merge Isomer discuss Talk Isomerisation Merger proposal date August 2010 In chemistry isomerisation is the process by which one molecule is transformed into another molecule which has exactly the same atoms, but the atoms are rearranged e.g. A B C B A C these related molecules are known as isomer s ref GoldBookRef title isomerization file I03295 ref . In some molecules and under some conditions, isomerisation occurs spontaneously. Many isomers are equal or roughly equal in bond energy , and so exist in roughly equal amounts, provided that they can interconvert relatively freely, that is the energy barrier between the two isomers is not too high. When the isomerisation occurs intramolecular ly it is considered a rearrangement reaction . An example of an organometallic chemistry organometallic isomerisation is the production of decaphenylferrocene, &eta sup 5 sup C sub 5 sub phenyl Ph sub 5 sub sub 2 sub Fe from its linkage isomer . ref cite journal last1 Brown first1 K. N. last2 Field first2 L. D. last3 Lay first3 P. A. last4 Lindall first4 C. M. last5 Masters first5 A. F. title &eta sup 5 sup Pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl 1 &eta sup 6 sup phenyl 2,3,4,5 tetraphenylcyclopentadienyl iron II , Fe &eta sup 5 sup C sub 5 sub Ph sub 5 sub &eta sup 6 sup C sub 6 sub H sub 5 sub C sub 5 sub Ph sub 4 sub , a linkage isomer of decaphenylferrocene journal Chemical Communications J. Chem. Soc ... of Isomerisation Isomerisations in cracking chemistry hydrocarbon cracking . This is usually ... then have to be separated. An industrial process is also the isomerisation of n butane into isobutane . Image N pentane isomerization.svg 500px Isomerisation of pentane. Trans cis isomerism or Entgegen ... molecule s display rapid interconversion of isomers e.g. Bullvalene . valence isomerisation the isomerisation ... Common Common.htm cartage.org.lb ref The energy difference between two isomers is called isomerisation ... are endothermic trans cis isomerisation of 2 butene with 2.6 1.2 Calorie kcal mole unit ... more details
Image Isotoluenes.png right 400px The isotoluenes The isotoluenes in organic chemistry are the non Aromaticity aromatic toluene isomer s with an exocyclic double bond . They are of some academic interest in relation to aromaticity and isomerisation mechanisms. ref Radical production from the interaction of closed shell molecules. 10. Chemistry of methylenecyclohexadiene and the thermal polymerization of styrene W. David Graham, John Glass Green, and William A. Pryor J. Org. Chem. 1979 44 6 pp 907 914 DOI 10.1021 jo01320a003 . ref ref Bimolecular reactions of 3 methylene 1,4 cyclohexadiene p isotoluene , 5 methylene 1,3 cyclohexadiene o isotoluene , 1 methylene 1,4 dihydronaphthalene benzo p isotoluene , and 9 methylene 9,10 dihydroanthracene dibenzo p isotoluene Joseph J. Gajewski and Andrea M. Gortva J. Org. Chem. 1989 54 2 pp 373 378 DOI 10.1021 jo00263a021 ref The three basic isotoluenes are aromatic ortho substituent ortho isotoluene or 5 methylene 1,3 cyclohexadiene here labelled 1 aromatic para substituent para isotoluene 2 and aromatic meta substituent meta isotoluene 3 . Another structural isomer is the bicyclic compound 5 methylenebicyclo 2.2.0 hexene 4 . The o and p isotoluenes isomerise to toluene, a reaction driven by aromatic stabilisation. It is estimated that these compounds are 23 kcal mol less stable. The isomerisation of p isotoluene to toluene takes place at 100 C in benzene with second order reaction bimolecular reaction kinetics by an intermolecular free radical reaction . The intramolecular isomerisation, a 1,3 sigmatropic reaction , is unfavorable because a antarafacial mode is enforced. ref JerryMarch ref Other Dimer chemistry dimer radical reaction products are formed as well. The ortho isomer is found to isomerise at 60 C in benzene, also in a second order reaction. The proposed reaction mechanism is a concerted reaction concerted intermolecular ene reaction . The reaction product is either toluene or a mixture of dimerized ene reaction pro ... more details
File Thiocarbamates general 2D.png thumb right 250px Chemical formula General forms for organic compounds General structural formula e of O organyl 1 and S organyl 2 thiocarbamates Thiocarbamates are a family of organosulfur compound s. There are two isomer isomeric forms of thiocarbamate ester s O thiocarbamates, ROC S NR sub 2 sub , and S thiocarbamates, RSC O NR sub 2 sub . O thiocarbamates can Isomerisation isomerise to S thiocarbamates, for example in the Newman Kwart rearrangement . Synthesis Thiocarbamates can be organic synthesis synthesised by hydrolysis of thiocyanates ref March, 6th edn., p. 1269 ref RSCN H sub 2 sub O RSC O NH sub 2 sub Where R is aryl , this method is known as the Riemschneider thiocarbamate synthesis . See also Tolnaftate Goitrin Carbamate