Globalize date December 2010 File JMR Memphis1.jpg thumb 200px right Lady Justice Justitia , symbol of the judiciary ref Hamilton, Marci. http books.google.com books?id Ox4 vqFCjcEC&pg PA296&dq 22lady justice 22 symbol&lr &as brr 3&ei uXb8Se IC4GuyATlm5SPBg God vs. the Gavel , page 296 Cambridge University Press 2005 The symbol of the judicial system, seen in courtrooms throughout the United States, is blindfolded Lady Justice. ref ref Fabri, Marco. http books.google.com books?id AwwH0F8iC9QC&pg PA137&dq 22lady justice 22 symbol&lr &as brr 3&ei uXb8Se IC4GuyATlm5SPBg The challenge of change for judicial systems , page 137 IOS Press 2000 the judicial system is intended to be apolitical, its symbol being that of a blindfolded Lady Justice holding balanced scales. ref statue at Shelby County Courthouse, Memphis, TN, United States The judiciary also known as the judicial system is the system of court s that interprets and applies the law in the name of the State polity state . The judiciary also provides a mechanism for the dispute resolution resolution of disputes . Under the doctrine of the separation of powers , the judiciary generally does not make law that is, in a plenary fashion ... the judiciary became active in economic issues related with economic rights established by constitution ... Blackwell, UK, 2010. ref Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost ... a critical financial dependence of the judiciary. The proper national wealth distribution including the government spending on the judiciary is subject of the constitutional economics . It is important to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary the state through ... judiciary is also used to refer collectively to the personnel, such as judge s, magistrate s and other adjudicators, who form the core of a judiciary sometimes referred to as a bench law bench , as well ... qu Kamay paqtachi atiy ru si simple Judiciary sr fi Oikeuslaitos ... more details
Committee on the Judiciary may mean United States House Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary disambig ... more details
Judiciary Committee may refer to United States House Committee on the Judiciary , a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary , a standing committee of the United States Senate, of the United States Congress disambiguation ... more details
The title Judiciary Act may refer to any of several statute s relating to the organization of national court systems Australia Judiciary Act 1903 United States Judiciary Act of 1789 , established the federal judiciary. Judiciary Act of 1801 , also called the Midnight Judges Act . Judiciary Act of 1802 , repealed the 1801 Act. Judiciary Act of 1866 may refer to two different laws. Ch. 210, USStat 14 209 July 23, 1866 is more commonly called the Judicial Circuits Act Ch. 288, USStat 14 306 July 27, 1866 provided for the removal of certain cases from state courts to the federal courts. Judiciary Act of 1867 , USStat 14 385 Feb. 5, 1867 , amended sec. 25 of the Act of 1789 regarding Supreme Court review of state court rulings Judiciary Act of 1869 , also called the Circuit Judges Act of 1869 Judiciary Act of 1891 , also called the Evarts Act or the Circuit Courts of Appeals Act . Judiciary Act of 1925 , also called the Certiorari Act or the Judges Bill . References cite web url http wyomcases.courts.state.wy.us applications oscn DeliverDocument.asp?citeID 124523 title Barnett v. Mayes work Wyoming State Law Library accessdate June 2, 2005 an example of a legal document referring to 14 Stat. 306 as the Judiciary Act of 1866 cite web url http www.archives.gov publications prologue 1975 fall civil war courts.html title The Civil War Era as a Crucible for Nationalizing the Lower Federal Courts work Prologue Quarterly of the National Archives and Records Administration accessdate June 2, 2005 footnote 23 refers to USStat 14 209 as the Judiciary Act of 1866 disambig Category United States federal judiciary legislation ... more details
The Judiciary of Macau is responsible for the administration of justice in Macau. It hears all prosecutions and civil disputes, including disputes between individuals and the government. It is fundamental to Macau s Legal system of Macau legal system that members of the judiciary are independent of the executive and legislative branches of the Government of Macau government . The courts of law in Macau comprise the Court of Final Appeal Macau Court of Final Appeal and 11 other courts. The President of the Court of Final Appeal of the Macau Special Administrative Region is head of the judiciary. A bilingual court system in which Chinese language Chinese , Portuguese language Portuguese or both can be used was put in place, in accordance with the requirement of the Macau Basic Law Basic Law . List of courts of Macau Court of Final Appeal Macau or Tribunal de Ultima Instancia the highest court in Macau. The court consists of 3 judges, one is the President. Judiciary Council of Macao Conselho dos Magistrados Judiciais Higher Court of Justice Court of First Instance Court of First Instance Tribunais