Politics of Jamaica The judiciary of Jamaica is based on the judiciary of the United Kingdom . ref name dos cite web title Background Note Jamaica publisher U.S. Department of State url http www.state.gov r pa ei bgn 2032.htm accessdate 2009 06 12 ref The courts are organized at four levels, with additional provision for appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. The Court of Appeal is the highest appellate court. The Supreme Court has unlimited jurisdiction in all cases, and sits as the Circuit Court to try criminal cases. The Resident s Magistrate s court in each parish hears both criminal and civil cases, excluding grave offences. The Petty Sessions are held under Justices of the Peace, with power to hear minor crimes. ref name report0203 cite web url http www.moj.gov.jm pdf acr acr1 10.pdf accessdate 2009 06 12 title The Annual Court Report 2002 03 publisher Ministry of Justice of Jamaica year 2004 ref ref name hudson seyler Cite book last1 Hudson first1 Rex A. last2 Seyler first2 Daniel J. chapter Jamaica editor1 first Sandra W. editor1 last Meditz editor2 first Dennis M. editor2 last Hanratty title Islands of the Commonwealth Caribbean place Washington, D.C. publisher Federal Research Division, Library of Congress year 1989 id LCC F2131.I85 1989 url http lcweb2.loc.gov frd cs cxtoc.html accessdate 2009 06 12 postscript None ref Jamaica is a common law jurisdiction, in which precedents from English law and British Commonwealth tradition may be taken into account. Court of Appeal The Court of Appeal is the highest appellate court in Jamaica it is superior to the Supreme Court. ref name dos ref name report0203 ref http www.moj.gov.jm laws statutes The 20Judicature 20 Appellate 20Jurisdiction 20Act.pdf The Judicature Appellate Jurisdiction Act , article 10 ref The Court is composed of a President and six other Judges. The Chief Justice is also a judge ... of the judiciary. Besides the Chief Justice, the court is composed of the Senior Puisne Judge and additional ... more details
in the Opposition as an attempt to downgrade the prestige of the judiciary. Trial by jury In the former ... Malaysia and for East Malaysia . The highest position in the judiciary of Malaysia is the Chief ... reflist External links http www.kehakiman.gov.my Judiciary Web Site http www.highcourt.sabah.sarawak.gov.my ... more details
PoliticsGermany The judiciary of Germany is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in Germany . The German legal system is a civil law legal system civil law based on a comprehensive compendium of statute s, as compared to the common law systems. Germany uses an inquisitorial system where the judge s are actively involved in investigating the facts of the case, as compared to an adversarial system where the role of the judge is primarily that of an impartial referee between the prosecutor and the defendant . The independence of the judiciary of Germany is historically older than democracy in Germany, the organisation of courts is traditionally strong, and almost all state actions are subject to judicial review. Judges follow a distinct career path. At the end of their legal education at university, all law students must pass a state examination before they can continue on to an apprenticeship that provides them with broad training in the legal profession over two years. They then must pass a second state examination that qualifies them to practice law. At that point, the individual can choose either to be a lawyer or to enter the judiciary. Judicial candidates start working at courts immediately, however they are subjected to a probationary period of up to five years before being appointed as judges for lifetime. Law main Law of Germany The modern law of Germany German legal system is a system of law which is founded on the principles laid out by the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany , though many of the most important laws were developed prior to the 1949 constitution. It is composed of public law lang de ffentliches Recht , which regulates ... courts belong to a state and are administrated by it. The independence of the judiciary that is laid ..., elected by and within the judiciary take this kind of decision e.g. France conseil superieur ... Courts of Germany Judiciaries of Europe DEFAULTSORT Judiciary Of Germany Category Judicial system ... more details
, or judiciary , is a collective term for all judicial officers. Magistrats are government employees ... DEFAULTSORT Judiciary Of France Category Judicial system of France Category French judges de ... more details