Dithiocarbamate References reflist organic chemistry stub Category Functional groups Category Thiocarbamates de Thiourethane hu Tiokarbam tok nl Thiocarbamaat ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2010 Infobox oil refinery name Montreal East Refinery image Gulf Montreal Refinery.jpg caption View a refinery unit from the Broadway South street in Montr al Est city country Canada province Quebec city Montr al Est coordinates coord 45.63369 N 73.52261 W display inline operator Coastal Petrochemical owner Coastal Petrochemical founded Start date 1963 closure 1983 br Restart 2003 br capacity capacity bbl d 70000 employees 75 ref units alkylation , isomerisation , distillation of crude oil, reforming catalytic, cracking catalytic, thermal catalytic oil tank oil refining center Montreal The Montreal East Refinery of the Gulf Oil Gulf Oil Canada is a little refinery located inside the city of Montr al Est and inside the Coastal Petrochemical fields and the operator of the refining unit is Coastal Petrochemical. See also Montreal Oil Refining Center Montreal East Refinery Shell Canada Montreal Refinery Category Oil refineries in Canada petroleum stub canada struct stub ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2010 Infobox oil refinery name Montreal Refinery image Montreal Refinery.jpg caption Refinery view from the Montr al Est city hall location map Quebec location map width location map text Location of the Montreal Refinery in Quebec lat d 45.6438 lat m lat s lat NS N long d 73.5224 long m long s long EW W coordinates type type landmark coordinates display inline,title coordinates ref country Canada province Quebec city Montr al operator Suncor Energy formerly Petro Canada owner Suncor Energy formerly Petro Canada founded Start date 1955 closure capacity capacity bbl d 160000 employees 400 ref units alkylation , isomerisation , distillation of crude oil, hydrocracking , reforming catalytic, cracking catalytic, thermal catalytic, desulphuration , polymerization , hydrodesalkylation oil tank 105 oil refining center Montreal The Montreal Refinery is an oil refinery located in the city of Montreal inside the Rivi re des Prairies Pointe aux Trembles borough. The refinery is not far from the Montreal East Refinery . This refinery is the largest Suncor Energy refinery. See also List of oil facilities in Montreal Montreal East Refinery Category Oil refineries in Canada Category Rivi re des Prairies Pointe aux Trembles petroleum stub canada struct stub ... more details
. Some stereoisomers also differ in the way they rotate polarized light . IsomerisationIsomerisation ... molecules and under some conditions, isomerisation occurs spontaneously. Many isomers are equal or roughly ... the isomerisation occurs intramolecular ly it is considered a rearrangement reaction . An example of an organometallic chemistry organometallic isomerisation is the production of decaphenylferrocene, ... of straight and branched chain isomers then have to be separated. An industrial process is also the isomerisation of n butane into isobutane . Image N pentane isomerization.svg 500px Isomerisation of pentane ... s Fluxional molecule s display rapid interconversion of isomers e.g. Bullvalene . valence isomerisation the isomerisation of molecules which involve structural changes resulting only from a relocation ... is called isomerisation energy . Isomerisations with low energy difference both experimental and computational in parentheses are endothermic trans cis isomerisation of 2 butene with 2.6 1.2 Calorie ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA43 image RF00416.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of SNORA43 Symbol SNORA43 AltSymbols snoACA43 Rfam RF00416 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Small nuclear RNA snRNA Small nucleolar RNA snoRNA HACA box Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0006396 GO 0005730 SO SO 0000594 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData Small nucleolar RNA SNORA43 also known as ACA43 is a non coding RNA ncRNA molecule which functions in the biogenesis modification of other small nuclear RNA s snRNAs . This type of modifiying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a snoRNA small nucleolar RNA snoRNA and also often referred to as a guide RNA . ACA43 was originally cloned from HeLa cells ref name pmid15199136 cite journal author Kiss AM, Jady BE, Bertrand E, Kiss T title Human box H ACA pseudouridylation guide RNA machinery journal Mol. Cell. Biol. volume 24 issue 13 pages 5797 807 year 2004 pmid 15199136 doi 10.1128 MCB.24.13.5797 5807.2004 pmc 480876 ref and belongs to the SnoRNA H.2FACA box H ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin hinge hairpin tail structure, has the conserved H ACA box motifs and is found associated with Nucleolar protein, member A1 GAR1 protein . snoRNA ACA43 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U4938 of 28S ribosomal RNA rRNA . Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine . References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00416 name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA43 http www snorna.biotoul.fr plus.php?id ACA43 snoRNAbase entry for ACA43 Category Small nuclear RNA molecular cell biology stub Small nucleolar RNA SNORA ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA46 image RF00404.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of SNORA46 Symbol SNORA46 AltSymbols snoACA46 Rfam RF00404 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Small nuclear RNA snRNA Small nucleolar RNA snoRNA HACA box Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0006396 GO 0005730 SO SO 0000594 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData Small nucleolar RNA SNORA46 also known as ACA46 is a non coding RNA ncRNA molecule which functions in the biogenesis modification of other small nuclear RNA s snRNAs . This type of modifiying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a snoRNA small nucleolar RNA snoRNA and also often referred to as a guide RNA . ACA46 was originally cloned from HeLa cells ref name pmid15199136 cite journal author Kiss AM, Jady BE, Bertrand E, Kiss T title Human box H ACA pseudouridylation guide RNA machinery journal Mol. Cell. Biol. volume 24 issue 13 pages 5797 807 year 2004 pmid 15199136 doi 10.1128 MCB.24.13.5797 5807.2004 pmc 480876 ref and belongs to the SnoRNA H.2FACA box H ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin hinge hairpin tail structure, has the conserved H ACA box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA46 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U649 of 18S ribosomal RNA rRNA . Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine . References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00404 name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA46 http www snorna.biotoul.fr plus.php?id ACA46 snoRNAbase entry for ACA46 Category Small nuclear RNA molecular cell biology stub Small nucleolar RNA SNORA ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA50 image RF00407.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of SNORA50 Symbol SNORA50 AltSymbols snoACA50 Rfam RF00407 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Small nuclear RNA snRNA Small nucleolar RNA snoRNA HACA box Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0006396 GO 0005730 SO SO 0001263 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData Small nucleolar RNA SNORA50 also known as ACA50 is a non coding RNA ncRNA molecule which functions in the biogenesis modification of other small nuclear RNA s snRNAs . This type of modifiying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a snoRNA small nucleolar RNA snoRNA and also often referred to as a guide RNA . ACA50 was originally cloned from HeLa cells ref name pmid15199136 cite journal author Kiss AM, Jady BE, Bertrand E, Kiss T title Human box H ACA pseudouridylation guide RNA machinery journal Mol. Cell. Biol. volume 24 issue 13 pages 5797 807 year 2004 pmid 15199136 doi 10.1128 MCB.24.13.5797 5807.2004 pmc 480876 ref and belongs to the SnoRNA H.2FACA box H ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin hinge hairpin tail structure, has the conserved H ACA box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA50 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U34 and U105 of 18S ribosomal RNA rRNA . Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine . References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00407 name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA50 http www snorna.biotoul.fr plus.php?id ACA50 snoRNAbase entry for ACA50 Category Small nuclear RNA molecular cell biology stub Small nucleolar RNA SNORA ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA52 image RF00419.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of SNORA52 Symbol SNORA52 AltSymbols snoACA52 Rfam RF00419 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Small nuclear RNA snRNA Small nucleolar RNA snoRNA HACA box Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0006396 GO 0005730 SO SO 0000594 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData Small nucleolar RNA SNORA52 also known as ACA52 is a non coding RNA ncRNA molecule which functions in the biogenesis modification of other small nuclear RNA s snRNAs . This type of modifiying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a snoRNA small nucleolar RNA snoRNA and also often referred to as a guide RNA . ACA52 was originally cloned from HeLa cells ref name pmid15199136 cite journal author Kiss AM, Jady BE, Bertrand E, Kiss T title Human box H ACA pseudouridylation guide RNA machinery journal Mol. Cell. Biol. volume 24 issue 13 pages 5797 807 year 2004 pmid 15199136 doi 10.1128 MCB.24.13.5797 5807.2004 pmc 480876 ref and belongs to the SnoRNA H.2FACA box H ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin hinge hairpin tail structure, has the conserved H ACA box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA52 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U3823 of 28S ribosomal RNA rRNA . Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine . References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00419 name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA52 http www snorna.biotoul.fr plus.php?id ACA52 snoRNAbase entry for ACA52 Category Small nuclear RNA molecular cell biology stub Small nucleolar RNA SNORA ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA54 image RF00430.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of SNORA54 Symbol SNORA54 AltSymbols snoACA54 Rfam RF00430 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Small nuclear RNA snRNA Small nucleolar RNA snoRNA HACA box Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0006396 GO 0005730 SO SO 0000594 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData Small nucleolar RNA SNORA54 also known as ACA54 is a non coding RNA ncRNA molecule which functions in the biogenesis modification of other small nuclear RNA s snRNAs . This type of modifiying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a snoRNA small nucleolar RNA snoRNA and also often referred to as a guide RNA . ACA54 was originally cloned from HeLa cells ref name pmid15199136 cite journal author Kiss AM, Jady BE, Bertrand E, Kiss T title Human box H ACA pseudouridylation guide RNA machinery journal Mol. Cell. Biol. volume 24 issue 13 pages 5797 807 year 2004 pmid 15199136 doi 10.1128 MCB.24.13.5797 5807.2004 pmc 480876 ref and belongs to the SnoRNA H.2FACA box H ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin hinge hairpin tail structure, has the conserved H ACA box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA54 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U3801 of 28S ribosomal RNA rRNA . Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine . References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00430 name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA54 http www snorna.biotoul.fr plus.php?id ACA54 snoRNAbase entry for ACA54 Category Small nuclear RNA molecular cell biology stub Small nucleolar RNA SNORA ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA55 image RF00431.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of SNORA55 Symbol SNORA55 AltSymbols snoACA55 Rfam RF00431 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Small nuclear RNA snRNA Small nucleolar RNA snoRNA HACA box Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0006396 GO 0005730 SO SO 0000594 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData Small nucleolar RNA SNORA55 also known as ACA55 is a non coding RNA ncRNA molecule which functions in the biogenesis modification of other small nuclear RNA s snRNAs . This type of modifiying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a snoRNA small nucleolar RNA snoRNA and also often referred to as a guide RNA . ACA55 was originally cloned from HeLa cells ref name pmid15199136 cite journal author Kiss AM, Jady BE, Bertrand E, Kiss T title Human box H ACA pseudouridylation guide RNA machinery journal Mol. Cell. Biol. volume 24 issue 13 pages 5797 807 year 2004 pmid 15199136 doi 10.1128 MCB.24.13.5797 5807.2004 pmc 480876 ref and belongs to the SnoRNA H.2FACA box H ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin hinge hairpin tail structure, has the conserved H ACA box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA55 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U36 of 18S ribosomal RNA rRNA . Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine . References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00431 name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA55 http www snorna.biotoul.fr plus.php?id ACA55 snoRNAbase entry for ACA55 Category Small nuclear RNA molecular cell biology stub Small nucleolar RNA SNORA ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA56 image RF00417.