de Primeira Instancia Court of General Competence Administrative Court Tribunal Administrativo Criminal Preliminary Hearing Court Juizos de Instrucao Cruminal Audit Court Tribunal Judicial de Base Judiciary Council of Macau Tribunal Judicial de Base Court of Second Instance or Court of Appeal Tribunal de Segunda Instancia Each court is headed by a chief judge or President. Appointment of Judges Judges of Macau are appointed by the Chief Executive of Macau with recommendation of an independent commission composed of local judges, lawyers and eminent persons. Most judges are local Macanese, but foreign judges maybe appointed. Judiciary Dress Judges in Macau wear a simple dark gray off black robe with a dark sash. Some judges have colour cuffs and waist bands yellow, red and teal . Suits are worn underneath. It is similar to those worn by Portuguese people Portuguese judges. Judiciary ... more details
At the apex of the judiciary of Vietnam is the Supreme People s Court of Vietnam SPC , which is the highest court for appeal and judicial review review . The SPC reports to the National Assembly of Vietnam , which controls the judiciary s budget and confirms the president s nominees to the SPC and Supreme People s Procuracy of Vietnam . The Supreme People s Procuracy issues arrest warrants, sometimes retroactively. Below the SPC are district and provincial people s courts, military tribunals, and administrative, economic, and labor courts. The people s courts are the courts of first instance. The Ministry of Defense MOD has military tribunals, which have the same rules as civil courts. Military judges and assessors are selected by the MOD and SPC, but the SPC has supervisory responsibility. Although the constitution provides for independent judges and lay assessors who lack administrative training , the U.S. Department of State maintains that Vietnam lacks an independent judiciary, in part because the Vietnamese Communist Party VCP selects judges and vets them for political reliability. Moreover, the party seeks to influence the outcome of cases involving perceived threats to the state or the party s dominant position. In an effort to increase judicial independence, the government transferred local courts from the Ministry of Justice to the SPC in September 2002. However, the Department of State saw no evidence that the move actually achieved the stated goal. Vietnam s judiciary also is hampered by a shortage of lawyers and rudimentary trial procedures. The death penalty often is imposed in cases of corruption and drug trafficking . References loc Asia in topic Judiciary of Category Vietnamese court system Category Vietnamese law Category Judiciaries Vietnam ... more details
Politics of Somalia The Judiciary of Somalia as defined by the Transitional Federal Charter TFC began its formative stages in early 2007 with the swearing in of the first jurists recognized by the Transitional Federal Government TFG . Chapter 2 of the Charter defines Islam as the national religion and sharia law as the basis of national legislation Article 8 . Chapter 9 of the Charter defines the scope and powers of the federal judiciary. The new court system consists of The Transitional Supreme Court seated at Mogadishu The Transitional Appeals Court Other Courts established by law As well, a Judicial Service Council is to direct policy and administration of the judiciary, composed of the President of the Supreme Court, the Attorney General, three Judges elected from the Supreme Court, and four lawyers selected from private practice. Judges and the Attorney General would be appointed by the President. The Judicial Service Council can advise the President on matters of judicial appointment. The Council of Ministers can advise the President on the appointment of Attorney General. Until its broader adoption, many de facto decisions were or still are made by local tribal meetings, or, up to the end of 2006, by the sharia courts organized by the Islamic Courts Union . Establishing the new judiciary On January 4, 2007, Somali Prime Minister Ali Mohammed Ghedi attended the swearing in of the first court judges and commissioners of Banadir district recognized by the TFG. ref name SOMALIA JUDGES SWORN IN THE CAPITAL cite news title Somalia Judges sworn in the capital url http somalinet.com news world Somalia 6446 publisher SomaliNet date 2007 01 04 accessdate 2007 01 15 ref History Beginning with the early period of independence, 1960 1962 to the fall of Siad Barre in 1991 , the Somali judiciary was organized into a four tier system, with judges selected by a Higher Judicial Council ... Judiciary of DEFAULTSORT Judiciary Of Somalia Category Judiciaries Somalia Category Politics ... more details