Politics of Niger The current Judiciary of Niger was established with the creation of the Fourth Republic in 1999. The constitution of December 1992 was revised by national referendum on 12 May 1996 and, again, by referendum, revised to the current version on 18 July 1999. It is based on the Code Napoleon Inquisitorial system , established in Niger during French colonial rule and the 1960 Constitution of Niger. The Court of Appeals reviews questions of fact and law, while the Supreme Court reviews application of the law and constitutional questions. The High Court of Justice HCJ deals with cases involving senior government officials. The justice system also includes civil criminal courts, customary courts, traditional mediation, and a military court. ref name Sory http www.etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr institutionnel niger.html Syst E8me 20judiciaire Niger Syst me judiciaire . NIGER Situation institutionnelle. Sory Bald , CEAN, IEP Universit Montesquieu Bordeaux IV 2007 Accessed 2009 04 13 ref The military court provides the same rights as civil criminal courts however, customary courts do not. The military court cannot try civilians. ref name USHRR2008 http www.state.gov g drl rls hrrpt 2008 af 119017.htm 2008 Human Rights Report Niger in 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. February 25, 2009 As a publication of the United States Federal Government, this report in in the Public Domain . Portions of it may be used here verbatim. ref Judicial structure Niger s independent judicial system is composed of four higher courts the Court of Appeals, the Supreme Court, the High Court of Justice and the Court of State .... Persons are brought before an independent judiciary. ref name USHRR2008 Those arrested must be notified ... provide for an independent judiciary, this has not been the case in practice under the Hamani Diori ... topic Supreme Court of title Supreme Courts of Africa countries only yes DEFAULTSORT Judiciary Of Niger ... more details
Politics of Syria The judicial system of Syria remained a synthesis of Ottoman Empire Ottoman , Law of France French , and Sharia Islamic laws up until the 1980s. The Civil law area civil , commercial law commercial and criminal law criminal codes were primarily based on the French legal practices. Promulgated in 1949, those laws had special provisions sanctioned to limit application of customary law among Bedouin beduin and religious minorities. The Islamic religious courts continued to function in some parts of the country, but their jurisdiction was limited to issues of personal status, such as marriage, divorce, paternity, custody of children, and inheritance. Nonetheless, in 1955 a personal code pertaining to many aspects of personal status was developed. This law modified and modernized sharia by improving the status of women and clarifying the laws of inheritance. ref name Lib http rs6.loc.gov frd cs sytoc.html Country Studies Syria , Library of Congress ref High Judicial Council main High Judicial Council The appointment, transfer and dismissal of judges is handled by the High Judicial Council . The council is composed of senior civil judges and chaired by the President of Syria president . The independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by president in his role as chairman of the High Judicial Council, according to Article 131 of the Constitution of Syria constitution . Article 133 stipulates that judges be autonomous and subject to no authority other than the law. ref name Lib Court system The Syrian judicial system is composed of the civil and criminal courts, military courts, security courts, and religious courts, which adjudicate matters of personal status such as divorce and inheritance. ref name Jur http jurist.law.pitt.edu world syria.htm ref Court of Cassation The Court of Cassation, sitting in Damascus , is the highest court of appeals. It has the authority to resolve judicial issues. ref name Jur Below the Court of Cassation are courts of appeal, ... more details
Use dmy dates date February 2012 Politics of Barbados The Judiciary of Barbados is an independent branch of the Category Government of Barbados Barbadian government , subject only to the Constitution of Barbados Barbadian Constitution . It is headed up by the Attorney General of Barbados. ref http www.lawcourts.gov.bb SC Personnel.html Law Courts of Barbados Personnel ref Barbados is a common law jurisdiction, in which precedents from English law and British Commonwealth tradition may be taken into account. ref cite web url http www.caricomlaw.org doc.php?id 522 title Foreign and Commonwealth Judgments Reciprocal Enforcement first last author Staff writer authorlink coauthors date 10 August 1922 month year work CARICOMlaw.org publisher location page pages at trans title format doi archiveurl archivedate accessdate 16 January 2011 quote ref separator postscript ref Structure File Simplification of govt structure of Barbados.gif thumb right 300px A simplified diagram of the Barbados government There are three levels of courts in Barbados, structured as follows The Magistrates Courts The Supreme Court of Barbados Supreme court , made up of The High Court The Court of Appeal The Magistrates Courts lower court have of summary jurisdiction dealing with civil, family, and criminal matters. But can also take up matters dealing with Corornor s Inquests, Liquor Licences, and civil marriages. The Magistrates Courts also deal with Contract and Tort law where claims do not exceed 10,000.00. ref name court cite web url http www.lawcourts.gov.bb Aboutus.html title Law Courts of Barbados publisher Lawcourts.gov.bb date accessdate 2010 07 04 ref The Magistrate courts in Barbados include District A Bridgetown, Saint Michael Criminal Court Traffic Court District A & C Saint Matthias, Christ Church District B Saint George District B Oistins, Christ Church District C See under Saint Matthias ... in topic Judiciary of DEFAULTSORT Judiciary Of Barbados Category Government of Barbados Category ... more details