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of SNORA56 Symbol SNORA56 AltSymbols snoACA56 Rfam RF00417 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Small nuclear RNA snRNA Small nucleolar RNA snoRNA HACA box Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0006396 GO 0005730 SO SO 0000594 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData Small nucleolar RNA SNORA56 also known as ACA56 is a non coding RNA ncRNA molecule which functions in the biogenesis modification of other small nuclear RNA s snRNAs . This type of modifiying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a snoRNA small nucleolar RNA snoRNA and also often referred to as a guide RNA . ACA56 was originally cloned from HeLa cells ref name pmid15199136 cite journal author Kiss AM, Jady BE, Bertrand E, Kiss T title Human box H ACA pseudouridylation guide RNA machinery journal Mol. Cell. Biol. volume 24 issue 13 pages 5797 807 year 2004 pmid 15199136 doi 10.1128 MCB.24.13.5797 5807.2004 pmc 480876 ref and belongs to the SnoRNA H.2FACA box H ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin hinge hairpin tail structure, has the conserved H ACA box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA56 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U1664 of 28S ribosomal RNA rRNA . Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine . References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00417 name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA56 http www snorna.biotoul.fr plus.php?id ACA56 snoRNAbase entry for ACA56 Category Small nuclear RNA molecular cell biology stub Small nucleolar RNA SNORA ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA57 image RF00191.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of SNORA57 Symbol SNORA57 AltSymbols U99 Rfam RF00191 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Small nuclear RNA snRNA Small nucleolar RNA snoRNA HACA box Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0006396 GO 0005730 SO SO 0000594 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData Small nucleolar RNA SNORA57 also known as U99 and MBI 64 is a non coding RNA ncRNA molecule which functions in the biogenesis modification of other small nuclear RNA s snRNAs . This type of modifiying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a snoRNA small nucleolar RNA snoRNA and also often referred to as a guide RNA . ACA57 was originally cloned from a mouse brain library ref name pmid11387227 cite journal author Huttenhofer A, Kiefmann M, Meier Ewert S, et al. title RNomics an experimental approach that identifies 201 candidates for novel, small, non messenger RNAs in mouse journal EMBO J. volume 20 issue 11 pages 2943 53 year 2001 pmid 11387227 doi 10.1093 emboj 20.11.2943 pmc 125495 ref and belongs to the SnoRNA H.2FACA box H ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin hinge hairpin tail structure, has the conserved H ACA box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA57 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U1004 of 18S ribosomal RNA rRNA . Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine . References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00191 name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA57 http www snorna.biotoul.fr plus.php?id U99 snoRNAbase entry for U99 Small nucleolar RNA SNORA Category Small nuclear RNA molecular cell biology stub ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA61 image RF00420.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of SNORA61 Symbol SNORA61 AltSymbols snoACA61 Rfam RF00420 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Small nuclear RNA snRNA Small nucleolar RNA snoRNA HACA box Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0006396 GO 0005730 SO SO 0000594 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData Small nucleolar RNA SNORA61 also known as ACA61 is a non coding RNA ncRNA molecule which functions in the biogenesis modification of other small nuclear RNA s snRNAs . This type of modifiying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a snoRNA small nucleolar RNA snoRNA and also often referred to as a guide RNA . ACA61 was originally cloned from HeLa cells ref name pmid15199136 cite journal author Kiss AM, Jady BE, Bertrand E, Kiss T title Human box H ACA pseudouridylation guide RNA machinery journal Mol. Cell. Biol. volume 24 issue 13 pages 5797 807 year 2004 pmid 15199136 doi 10.1128 MCB.24.13.5797 5807.2004 pmc 480876 ref and belongs to the SnoRNA H.2FACA box H ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin hinge hairpin tail structure, has the conserved H ACA box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA61 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U2495 of 28S ribosomal RNA rRNA . Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine . References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00420 name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA61 http www snorna.biotoul.fr plus.php?id ACA61 snoRNAbase entry for ACA61 Category Small nuclear RNA molecular cell biology stub Small nucleolar RNA SNORA ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA66 image RF00155.