The Judiciary of Morocco is an independent branch of the Category Government of Morocco Moroccan government , subject only to the Constitution of Morocco Moroccan Constitution . Structure The Moroccan court structure consists of Communal and District Court s Administrative Tribunal s First Instance Court s Court of Appeal Courts of Appeal Supreme Court Special Court of Justice High Court of Morocco High Court Trade Court s The Standing Tribunal of the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces Royal Armed Forces Agreements with other judiciaries In June 2006, Morocco and Argentina signed a bilateral agreement on judicial cooperation. See also Moroccan Dahir References http www.mincom.gov.ma english generalities state st court st.html The website of the ministry of Communications Africa in topic Judiciary of Morocco stub Politics stub Law stub Category Government of Morocco Category Moroccan law Category Politics of Morocco Category Judiciaries Morocco ar ... more details
Politics of Poland Judiciary of Poland is a responsibility, as defined by the constitution of Poland , of a four tier court system the Supreme Court of Poland , the common court s, administrative court s including the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland and military court s. Therefore tribunal s such as the Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland Constitutional Tribunal and State Tribunal of the Republic of Poland State Tribunal are, in a strict definition, not part of Polish judiciary, but in a broad definition, they are included in it. The common courts, divided into appellate court s, district court s and regional court s, have the competency in criminal, civil, economic, labor and family law. Court judges in Poland are nominated by the Krajowa Rada S downictwa National Judicial Council, National Court Council and are appointed for life by the president of Poland . Prosecution in Poland is formed by the Public Prosecutor General , the National Public Prosecutor s Office , regional, district and appellate prosecutions, military prosecutors, and the prosecutors of the Institute of National Remembrance . See also Law in Poland Law enforcement in Poland Judiciaries of Europe Category Judicial system of Poland Poland stub Europe law stub pl Wymiar sprawiedliwo ci w Polsce ... more details
expert subject date May 2011 PoliticsES The Judiciary of Spain consists of Court s and Tribunal s, composed of judge s and magistrates Justices , who have the power to administer justice in the name of the King ... , which is based on precedent court rulings. Operation of the Spanish judiciary is regulated by Organic Law 6 1985 of the Judiciary Power, Law 1 2000 of Civil Judgement, Law of September 14 1882 ... necessary for the correct functioning of the judiciary Impartiality to guarantee the assured effective ... are. Court organization The judiciary can be organised into different levels of territorial organisation ... district, which is the basic unit of the judiciary, covers one or several municipalities, and is served by at least one first instance and inquiry court The judiciary can be also organised into five ... Court The Supreme Court of Spain is the highest judiciary body in Spain. Composed of five halls, it covers ... Court of Spain Constitutional Court is usually not considered part of the judiciary, but as an independent ... this, its functionality and activities are usually similar to those of the rest of the judiciary. ref Moreno Catena, Victor et al. ref Officers of the court Judges and magistrates The Spanish Judiciary is a professional judiciary whose members are public servants divided into the three categories ... LOPJ ref Entrance to the judiciary is limited to Spanish nationals who hold a Bachelors Degree in Legal .... ref Art 301 LOPJ ref Selected applicants enter the Judiciary School where they take mandatory ... LOPJ ref Justices of the peace do not belong to the judiciary and are local people elected by the town ... public meetings or rallies in their role as members of the judiciary. ref art. 395 LOPJ ref Governance Governance of the Spanish Judiciary is assigned to the General Council of the Judicial Power of Spain General Council of the Judiciary . This constitutional body, although not a court in itself, is responsible ... Judiciary of Spain webpage Judiciaries of Europe DEFAULTSORT Judiciary Of Spain Category ... more details
essay like date October 2008 Refimprove date March 2011 The Judiciary in the Maldives has been a systematic ... http www.haveeru.com.mv english details 34946 ICJ report reveals Maldives judiciary still not completely independent, ICJ report reveals Maldives judiciary still not completely independent, DATE ... that the judges did not meddle with other political affairs of the state.9 This fact does not mean that the judiciary ... special officials who were responsible for implementing the judgments of them. The judiciary ... the judiciary, therefore, underwent a radical change, with a completely alien system of law being introduced ... writer who has given considerable accounts of the Maldivian judiciary came to the country in 1602 ... comprehensive description of the hierarchy of the Maldivian judiciary during the time of Pyrard ... ibs and other officials who implemented the judgments of the judiciary. Pyrard also speaks about the procedure ... they were taken not just as administrators of justice but also as religious Imams. The judiciary ... is not the ultimate