefs , i.e., some ... that there is a demand for irrationality . A person s demand curve describes the amount of irrationality that the person is willing to tolerate at any given cost of irrationality. By the law of demand , the lower the cost of irrationality, the higher the demand for it. When the cost of error is effectively zero, a person s demand for irrationality is high. Rational irrationality versus doublethink Rational irrationality is not doublethink it does not state that the individual deliberately chooses .... Sources of preferences over beliefs For rational irrationality to exist, people must have preferences ... value. In an essay on irrationality in politic, Michael Huemer ref name HuemerIrrational identifies ... Politics Rational irrationality in individual political beliefs Politics is a situation where rational irrationality is expected to be common, according to Caplan s theory. In typical ... for practical morale reasons. Rational irrationality and systemic biases For rational irrationality ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 In economics dishoarding is the opposite of hoarding . In the case of hoarding emphasized most by macroeconomics , someone increases his or her holdings of money as an asset for safety, to diversify assets, because of expected returns, or because of irrationality rather than using money simply as a tool for buying goods and services a medium of exchange . See liquidity preference . Thus, dis hoarding would refer to the reduction of one s asset holdings of money. Category Macroeconomics Macroeconomics stub ... more details
Joseph Ser 1875 was a French people French mathematician , of whom little was known till now. He published 45 papers between 1900 and 1954, among which four monographs, edited in Paris by Henry Gauthier Villars . In the main, he worked on number theory and series mathematics infinite series . He died after 1954 the precise date is unknown. He got important results in the domain of factorial series. His representation of Euler Mascheroni constant Euler s constant as a series of rational number rational terms is well known. It was used in 1926 by Paul mile Appell Paul Appell 1855 1930 , in an unsuccessful attempt to prove the irrationality of Euler s constant. References Ser, Joseph Sur une expression de la fonction s de Riemann Upon an expression for Riemann s function . CRAS Paris vol.182 1926 ,1075 1077 Ayoub, Raymond G. Partial triumph or total failure ? The mathematical Intelligencer, vol.7, No 2 1985 ,55 58. This paper explains exactly Appell s mistake 4 Appell and the irrationality of Euler s constant . Category French mathematicians Ser, Joseph de Joseph Ser fr Joseph Ser ht Joseph Ser ... more details
In psychotherapy , paradoxical intention is the deliberate practice of a neurotic Habit psychology habit or thought , undertaken in order to identify and remove it. ref cite book last Frankl first Viktor authorlink Viktor Frankl date 1959 title Man s Search for Meaning pages 126 edition 1984 location New York, NY publisher Simon & Shuster isbn 0807014265 ref Used as a counseling technique in which the counselor intensifies the client s emotional state in order to help the client understand the irrationality of the emotional reaction. See also Logotherapy Kavka s toxin puzzle References references DEFAULTSORT Paradoxical Intention Category Psychodynamics Psychology stub bg no Paradoksal intensjon ta ... more details
In mathematics, a trigonometric number is an irrational number produced by taking the sine or cosine of a Rational number rational multiple of a circle, or equivalently, the sine or cosine in radian s of a rational multiple of &pi , or the cosine of a rational number of degrees. Ivan Niven gave proofs regarding these numbers in Numbers Rational and Irrational published in 1961. Li Zhou and Lubomir Markov recently improved and simplified Niven s proofs in the book. References cite journal author Li Zhou and Lubomir Markov title Recurrent Proofs of the Irrationality of Certain Trigonometric Values journal American Mathematical Monthly year 2010 volume 117 number 4 pages 360&ndash 362 http arxiv.org abs 0911.1933 See also Exact trigonometric constants Niven s theorem Category Irrational numbers Category Trigonometry geometry stub ... more details