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of SNORA66 Symbol SNORA66 AltSymbols U66 Rfam RF00155 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Small nuclear RNA snRNA Small nucleolar RNA snoRNA HACA box Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0006396 GO 0005730 SO SO 0000594 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData SNORA66 also known as U66 is a non coding RNA ncRNA molecule which functions in the biogenesis modification of other small nuclear RNA s snRNAs . This type of modifiying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a snoRNA small nucleolar RNA snoRNA and also often referred to as a guide RNA . U66 was originally cloned from HeLa cells ref name pmid9106664 cite journal author Ganot P, Caizergues Ferrer M, Kiss T title The family of box ACA small nucleolar RNAs is defined by an evolutionarily conserved secondary structure and ubiquitous sequence elements essential for RNA accumulation journal Genes Dev. volume 11 issue 7 pages 941 56 year 1997 pmid 9106664 doi 10.1101 gad.11.7.941 ref and belongs to the SnoRNA H.2FACA box H ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin hinge hairpin tail structure, has the conserved H ACA box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. U66 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U119 of 18S ribosomal RNA rRNA . Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine . References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00155 name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA66 http www snorna.biotoul.fr plus.php?id U66 snoRNAbase entry for U66 Category Small nuclear RNA molecular cell biology stub Small nucleolar RNA SNORA ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA68 image RF00263.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of SNORA68 Symbol SNORA68 AltSymbols U68 Rfam RF00263 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Small nuclear RNA snRNA Small nucleolar RNA snoRNA HACA box Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0006396 GO 0005730 SO SO 0000594 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData Small nucleolar RNA SNORA68 also known as U68 is a non coding RNA ncRNA molecule which functions in the biogenesis modification of other small nuclear RNA s snRNAs . This type of modifiying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a snoRNA small nucleolar RNA snoRNA and also often referred to as a guide RNA . ACA68 was originally cloned from HeLa cells ref name pmid9106664 cite journal author Ganot P, Caizergues Ferrer M, Kiss T title The family of box ACA small nucleolar RNAs is defined by an evolutionarily conserved secondary structure and ubiquitous sequence elements essential for RNA accumulation journal Genes Dev. volume 11 issue 7 pages 941 56 year 1997 pmid 9106664 doi 10.1101 gad.11.7.941 ref and belongs to the SnoRNA H.2FACA box H ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin hinge hairpin tail structure, has the conserved H ACA box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA68 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U4393 of 28S ribosomal RNA rRNA . Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine . References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00263 name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA68 http www snorna.biotoul.fr plus.php?id U68 snoRNAbase entry for U68 Category Small nuclear RNA molecular cell biology stub Small nucleolar RNA SNORA ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA69 image RF00265.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of SNORA69 Symbol SNORA69 AltSymbols U69 Rfam RF00265 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Small nuclear RNA snRNA Small nucleolar RNA snoRNA HACA box Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0006396 GO 0005730 SO SO 0000594 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData Small nucleolar RNA SNORA69 also known as U69 is a non coding RNA ncRNA molecule which functions in the biogenesis modification of other small nuclear RNA s snRNAs . This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a snoRNA small nucleolar RNA snoRNA and also often referred to as a guide RNA . ACA69 was originally cloned from HeLa cells ref name pmid9106664 cite journal author Ganot P, Caizergues Ferrer M, Kiss T title The family of box ACA small nucleolar RNAs is defined by an evolutionarily conserved secondary structure and ubiquitous sequence elements essential for RNA accumulation journal Genes Dev. volume 11 issue 7 pages 941 56 year 1997 pmid 9106664 doi 10.1101 gad.11.7.941 ref and belongs to the SnoRNA H.2FACA box H ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin hinge hairpin tail structure, has the conserved H ACA box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA69 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U36 of 18S and U69 of 5.8S ribosomal RNA rRNA . Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine . References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00265 name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA69 http www snorna.biotoul.fr plus.php?id U69 snoRNAbase entry for U69 Category Small nuclear RNA molecular cell biology stub Small nucleolar RNA SNORA ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA72 image RF00139.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of SNORA72 Symbol SNORA72 AltSymbols U72 Rfam RF00139 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Small nuclear RNA snRNA Small nucleolar RNA snoRNA HACA box Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0006396 GO 0005730 SO SO 0000594 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData Small nucleolar RNA SNORA72 also known as U72 is a non coding RNA ncRNA molecule which functions in the biogenesis modification of other small nuclear RNA s snRNAs . This type of modifiying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a snoRNA small nucleolar RNA snoRNA and also often referred to as a guide RNA . ACA30 was originally cloned from HeLa cells ref name pmid9106664 cite journal author Ganot P, Caizergues Ferrer M, Kiss T title The family of box ACA small nucleolar RNAs is defined by an evolutionarily conserved secondary structure and ubiquitous sequence elements essential for RNA accumulation journal Genes Dev. volume 11 issue 7 pages 941 56 year 1997 pmid 9106664 doi 10.1101 gad.11.7.941 ref and belongs to the SnoRNA H.2FACA box H ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin hinge hairpin tail structure, has the conserved H ACA box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA72 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U55 of 5.8S ribosomal RNA rRNA . Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine . References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00139 name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA72 http www snorna.biotoul.fr plus.php?id U72 snoRNAbase entry for U72 Category Small nuclear RNA molecular cell biology stub Small nucleolar RNA SNORA ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA70 image RF00156.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of SNORA70 Symbol SNORA70 AltSymbols U70 Rfam RF00156 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Small nuclear RNA snRNA Small nucleolar RNA snoRNA HACA box Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0006396 GO 0005730 SO SO 0000594 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData Small nucleolar RNA SNORA70 also known as U70 is a non coding RNA ncRNA molecule which functions in the biogenesis modification of other small nuclear RNA s snRNAs . This type of modifiying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a snoRNA small nucleolar RNA snoRNA and also often referred to as a guide RNA . ACA70 was originally cloned from HeLa cells ref name pmid9106664 cite journal author Ganot P, Caizergues Ferrer M, Kiss T title The family of box ACA small nucleolar RNAs is defined by an evolutionarily conserved secondary structure and ubiquitous sequence elements essential for RNA accumulation journal Genes Dev. volume 11 issue 7 pages 941 56 year 1997 pmid 9106664 doi 10.1101 gad.11.7.941 issn ref and belongs to the SnoRNA H.2FACA box H ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin hinge hairpin tail structure, has the conserved H ACA box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA70 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U1692 of 18S ribosomal RNA rRNA . Pseudouridylation is the isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine to the different isomeric form pseudouridine . References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00156 name Small nucleolar RNA SNORA70 http www snorna.biotoul.fr plus.php?id U70 snoRNAbase entry for U70 Category Small nuclear RNA molecular cell biology stub Small nucleolar RNA SNORA ... more details
The Zawiya Refinery is an oil refinery located in Zawiya, Libya Zawiya , Libya , which is about convert 40 km mi 0 west of Tripoli . The refinery was opened in 1974 and it currently produces an estimated convert 120000 oilbbl m3 of oil products per day bpd . It is a topping and reforming refinery having a distillation capacity of 6,000 tonnes per annum. The refinery is operated by the Zawia Oil Refining Company , a subsidiary of the National Oil Corporation . ref http pages.ghattour.com index.asp?documentid 17 Mohamed Ghattours & Company 2005 ref NOC is expected to re tender an engineering, procurement and construction contract for upgrading the Zawia refinery. ref Libya Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal . Energy Information Administration EIA July 24, 2007 ref Refinery Expansion and Rehabilitation 2006 This project is aimed at increasing the capacity of the refinery from convert 120000 oilbbl d m3 d abbr on by 24 percent, which will involve the installation of a new continuous catalytic reformer CCR unit, naphtha