The Judiciary Reform Commission KRSS is a commission set up in Kyrgyzstan to examine the Basic directions of judiciary reform in the Kyrgyz Republic with a view to setting out a reform package to be implemented before 2016. ref http centralasiaonline.com en GB articles caii newsbriefs 2012 03 20 newsbrief 03 ref The chairman of the group is Omurbek Tekebayev . ref http centralasiaonline.com en GB articles caii newsbriefs 2012 03 20 newsbrief 03 ref References references Kyrgyzstan stub Category Politics of Kyrgyzstan ... more details
Infobox building image 1judiciarysquare.jpg name One Judiciary Square location Washington, D.C. , United States completion date 1990 building type Office roof convert 129.67 ft m floor area floor count 10 architect Vlastimil Koubek & Associates One Judiciary Square is a highrise office building at 441 Fourth Street NW in the Judiciary Square, Washington, D.C. Judiciary Square neighborhood of Washington, D.C. ref name skyscraperpage cite web url http skyscraperpage.com diagrams ?buildingID 79435 title One Judiciary Square publisher Skyscraperpage.com accessdate November 2, 2011 ref Designed by architect Vlastimil Koubek , the building is convert 129.67 ft m tall and has approximately 10 floors. Its construction ended in 1990. ref name emporis cite web url http www.emporis.com building one judiciary square washington dc usa title One Judiciary Square publisher Emporis.com accessdate November 2, 2011 ref Between 1992 and 1999, One Judiciary Square housed the offices of the Mayor of the District of Columbia mayor and Council of the District of Columbia while repairs were made to the historic John A. Wilson Building . ref cite news last Williams first Vanessa title D.C. Government Reclaims City Hall url http www.washingtonpost.com wp srv WPcap 1999 11 11 096r 111199 idx.html accessdate November 2, 2011 newspaper The Washington Post date November 11, 1999 ref One Judiciary Square now houses the offices of prominent municipal government agencies such as the D.C. Board of Elections and Ethics, the Office of the D.C. Attorney General, and the D.C. Office of Zoning. In August 2009, it was one of the first government buildings in Washington to be fitted with a green roof . ref cite web title Green Roof One Judiciary Square url http www.nbm.org media video green roofs green roof one judiciary.html publisher National Building Museum accessdate November 2, 2011 ref In addition, the city ... WAMU date September 30, 2011 ref The entrance to One Judiciary Square features statues of Pierre ... more details
Use dmy dates date September 2011 Use Australian English date September 2011 Infobox AU Legislation short title Judiciary Act 1903 parliament Parliament of Australia image Image Australian Coat of Arms.png 200px long title An Act to make provision for the Exercise of the Judicial Power of the Commonwealth introduced by date passed royal assent 25 August 1903 commencement 25 August 1903 amendments related legislation status Amended The Judiciary Act 1903 Cth regulates the structure of the Australian judicial system and invests federal Australian courts with jurisdiction. Its passage, on 25 August 1903, established the High Court of Australia . It is one of the oldest pieces of Australian legislation and has been amended over 70 times. The Act provides for the right of barristers and solicitors to practice in Federal courts, it provides for suits by and against the Commonwealth and the States, as well as for procedure in the High Court of Australia. The Act also establishes in law the position of the Australian Government Solicitor . External links http www.austlii.edu.au au legis cth consol act ja1903112 Judiciary Act 1903 http www.austlii.edu.au au other alrc publications reports 92 ALRC Report 92 A Review of the Judiciary Act 1903 and Related Legislation Australian Law Reform Commission Review July 2001 Category 1903 in law Category Commonwealth of Australia laws Australia law stub ... more details