Refimprove date May 2008 In mathematics , a quadratic irrational also known as a quadratic irrationality or quadratic surd is an irrational number that is the solution to some quadratic equation with rational coefficients. ref J rn Steuding, Diophantine Analysis , 2005 , Chapman & Hall, p.72. ref Since fractions in the coefficients of a quadratic equation can be cleared by multiplying both sides by their common denominator , a quadratic irrational is an irrational root of some quadratic equation whose coefficients are integer s. The quadratic irrationals form the Real number real algebraic number s of degree 2 and can, therefore, be expressed in this form math a b sqrt c over d math for integers a , b , c , d with b and d non zero, and with c > 1 and square free . This implies that the quadratic irrationals have the same cardinality as ordered quadruples of integers, and are therefore countable . The rational number s together with all quadratic irrationals with a given c form a Field mathematics field , called a Quadratic field real quadratic field . In particular, their inverses are of the same form, since math d over a b sqrt c ad bd sqrt c over a 2 b 2c . , math This field is often called the field obtained by adjoining &radic Overline c to the rational numbers, and denoted Q &radic Overline c . Quadratic irrationals have useful properties, especially in relation to continued fraction s, where we have the result that all quadratic irrationals, and only quadratic ... root of 2 was the first such number to be proved irrational. Theodorus of Cyrene proved the irrationality ... Book 10 is dedicated to classification of irrational magnitudes. The original proof of the irrationality of the non square natural numbers depends on Euclid s lemma . Many proofs of the irrationality ... proof was adapted by Colin Richard Hughes from a proof of the irrationality of the square ... Gazette , Vol. 83, No. 498 1999 , pp. 502&ndash 503. ref ref Theodor Estermann, The irrationality ... more details
Decadentism also called Decadentismo was an Italian artistic style based mainly on the Decadent movement in the arts in France and England around the end of the 19th century. The main authors associated with decadentism were Antonio Fogazzaro , Italo Svevo , Giovanni Pascoli and Gabriele D Annunzio . Although differing stylistically, they championed idiosyncrasy and irrationality against scientific rationalism. A later critic, Walter Binni , analyzed the style favorably in his 1936 book La poetica del decantismo and distinguished between moral and aesthetic decadence. ref cite journal last Drake first Richard year 1982 title Decadence, Decadentism, and Decadent Romanticism in Italy Toward a Theory of D cadence journal Journal of Contemporary History volume 17 pages 69 92 doi 10.1177 002200948201700104 ref Another scholar of decadentism was Norberto Bobbio , noted especially for his 1945 book, La filosofia del decadentismo . See also Decadent movement References reflist 1 Category Art movements Category Literary movements literature stub it Decadentismo ... more details
of Psychology. 2nd ed. New York Crossroad, 1995. ISBN 0 8245 2509 4. Irrationality , 1992, reissued ... Pinter & Martin publishers of Irrationality and Breakdown Persondata Metadata ... more details
sectors of American society as well as of the rest of the world. ref Ritzer, 1993 1 ref Irrationality of Rationality Ritzer also outlines Irrationality of Rationality as fifth aspect of McDonaldization. Most specifically, irrationality means that rational systems are unreasonable systems. By that I ... of Society in the sub section Irrationality and the Iron Cage. He states that Despite the advantages it offers, bureaucracy suffers from the irrationality of rationality. Like a fast food ... more details
dodecahedrons. Irrationality, by infinite reciprocal subtraction, can be easily seen in the Golden ... of the irrationality of Square root of 2 2 . Plato in his Theaetetus dialogue Theaetetus , ref Plato, Theaetetus , 147D ff ref describes how Theodorus of Cyrene c. 400 BC proved the irrationality of 3, 5, etc. up to 17, which implies that an earlier mathematician had already proved the irrationality ... Thales to Euclid , p. 155. ref A simple proof of the irrationality of 2 is indicated by Aristotle , and it is set ... , page 50 ref Proof of the irrationality of 2 The reductio ad absurdum proof of the irrationality ... more details
In mathematics , Hadjicostas s formula is a formula relating a certain Multiple integral double integral to values of the Gamma function and the Riemann zeta function . Statement Let s be a complex number with Re s > &minus 2. Then math int 0 1 int 0 1 frac 1 x 1 xy log xy s ,dx ,dy Gamma s 2 left zeta s 2 frac 1 s 1 right . math Here math Gamma math is the Gamma function and math zeta math is the Riemann zeta function . Background The first instance of the formula was proved and used by Frits Beukers in his 1978 paper giving an alternative proof of Ap ry s theorem . ref cite journal first1 F. last1 Beukers title A note on the irrationality of 2 and 3 journal Bull. London Math. Soc. volume 11 issue 3 year 1979 pages 268&ndash 272 doi 10.1112 blms 11.3.268 ref He proved the formula when s 0, and proved an equivalent formulation for the case s 1. This led Petros Hadjicostas to conjecture the above formula in 2004, ref cite arxiv first1 P. last1 