and gas oil hydrotreaters and an isomerisation unit, as well as the installation of pneumatic control units and a supervisory control & data acquisition SCADA system. The project is being financed by the Libyan government. ref Intsok http www.intsok.no upload docs INTSOK Onshore Market Report.pdf Onshore Market Report 2006 ref A UK based company called Warefield Engineering Support Limited with URL www.warefield.co.uk is one of the major supplier to this company. Notes div class references small style moz column count 2 column count 2 references div External links coord missing Libya Category Oil refineries in Libya Category Zawiya, Libya ar tr Az Zaviye ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 399326552 Reference ref http www.chemicalland21.com specialtychem finechem 3 4 METHYLBENZYLIDEN CAMPHOR.htm 3 4 METHYLBENZYLIDEN CAMPHOR at chemicalland21.com ref ImageFile 4 Methylbenzylidene camphor.svg ImageSize 200px IUPACName 3 E 1,7,7 Trimethyl 3 4 methylphenyl methylene 2 norbornanone OtherNames 3 4 Methylbenzylidene bornan 2 one br 3 4 Methylbenzylidene dl camphor Section1 Chembox Identifiers Abbreviations 4 MBC InChI 1 C18H22O c1 12 5 7 13 8 6 12 11 14 15 9 10 18 4,16 14 19 17 15,2 3 h5 8,11,15H,9 10H2,1 4H3 b14 11 InChIKey HEOCBCNFKCOKBX SDNWHVSQBW StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C18H22O c1 12 5 7 13 8 6 12 11 14 15 9 10 18 4,16 14 19 17 15,2 3 h5 8,11,15H,9 10H2,1 4H3 b14 11 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey HEOCBCNFKCOKBX SDNWHVSQSA N CASNo 36861 47 9 EINECS 253 242 6 PubChem 6434217 SMILES O C2 C C c1ccc cc1 C C3CCC2 C C3 C C ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 4939160 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 18 sub H sub 22 sub O MolarMass 254.37 g mol Appearance White crystalline powder Density MeltingPt 66 69 C BoilingPt Solubility Insoluble Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards Xi FlashPt Autoignition RPhrases R36 37 38 R50 R53 SPhrases S26 S37 39 S61 4 Methylbenzylidene camphor 4 MBC is an organic camphor derivative that is used in the Cosmetics cosmetic industry for its ability to protect the skin against UV , specifically UV B radiation. As such it is used in sunscreen lotion s and other skincare products claiming a SPF value. Its tradenames include Eusolex 6300 Merck & Co. Merck and Parsol 5000 DSM company DSM . Mechanism All the camphor sunscreens are supposed to dissipate the photon energy by Cis trans isomerism cis trans isomerisation . But for 4 MBC the quantum yield for this isomerisation is reported to be only between 0.13 0.3. This low quantum yield means that other photochemical processes are occurring. ref Sun Protection in Man . Chapter ... more details
The Kornblum DeLaMare rearrangement is a rearrangement reaction in organic chemistry in which a primary or secondary organic peroxide is converted to the corresponding ketone and alcohol under base catalysis . The reaction is relevant as a tool in organic synthesis and is a key step in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins . ref The base catalyzed decomposition of a dialkyl peroxide Nathan Kornblum and Harold E. DeLaMare J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951 73 2 pp 880 881 DOI 10.1021 ja01146a542 ref Image KornblumDeLaMareRearrangement.png 400px Kornblum DeLaMare rearrangement overview The base can be an hydroxide such as potassium hydroxide or an amine such as triethylamine . Reaction mechanism In the reaction mechanism for this organic reaction the base abstracts the acidic proton of the peroxide 1 to form the carbanion 4 as a reactive intermediate which rearranges to the ketone 2 with expulsion of the hydroxyl anion 3 . This intermediate gains a proton forming the alcohol 3 . Image KornblumDeLaMarerearrangementMechanism.png 400px Kornblum DeLaMare rearrangement Mechanism Deprotonation and rearrangement can also be a concerted reaction without formation of 4 . An alternative reaction mechanism involving direct nucleophilic displacement on the peroxide link of the amine followed by an elimination reaction is considered unlikely based on the outcome of this model reaction ref The mechanism of the tertiary amine catalysed isomerisation of endoperoxides to hydroxyketones synthesis and chemistry of the intermediate postulated in the peroxide attack mechanism David R. Kelly, Harjinder Bansal and J. J. Gwynfor Morgan Tetrahedron Letters Volume 43, Issue 51 , 16 December 2002 , Pages 9331 9333 doi 10.1016 S0040 4039 02 02374 2 ref Image KornblumDeLaMarerearrangementMechII.png 300px Kornblum DeLaMare rearrangement alternative mechanism The peroxide 1 converts to the hydroxyketone 2 by action of triethylamine but the alternative route through hydroxylamine 3 by nucleophilic displacement w ... more details
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