Infobox Station name Judiciary Square image Judiciary Square Station.jpg image size image caption address 450 F Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C. Northwest br Washington, D.C. 20001 line rail color box system WMATA line Red other Metrobus Washington, D.C. WMATA Metrobus platform 2 side platform s tracks 2 structure Underground parking bicycle 18 racks passengers 3.762 million pass year 2006 pass percent .2 opened March 27, 1976 rebuilt ADA Yes code B02 owned Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority zone services s rail title WMATA s line system WMATA line Red previous Gallery Place next Union Station mpassengers Judiciary Square is a Washington Metro station in Washington, D.C. on the Red Line Washington Metro Red Line . Judiciary Square, Washington, D.C. Judiciary Square is located in Northwest, Washington, D.C. Northwest , with entrances at 4th and D Street and 5th and F Street. It serves the many courthouses and municipal buildings in the area. The 5th and F Street entrance is in the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial , as the monument is built around the escalator and elevators. The 4th and D Street entrance is closed on weekends. Service began on March 27, 1976. This station is also the birthplace of the Metro, as the initial groundbreaking was held here on December 9, 1969. Station layout The station has 2 tracks with 2 side platforms, each of which has a platform ... City Hall District of Columbia Court of Appeals , and One Judiciary Square United States Department ... links WMATA http www.wmata.com rail station detail.cfm?station id 23 Judiciary Square Station StationMasters Online http www.stationmasters.com System Map JUDICIAR judiciar.html Judiciary Square ... B02 Judiciary Square Station http maps.google.com maps?hl en&ie UTF8&ll 38.897337, 77.017325&spn ... Metro stations in Washington, D.C. Washington Metro stub es Judiciary Square Metro de Washington pt Judiciary Square Metro de Washington ... more details
The Judiciary of the United Kingdom is not a single body. Each of the separate legal systems in England and Wales , Northern Ireland and Scotland have their own judiciary. The judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom , the Special Immigration Appeals Commission , Employment Tribunal s, Employment Appeal Tribunal and the UK tribunals system do have a United Kingdom wide jurisdiction. Justices of the Supreme Court The judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom are known as Justices of the Supreme Court, and they are also Privy Council of the United Kingdom Privy Counsellors . Justices of the Supreme Court are granted the courtesy title Lord or Lady for life. ref citeweb title Press release Courtesy titles for Justices of the Supreme Court url http www.supremecourt.gov.uk docs pr 1013.pdf publisher Supreme Court of the United Kingdom date 13 December 2010 accessdate 18 February 2011 ref The Supreme Court is headed by the President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom President and Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom Deputy President of the Supreme Court and is composed of a further ten Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom Justices of the Supreme Court . The Justices do not wear any gowns or wigs in court, but on ceremonial occasions they wear black damask gowns with gold lace without a wig. Tribunal Judiciary The UK tribunal system is headed by the Senior President of Tribunals ref Cite news title Part 1, Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 url http www.legislation.gov.uk ukpga 2007 15 part 1 periodical Acts of the Parliament ... List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom Courts of England and Wales Judiciary of England and Wales Courts of Scotland Judiciary of Scotland Courts of Northern Ireland Judiciary of Northern ... article 209280 title Britannica Student Encyclopedia The Judiciary accessdate 2007 08 09 Judiciaries of Europe Category Judiciary of the United Kingdom Category Law in the United Kingdom UK law stub ... more details
unreferenced date January 2011 The Judiciary Act of 1869 16 Statutes at Large Stat. http memory.loc.gov cgi bin ampage?collId llsl&fileName 016 llsl016.db&recNum 79 44 , also called the Circuit Judges Act of 1869 , was a United States statute that made two important reforms of the United States federal court system federal judiciary . First, judgeships were created for the United States circuit court circuit courts in this case, one circuit judgeship was created for each of the nine circuits. Up until this time, circuit courts were normally only staffed by district judges and Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court justices riding circuit. This was actually the third time that Congress had created circuit judgeships, but the first time was the soon repealed Judiciary Act of 1801 , and the second was a single circuit judgeship in the frontier state of California which only lasted from 1855 to 1863. This law did not abolish circuit riding, but significantly reduced its burden by requiring each justice to attend circuit court in each district within his circuit only once every two years. Circuit riding would later be abolished with the Judiciary Act of 1891 . Second, for the first time, United States federal judge federal judges including Supreme Court justices were given the option to retire with a pension . The pension was set at the salary of the judge at the time of retirement, and a judge had to be at least seventy years old and have ten years of service on the federal bench before being allowed to retire. This Act also set the Supreme Court at its current size of nine justices. The Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 had reduced the Court from ten to seven justices, although the reduction was to occur only as seats became vacant. As only two seats were vacated between 1866 and 1869, the Court had eight justices at the time of this Act, so one new seat was created. US law stub Category United States federal judiciary legislation 1869 Category 1869 in law Category ... more details