authority in the judiciary. The king always had the final say in all disputes ..., who was the head of the executive was always the head of the judiciary in no time in the history of the Maldives was the judiciary an independent institution of the state. Although the judiciary was a specialized ... element of a judiciary, one may question on this matter. However, since the palace of the King and the private residence of the Judges and Naa ibs were used as places where the judiciary came into operation ..., the Cabinet of Ministers, the Legislature, and the Peoples Majlis. Notably, the judiciary is not included ... constitution brought no changes to the system whatsoever. Yet, the judiciary was under the direct ... the judiciary. Therefore, it may be said that the judiciary was independent from other ... on the judicial system. It did not give the judiciary the status of a separate organ, and provided ... of Ministers, and the Peoples Majilis. Here again the judiciary was not considered as a separate ... more details
Politics of Brazil The Judiciary of Brazil is the Judiciary branch of the Brazilian government . The structure and the division of jurisdiction of the ramifications of the Brazilian Judiciary is defined in the Brazilian Constitution . The Courts system overview The system is divided primarily in the ordinary courts Justi a comum and the specialized courts Justi a especializada . The specialized courts are kept entirely by the Federal Government and are divided in three ramifications the Military courts, the Labor courts and the Electoral courts. The ordinary courts are divided between the Federal and the State s judiciaries. The Judiciary of the Brazilian Federal District has the same Subject matter jurisdiction of the ordinary state level judiciary over that special territory, but is kept and organized by the Federal Government. Municipalities hold no judicial powers. The system is still composed by two special central Courts that do not fit any of the mentioned ramifications of the Judiciary The Supreme Federal Court Brazil Supreme Federal Court and the Superior Court of Justice Brazil Superior Court of Justice . Both have headquarters in Bras lia . Supreme Federal Court Image Brazilian Supreme Federal Tribunal.jpg thumb Supreme Federal Court of Brazil. The Supreme Federal Court Supremo Tribunal Federal is the highest Brazilian Judiciary. Its main responsibility is to serve as the ultimate guardian of Brazilian Constitution, with the roles of a constitutional court . The most common tool of that Court is the Extraordinary Appeal Recurso Extraordin rio , granted when judgements of second instance courts violate the Constitution. The Supreme court also holds the power to analyze ..., have the objective to exercise administrative control over the Judiciary except the Supreme ... judiciary roles. It includes organizing, executing and controlling all official political elections ... of Regional and Superior courts, Ordinary courts State level judiciary Image Recife ... more details
the authority of the judiciary in violation of the judicial code and forced him to resign from the Council ... judiciary in Russia. ref http www.sobesednik.ru politics kononov sb 41 09 ref Kononov ... to Retire Amid Kremlin Row ref See also Constitution Judiciary Judicial review Judicial reform Separation ... dwn database Mission Report FINAL ENG.pdf The state of the judiciary in Russia http icj.org default.asp ... more details
of Egypt. During the Ottoman era, the judiciary power was undertaken by one person known as the Chief ... of various bodies of civil judiciary in the country. Criminal Code Egypt based its criminal codes and court ... According to the Egyptian judiciary law, there are seven courts of appeal in Egypt in Cairo, Alexandria ... to provide a specialized judiciary tool that would take cognizance of such cases in an atmosphere ... has relinquished his right to do so. Administrative judiciary This judiciary has the jurisdiction to decide ... a dual system of judiciary, i.e. the ordinary and administrative judiciary. Africa topic Judiciary of Category ... more details
Cleanup date June 2010 Refimprove date June 2010 CourtsIndia The Indian Judiciary is partly a continuation ... of India is the supreme legal document of the country. There are various levels of judiciary ... and civil cases, including disputes between individuals and the government. The Indian judiciary ... philosophy was tolerance and pluralism. The Judiciary, the Executive, and the Legislature were ... comprise a functioning independent judiciary ref name Governance in India cite web url ... in India publisher worldbank.org accessdate January 21, 2012 ref A functioning judiciary is the guarantor ... far short of this ideal. Corruption in the judiciary goes beyond the bribing of judges. Court personnel ... subject to pressure from above, with legislators or the executive using their power to influence the judiciary ... in the system. On January 12, 2012, a Supreme Court bench said that people s faith in judiciary ... in trial courts, Unwillingness of lawyers to become judges, Failure of the apex judiciary ... saying It is my firm belief that there is a lot of corruption in judiciary. I am saying the same thing ... to jail. The judiciary cannot be cleansed unless the matter is brought into the public domain . ref ... against judiciary title Shanti Bhushan makes news again work Bar & Bench date Nov 11, 2010 accessdate ... judiciary He cited the case of Justice M. M. Punchhi , whose impeachment had been sought by the campaign ... to higher judiciary Ex CJI Verma cite news url http articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com 2011 06 27 india 29708763 1 higher judiciary js verma cji title Wrong people sometimes elevated to higher judiciary ... 