Hadjicostas eprint math.NT 0405423 title A conjecture generalization of Sondow s formula year 2004 ref and within a week it had been proven by Robin Chapman. ref cite arxiv first1 R. last1 Chapman eprint math 0405478 title A proof of Hadjicostas s conjecture year 2004 ref He proved the formula holds when Re s > &minus 1, and then extended the result by analytic continuation to get the full result. Special cases As well as the two cases used by Beukers to get alternate expressions for 2 and 3 , the formula can be used to express the Euler Mascheroni constant as a double integral by letting s tend to &minus 1 math gamma int 0 1 int 0 1 frac 1 x 1 xy log xy ,dx ,dy. math The latter formula was first discovered by Jonathan Sondow ref cite journal first1 J. last1 Sondow title Criteria for irrationality of Euler s constant journal Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. volume 131 year 2003 pages 3335&ndash 3344 doi 10.1090 S0002 9939 03 07081 3 ref and is the one referred to in the title of ... more details
B. Administrative Law Grounds of Review Irrationality Wednesbury unreasonableness in Singapore law Irrationality or Wednesbury unreasonableness C. Administrative Law Grounds of Review Procedural ... more details
this assumption, an idea Caplan dubbed rational irrationality . ref www.gmu.edu depts economics bcaplan ... of rational irrationality as well as his summary of some empirical evidence of voters systemically ... Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies , published in 2007, further develops the rational irrationality ... Books. 2011. Journal articles http econfaculty.gmu.edu bcaplan pdfs framework.pdf Rational Irrationality ... versus Rational Irrationality. 2001. Kyklos 54 1 , pp. 3 26. lead article http econfaculty.gmu.edu bcaplan pdfs rationalirrationalityandmicro.pdf Rational Irrationality and the Microfoundations ... more details
the reals into two sets, one of which is meagre, and the other of Lebesgue measure zero. Irrationality measure The irrationality measure or approximation exponent or Liouville Roth constant of a real ... by an infinite number of integer pairs p , q with q 0. This least upper bound is defined to be the irrationality ... thus, the opposite inequality holds for all larger values of q . In other words, given the irrationality ... number the irrationality measure is 1. The Thue Siegel Roth theorem states ... have irrationality measure 2 or greater. As an example, e mathematical constant e has e ... irrationality measure. Liouville numbers and transcendence All Liouville numbers are transcendental ... that is not Liouville. Mahler proved in 1953 that pi is another such example. ref The irrationality measure of does not exceed 7.6304, according to MathWorld title Irrationality Measure urlname ... more details
one so does 18 but the irrationality of 18 follows from that of 2 . The so called Spiral of Theodorus ... books.google.com ?id 9d8DAAAAMAAJ&pg PA85&dq Theodorus 27 Irrationality Proofs ref See also Cyrene ... more details
dablink For other uses, see Pyrrhichios ancient war dance , Pyrrhus of Epirus , Pyrrhic victory , and Pyrrha . Metrical feet A pyrrhic is a metrical foot used in formal poetry . It consists of two unaccented, Syllable weight short syllable s. ref Harry Rusche, A Handbook of Terms for Discussing Poetry, Emory University Department of English http www.english.emory.edu classes Handbook pyrrhic.html Last accessed 20 December 2006 ref It is also known as a dibrach . Alfred Tennyson Tennyson used pyrrhics and spondee s quite frequently, for example, in In Memoriam A.H.H. In Memoriam When the u blood u u creeps u and the u nerves u u prick u . When the and and the in the second line may be considered as pyrrhics also analyzable as ionic meter . Pyrrhics alone are not used to construct an entire poem due to the monotonous effect. ref Rhythm, Meter, and Scansion Made Easy, Riverdale School, http server.riverdale.k12.or.us bblack meter.html Last accessed 20 December 2006 ref Poe observed that many experts rejected it from English metrics and concurred blockquote The pyrrhic is rightfully dismissed. Its existence in either ancient or modern rhythm is purely chimerical, and the insisting on so perplexing a nonentity as a foot of two short syllables, affords, perhaps, the best evidence of the gross irrationality and subservience to authority which characterise our Prosody. ref Poe, http xroads.virginia.edu hyper POE rationale.html The Rationale of Verse ref blockquote References Reflist poetry stub Category Metrical feet de Pyrrhichios io Piriko la Pyrrhichius ja pl Pirychej uk ... more details