Image map Judiciary Square.jpg thumb Map of Washington, D.C. , with Judiciary Square highlighted in red Judiciary Square is a neighborhood in Northwest, Washington, D.C. Northwest Washington, D.C. , the vast majority of which is occupied by various federal and municipal courthouse s and office buildings. Judiciary Square is located roughly between Pennsylvania Avenue to the south, H Street Washington, D.C. H Street to the north, 6th Street to the west, and the Interstate 395 District of Columbia Virginia Interstate 395 access tunnel to the east. The center of the neighborhood is an actual plaza named Judiciary Square. The square itself is bounded by 4th Street to east, 5th Street to the west, D Street to the south, and F Street to the north. The neighborhood is served by the Judiciary Square WMATA station Judiciary Square station on the Red Line Washington Metro Red Line of the Washington Metro . History File Sidewalk Judiciary Square.JPG thumb left 19th century houses on the corner of 5th and D Streets NW During the first half of the 19th century, Judiciary Square had a heavily residential population. Its proximity to the courthouses drew lawyers, judges, and clerks to the neighborhood ... of 5th and D Streets. ref name history cite web title History of Judiciary Square url http www.dccourts.gov dccourts about judiciary.jsp work Judiciary Square Master Plan publisher District ... side of Judiciary Square became an enclave of Italian immigrants in Washington the equivalent of a Little ... Aerial view of Judiciary Square.jpg thumb Aerial view of Judiciary Square Among the buildings in Judiciary ... One Judiciary Square , which houses various D.C. government offices and temporarily housed the offices ... at the east end of the Judiciary Square neighborhood will also restore the area s original L Enfant ... Judiciary Square northwest Mount Vernon Square northeast other NoMa, Washington, D.C. NoMa Swampoodle ... Neighborhoods in Washington, D.C. simple Judiciary Square, Washington, D.C. ... more details
Politics of South Africa The judiciary of South Africa is the body of judges and magistrates who sit in the courts of South Africa . The judiciary is an independent branch of the government, subject only to the Constitution of South Africa and the laws of the country. ref http www.southafrica.info about democracy judiciary.htm ref The Judiciary interprets the law of South Africa , using as the basis of its interpretation the laws enacted by the South African Parliament as well as explanatory statements made in the legislature during the enactment. Chapter 8 of the Constitution of South Africa defines the structure of the South African judicial system. ref name Constitution cite web title Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, No. 108 of 1996 url http www.info.gov.za documents constitution 1996 a108 96.pdf publisher Government of the Republic of South Africa accessdate 4 September 2011 ref This chapter also guarantees the independence of the courts and requires other organs of the state to assist and protect the courts in order to ensure their independence, impartiality, dignity, accessibility and effectiveness . In addition, Chapter 2 of the Constitution guarantees every person the right to have a dispute or trial heard by a fair, impartial and independent court. The judiciary of South Africa consists of The Chief Justice of South Africa , the Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa Deputy Chief Justice and the other judges of the Constitutional Court of South Africa Constitutional Court The President of the Supreme Court of Appeal President , Deputy President and other ... government on any matters relating to the judiciary and the administration of justice. It is a body ... to the judiciary or the administration of justice ref name Constitution and for which separate ... Africa References reflist Africa in topic Judiciary of DEFAULTSORT Judiciary Of South Africa Category Judiciary of South Africa Category Judiciaries South Africa ... more details