2011, a former Supreme Court Justice Ruma Pal slammed the higher judiciary for what she called the seven ... wherein the higher judiciary has claimed crass superiority and independence to mask their own indiscipline .... li ref name Former Indian Supreme Court Justice Examines Corruption in the Judiciary cite news url http www.fairobserver.com article former indian supreme court justice examines corruption judiciary ... more details
Politics of Ghana The Judiciary of Ghana comprises the Superior Courts of Judicature, established under the 1992 Constitution, and the Inferior Courts, established by Parliament. The hierarchy of courts derives largely from British juridical forms. The courts have jurisdiction over all civil and criminal matters. Superior Courts of Judicature The Superior Courts are, from highest to lowest, the Supreme Court of Ghana , the Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice, and the ten Regional Tribunals, ref name criminal court system cite web url http www.acclawyers.org resources ghana title Ghanaian criminal court system publisher Association of Commonwealth Criminal Lawyers date accessdate 2011 01 28 ref with one for each Regions of Ghana region . Inferior Courts The Inferior Courts, since the Courts Act 2002, include the Circuit Courts, the Magistrate Courts, and special courts such as the Juvenile Courts. ref name criminal court system Traditional Courts Ghana s traditional courts deal only with matters related to Chieftancy. These are the Judicial Committees of the National House of Chiefs, the Regional Houses of Chiefs, and the traditional councils, as regulated by the Chieftancy Act of 1971 Act 370 . ref name OSI AfriMap cite book url http www.afrimap.org english images report AfriMAP Ghana Justice.pdf title Ghana Justice Sector and the Rule of Law page 37 format PDF isbn 978 1 920051 72 3 publisher Open Society Initiative for West Africa year 2007 accessdate 2011 01 28 ref The traditional courts enjoy a final appeal to the Supreme Court of Ghana Supreme Court . See also Supreme Court of Ghana Politics of Ghana References reflist External links http www.judicial.gov.gh Official Website of the Judicial Service of Ghana Ghana topics Africa in topic Judiciary of Category Judiciaries Ghana Category Government of Ghana law stub ghana stub ... more details
original research date May 2011 unreferenced date May 2011 File Judiciary of Italy.jpg thumb 500px Italian Court system In Italy , judges are public official s and, since they exercise one of the sovereign powers of the State, only Italian citizens are eligible for judgeship. Italy s independent judiciary enjoys special constitutional protection from the executive branch. Once appointed, judges serve for life and cannot be removed without specific disciplinary proceedings conducted in due process before the Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura . The Ministry of Justice Italy Ministry of Justice handles the administration of courts and judiciary, including paying salaries or constructing new courthouses. The Ministry of Justice and that of the Infrastructures fund and the Ministry of Justice and that of the Interiors administer the prison system. Lastly, the Ministry of Justice receives and processes applications for presidential pardon s and proposes legislation dealing with matters of civil or criminal justice. The structure of the Italian judiciary is divided into three tiers Inferior courts of original and general jurisdiction Intermediate appellate courts which hear cases on appeal from lower courts Courts of last resort which hear appeals from lower appellate courts on the interpretation of law. Politics of Italy Glossary of key terms Note There exist significant problems with applying non Italian terminology and concepts related to law and justice to the Italian justice system. For that reason, some of the words used in the rest of the article shall be defined. Appello appeal for almost all courts in Italy except very minor cases , it is possible to appeal the ruling ... Judges Giudici and prosecutors Pubblici Ministeri the Magistratura, or judiciary , is a collective .... Magistratura ordinaria judicial courts, judicial stream , literally ordinary judiciary courts of this order ... DEFAULTSORT Judiciary Of Italy Category Government of Italy Category Judiciary of Italy ar ... more details