Hilbert s seventh problem is one of David Hilbert s Hilbert problems list of open mathematical problems posed in 1900. It concerns the irrational number irrationality and transcendental number transcendence of certain numbers Irrationalitä t und Transzendenz bestimmter Zahlen . Two specific questions are asked In an isosceles triangle , if the ratio of the base angle to the angle at the vertex is algebraic number algebraic but irrational number not rational , is then the ratio between base and side always transcendental number transcendental ? Is math a b math always transcendental number transcendental , for algebraic number algebraic math a not in 0,1 math and irrational number irrational algebraic math b math ? The second question was answered in the affirmative by Aleksandr Gelfond in 1934, and refined by Theodor Schneider in 1935. This result is known as Gelfond s theorem or the Gelfond Schneider theorem . The restriction to irrational b is important, since it is easy to see that math a b math is algebraic for algebraic a and rational b . From the point of view of generalisations, this is the case math b ln alpha ln beta 0 math of the general linear form in logarithms which was attacked by Gelfond and then solved by Alan Baker mathematician Alan Baker . It is called the Gelfond conjucture or Baker s theorem . Baker was rewarded as a Fields Medal winner in 1970 because of this. The first question is a consequence of the second question. See also Hilbert number External links http aleph0.clarku.edu djoyce hilbert problems.html prob7 English translation of Hilbert s original address Geometry stub Hilbert s problems Category Hilbert s problems 07 fr Septi me probl me de Hilbert he it Settimo problema di Hilbert pt S timo problema de Hilbert ru zh ... more details
Proofs from THE BOOK is a book of mathematical proof s by Martin Aigner and G nter M. Ziegler . The book is dedicated to the mathematician Paul Erd s , who often referred to The Book in which God keeps the most elegant proof of each mathematical theorem . During a lecture in 1985, Erd s said, You don t have to believe in God, but you should believe in The Book. Proofs from THE BOOK contains 32 sections 40 in the 4th edition , each devoted to one theorem but often containing multiple proofs and related results. It spans a broad range of mathematical fields number theory , geometry , Mathematical analysis analysis , combinatorics and graph theory . Erd s himself made many suggestions for the book, but died before its publication. The book is illustrated by Karl Heinrich Hofmann. It has gone through four editions in English, and has been translated into Persian, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Chinese, Polish, Portuguese, Korean, Turkish, Russian and Spanish. The proofs include Proof of Bertrand s postulate Proof that e is irrational also showing the irrationality of certain related numbers Six proofs of the infinitude of the prime number primes , including Euclid s and F rstenberg s proof of the infinitude of primes F rstenberg s Monsky s theorem 4th edition References Proofs from the book. Springer, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3 540 63698 6 cite book author Aigner, Martin Ziegler, G nter title Proofs from THE BOOK publisher Springer Verlag location Berlin, New York year 2009 edition 4th isbn 978 3 642 00855 9 http page.mi.fu berlin.de gmziegler ftp PFTB.pdf Table of Contents of the 4th ed. http www.math.tu berlin.de ziegler Publications Proofs G nter M. Ziegler s homepage , including a list of editions and translations. Cite document last Shepard first Mary url http www.maa.org reviews thebook.html publisher Mathematical Association of America title Read This Review of Proofs from THE BOOK year 1999 postscript None . Category Mathematical proofs Category Mathemat ... more details
Other persons David Johnson David A. Johnson born 1952 is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Yeshiva University and has previously taught at UCLA and Syracuse University . Raised in Nebraska , he earned his BA from the University of Nebraska , where he studied under Robert Audi , and his PhD from Princeton University . His areas of concentration are Philosophy of Religion , Metaphysics , and Epistemology . His brother, Edward, is Professor of Philosophy at University of New Orleans . In his first book, Hume, Holism, and Miracles , Johnson purports to have refuted David Hume s popular argument for the irrationality of belief in testimony of miracles as can be found in his essay entitled Of Miracles as well as several reconstructions of Hume s argument most notably that of Bayesian inference Bayesian philosopher Jordan Howard Sobel . Subsequently, Robert Fogelin of Dartmouth College responded to Johnson s critique of Hume in his book A Defense of Hume on Miracles . Johnson s second book, Truth Without Paradox , consists mostly of Johnson s resolution of many alleged paradoxes, such as the Liar Paradox . Towards the end of the book, Johnson presents his version of the Ontological argument for the existence of God. He also gives an historical argument for the validity of the Bible. See also American philosophy List of American philosophers References http www.yu.edu yeshivacollege Departments Philosophy philfaculty.html Yeshiva College Philosophy Faculty Johnson, D. 1999 . Hume, Holism, and Miracles . Cornell University Press, Ithaca. Johnson, D. 2004 . Truth Without Paradox . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Johnson, David Alan ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1952 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Johnson, David Alan Category American philosophers Category Yeshiva University faculty Category University of Nebraska Lincoln alumni Category Princeton University alumni Catego ... more details
unreferenced date June 2008 Franti ek vantner January 29, 1912 in Bystr , Brezno District Bystr , present day Slovakia October 13, 1950 in Prague , present day Czech Republic was a Slovakia Slovak prose writer. Biography He was born in Bystr , Brezno District Bystr in a family of a manual worker. He studied in his birthplace, later in Podbrezov and Bansk Bystrica . After finishing his studies, he worked as a teacher in different places M to pod umbierom , Podbrezov , Nov Ba a , Hronsk Be adik , until he became a principal of school in Hronov for a short time. He also worked for a local organization of Matica slovensk and became a member of Umeleck beseda slovensk . He died of a brain tumor in Prague . Works Writing career He started writing during his studies in Bansk Bystrica , where he published his short story in the periodical Svoje . vantner gained inspiration from archaic myths and ballads. He was influenced by writers such as Edgar Allan Poe , Emile Zola , Victor Hugo , Charles Ferdinand Ramuz , Fyodor Dostoyevsky , and from Slovaks Slovak authors, mainly Margita Figuli , udo Ondrejov and Dobroslav Chrob k . vantner s prose celebrates nature he was a Naturalism literature naturalistic writer. He used elements of irrationality and fantasy, but he mainly explored the boundaries between life and death . List of works 1933 in literature 1933 V pove published in Svoje 1944 in literature 1944 M lka novella 1946 in literature 1946 Nevesta h novel 1956 in literature 1956 ivot bez konca novel published after his death 1966 in literature 1966 D ma collection of novellas Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Svantner ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH January 29, 1912 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH October 13, 1950 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Svantner Category Slovak writers Category 1912 births Category 1950 deaths Category Recipients of the Order of Tom Garrigue Masaryk Slovakia writer stub cs Franti ek vantner sk Fran ... more details
Infobox Film name The Annunciation Angyali dv zlet image Angyali udvozlet.jpg Screenshot from movie imdb id 0123381 producer Unknown caption A Crucifixion in Byzantium director Andr s Jeles writer Andr s Jeles br Imre Mad ch starring P ter Bocsor br J lia M r br Eszter Gyalog music Istv n M rta cinematography B la Ferenczy br S ndor Kardos editing Margit Galamb br Zsuzsa P s n distributor Award Films released 1984 runtime 100 Min language Hungarian language Hungarian budget Unknown The Annunciation in Hungarian language Hungarian Angyali dv zlet is a Hungary Hungarian film directed by Andr s Jeles in 1984, based on The Tragedy of Man 1861 by Imre Mad ch . Plot summary When Adam Bible Adam P ter Bocsor and Eve Bible Eve J lia M r , having succumbed to Lucifer s temptation, are cast out of the Garden of Eden , Adam holds Lucifer Eszter Gyalog to his promise, reminding him that You said I would know everything . So Lucifer grants Adam a dream of the world to come. And what a bizarre dream Adam becomes Miltiades the Younger Miltiades in Athens a knight called Tancred in Byzantium Kepler in Prague Georges Danton Danton in revolutionary Paris and a nameless suitor in Victorian era Victorian London . Guided by a deceptively sweet but ultimately contemptuous Lucifer, Adam confronts an endless procession of the horror of the human story ... rapists and concubines, betrayal and savagery, mindless cruelty and fanaticism. Production The film is entirely performed by children. Superbly photographed against the breathtaking fields, forests, mesas and shores of southern Hungary , colourfully costumed and stunningly acted, The Annunciation makes Pier Paolo Pasolini Pasolini like uses of its youthful cast to illustrate the horror and irrationality of our times. External links imdb title id 0123381 title Angyali dv zlet The Annunciation CinemaofHungary DEFAULTSORT Annunciation, The Category 1984 films Category Hungarian films Hungary film stub de The Annunciation fr L Annonciati ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