The judiciary in Slovenia is one of the three Constitution of Slovenia constitutional branches of government and is independent of the other two. Judges enjoy a permanent mandate and are appointed by the National Assembly Slovenia National Assembly lang sl Dr avni zbor after they have been nominated by the Judicial Council Slovenia Judicial Council lang sl Sodni svet , which itself is not part of the judicial branch of the government. All lawyers practicing before the courts must have passed a special state examination after they have finished their legal studies and completed a training period at a court or a practicing advocate. Judges are usually not chosen from practicing lawyers but rather they follow a training at a court as one of the judicial officials. The judicial system comprises several types of court s and is hierarchically divided in three instances. On the first instance, the ordinary courts are divided into Civil law area civil and criminal law criminal courts and are further divided upon the importance of cases before them into 44 Okrajna local courts for minor offences and small civil cases and 11 Okro na district courts for all other cases courts. There exist also specialised labour, social security and administrative courts. On the second instance, there are four appellate court appellate courts Vi ja sodi a located in Celje , Koper , Ljubljana and Maribor and a specialised appellate court for labour and social security located in Ljubljana. These courts hear appeals against first instance decisions concerning law and facts. The supreme court highest court is the Supreme Court Slovenia Supreme Court of the Republic of Slovenia lang sl Vrhovno sodi e Republike Slovenije , which is responsible for the uniform jurisprudence and thus normally only hear appeals concerning the proper application of law. The Constitutional Court of Slovenia is separated from the regular judiciary system. Slovenia topics Judiciaries of Europe Slovenia stub Category Government ... more details
Politics of Bahrain The Judiciary of Bahrain is the court system of Bahrain . It is divided in to two branches the Civil Law Courts and the Shari a Law Courts. The Civil Law Courts deal with all commercial, civil, and criminal cases, as well disputes related to the personal status of non Muslims. The Shari a Law Courts have jurisdiction over all issues related to the personal status of Muslims. ref name POGAR cite web last first authorlink coauthors title Country Theme Judiciary Bahrain work publisher United Nations Development Program UNDP Programme on Governance in the Arab Region year url http www.undp pogar.org countries theme.aspx?cid 2&t 9 format doi accessdate 2011 010 02 ref Judges of the middle and lower courts are nominated by the Ministry of Justice and appointed by decree by the Prime Minister of Bahrain prime minister . The Supreme Judicial Council, chaired by the King of Bahrain King , appoints the members of the Constitutional Court. ref name POGAR Many of the high ranking judges in Bahrain are either members of the Al Khalifa ruling family or non Bahrainis mainly Egyptians with 2 year renewable contracts. To secure renewal of these contracts, judges may be prone to consider it necessary to take decisions not unfavourable to the wishes or interests of the Government. ref cite news title Attacks on Justice 2002 Bahrain url http www.icj.org download database pdf bahrain.pdf newspaper International Commission of Jurists date 22 August 2003 ref Court of Cassation The Court of Cassation was established in 1989 as a supreme court of appeal. It serves as the final court of appeal for all civil, commercial, and criminal matters. ref name POGAR The judges for the court are appointed and removed by King of Bahrain royal decree . ref cite news title Legislative Decree ... Radhi first Hassan Ali title Judiciary and Arbitration in Bahrain A Historical and Analytical Study ... frontcover&source gbs atb See also Law of Bahrain Constitution of Bahrain Asia in topic Judiciary ... more details
Merge to Law of Australia date November 2010 The judiciary in Australia is modelled substantially on the system of courts which existed in England . The large number of court s and tribunal s in Australia have different procedural powers and characteristics, different jurisdictional limits, different remedial powers and different cost structures. The Supreme Courts of the states and territories of Australia states and territories are superior court of record courts of record with general and unlimited jurisdiction within their own state or territory. They can try any justiciable dispute, whether it be for money or not, and whether it be for 1 or 1 billion. Like the Supreme Courts, the Family Court of Australia Family Court and Federal Court of Australia Federal Court are superior courts of record, which means that they have certain inherent procedural and contempt of court contempt powers. But unlike their Supreme Court counterparts, their subject matter jurisdiction must be granted by statute. The Federal Court can, however, hear part of a dispute over which it has no direct jurisdiction, if that aspect is accrued to another part of the case which does fit within its jurisdiction. The High Court of Australia High Court has limited trial powers, but very rarely exercises them. It has ample power to transfer cases started there to another, more appropriate court, so that the High Court can conserve its energies for its appellate functions. Common law and Equity law equity are administered by the same courts, in a manner similar to that of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 United Kingdom . Legal and equitable remedies may be pursued in the one action in the one court. Judges Judges are appointed by the executive government, without intervention by the existing judiciary. ref Attorney General NSW v Quin 1990 170 CLR 1 at 33 93 ALR 1 at 23 64 ALJR 327 at 327, 340. ref Once appointed, judges have tenure and there are restrictions on their removal from office. For example ... more details
The judiciary of the Republic of Chile includes one Supreme Court of Chile Supreme Court , one Constitutional Court, 16 Courts of Appeal, 84 Oral Criminal Tribunals and Guarantee Judges 7 Military Tribunals over 300 Local Police Courts and many other specialized Tribunals and courts in matter of family, labor, customs, taxes, electoral affairs, etc. The law provides for an independent judiciary, and the government generally respected this provision in practice. ref name report http www.state.gov g drl rls hrrpt 2006 78884.htm Report on Human Rights Practices 2006 Chile . United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 6, 2007 . This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . ref Law of Chile Chile s legal system is Civil law legal system civil law based. It is primarily based on the Civil Code Chile Chilean Civil Code of 1855, derived from Spanish law and other codes of Continental Europe of the 19th century. Chilean process provides for a very limited judicial review of legislative acts in the Constitutional Court. It does not accept compulsory International Court of Justice ICJ jurisdiction. ref cite web publisher Central Intelligence Agency title Chile url https www.cia.gov library publications the world factbook geos ci.html ref From the year 2000 onwards, Chile completely overhauled its criminal justice system with the implementation ... . Supreme Court main Supreme Court of Chile The head of the Chilean Judiciary System is the Supreme ... be judges of Courts of Appeal and five must be lawyers not related to the judiciary system. All members ... of the other branches of the government, it s not part of the Congress, the Executive Branch or the Judiciary ... law provides for the right to a fair trial and an independent judiciary generally enforced this right ... procedures and remedies While there is an independent and impartial judiciary in civil matters, which permits access for lawsuits regarding human rights violations, modernization of the judiciary ... more details
also Special master Judiciary of England and Wales Masters and Registrars Masters and Registrars in England and Wales References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Master Judiciary Category Legal procedure Category Judiciary of England and Wales Category Canadian court system Category Legal professions de Master ... more details
The Judiciary City lang fr Cit judiciaire is a site in Luxembourg City , in southern Luxembourg , that houses a number of courts and legal offices. It consolidates all of Luxembourg City s judicial buildings, except those related to the institutions of the European Union , on one site, and greatly expands their capacity. The City sits on the Saint Esprit plateau, sandwiched between the Alzette and the P trusse , in the southern part of the central Ville Haute Quarters of Luxembourg City quarter . Its buildings are built in modern Moselle Baroque , to match the surrounding area, and were designed by Robert Krier . Planned since 1991 , the first stone of the City was laid on 7 October 2003, and it was officially inaugurated five years later, on 6 October 2008. ref cite web url http www.gouvernement.lu dossiers justice cite judiciaire index.html title La cit judiciaire sur le plateau du Saint Esprit accessdate 13 December 2008 last first date 7 October 2008 work publisher Service Information et Presse ref The buildings contain convert 43000 m2 sqft sigfig 2 of floor space, including 300 offices and sixteen courtrooms. ref cite web url http www.gouvernement.lu salle presse actualite 2008 10 octobre 06 cite judiciaire index.html title Inauguration de la cit judiciaire accessdate 13 December 2008 last first date 6 October 2008 work publisher Service Information et Presse ref Footnotes reflist coord 49.608 6.1335 display title format dms Luxembourg City buildings and structures Category Government buildings in Luxembourg Category Buildings and structures in Luxembourg city Category Baroque architecture in Luxembourg Category Buildings and structures completed in 2008 Category 2008 in Luxembourg Luxembourg struct stub lb Cit judiciaire ... more details
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