The Judiciary Act of 1793 ch. 22 of the Acts of the 2nd United States Congress , 2nd Session, USStat 1 333 is a United States federal statute , enacted on March 2, 1793. This act of the Second United States Congress Second Congress established a number of regulations related to court procedures. The Judiciary Act of 1789 had created, in addition to the Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court authorised by the United States Constitution Constitution , two lower levels of courts. Federal district courts, each with a district judge, composed the lowest level. Their district boundaries generally matched state lines. Every federal district also fell within the circuit of one of the three second level courts, the circuit courts. Two Supreme Court justices and one district judge composed each circuit court bench they traveled to each district to hear cases twice a year, at locations and times specified by statute. In 1792, Supreme Court justices and also the Attorney General, Edmund Randolph , had urged President George Washington to push for changes in this system he included a call for some changes in his annual address to Congress that November, and a Senatorial committee put a bill forward in January 1793. ref name documentary2 Maeva Marcus and James R. Perry, editors. The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789 1800 . Volume 4, pages 200 201. New ... Court justices continued to sit as circuit court judges, one per circuit, until the Judiciary Act of 1891 ... www.fjc.gov public pdf.nsf lookup creat3ed.pdf file creat3ed.pdf Creating the Federal Judiciary System ... cases, a reference to the Judiciary Act of 1793 actually points to the Judiciary Act of 1789 for example ... 1 2nd Congress 2nd Session Chapter 22 Judiciary Act of 1793 http www.answers.com topic anti injunction act Anti Injunction Act at http www.answers.com answers.com DEFAULTSORT Judiciary Act Of 1793 Category 1793 in law Category United States federal judiciary legislation 1793 Category 1793 in the United ... more details
File Seal of the Unified Judicial System of Alabama.svg right 200px The Alabama Court of the Judiciary is a court within the judicial branch of the United States state of Alabama . It has the power to try judicial officers in other state courts and punish them for violation of judicial ethics, misconduct, dereliction of duty, or incapacitation. The Court is convoked to hear complaints of the state Judicial Inquiry Commission . The Court is composed of the following An appellate judge selected by the Supreme Court from a court other than the Supreme Court Ex officio Chief Judge of the Court Two circuit judges selection by the District Judges Association One district judge selected by the same. Two members of the Alabama State Bar and chosen by them. Three nonlegal professionals picked by the Governor of Alabama and agreed to by the Alabama Senate . Prior to 2005, the Lieutenant Governor of Alabama was able to pick one of the three nonlegal members. Following the results of a trial, the judge s in question may, if they wish, appeal to the Alabama Supreme Court . Relationship with impeachment As is typical with most state legislatures, supreme court judges in Alabama can be impeached. However, Amendment 580 of the state constitution places the Court of the Judiciary at a higher priority than legislative action. E.g., a judge cannot be impeached while being tried by the Court, and should a prosecution in the Court fail, the legislature may not prefer an impeachment for the same reasons. Sources http www.judicial.state.al.us judiciary.cfm Alabama Judicial System Online Court of the Judiciary Category Alabama state courts US law stub ... more details
Politics of South Sudan The Judiciary of Southern Sudan , or JOSS , is a constitutionally mandated government branch that oversees the court systems of South Sudan . The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of South Sudan is the head of the judiciary, and is held accountable to his job by the President of South Sudan . The current Chief Justice of South Sudan Chief Justice is justice Chan Reec Madut . The institution was created after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement took effect in 2005. The highest court is the Supreme Court of South Sudan. The second tier involves the Courts of Appeal of South Sudan Courts of Appeal below the Courts of Appeal are the High Courts of South Sudan High Courts , and below those are the County Courts of South Sudan County Courts . Other courts and tribunals on smaller scales will be created as deemed necessary. References http www.gurtong.net Governance JudiciaryofSouthSudan tabid 344 Default.aspx http www.sd.undp.org projects s dg10.htm Category 2005 establishments Category Judiciaries South Sudan Category Court systems by country South Sudan Category Government of South Sudan SouthSudan stub law stub sr ... more details
The French National School for the Judiciary French language French cole nationale de la magistrature or ENM is a French school, where French judges and public prosecutor s are trained. The institution was created in 1959 as the National Centre for Judicial Studies French Centre national d tudes judiciaires . It became the French National School for the Judiciary in 1972. It is located in Bordeaux and has premises in Paris . ref French National School for the Judiciary web site, http www.enm.justice.fr anglais home.php Presentation . Consulted on May 22, 2009. ref French citizenship is required for admission to the French National School for the Judiciary in order to become French magistrate. ref fr icon Pour s y pr senter, il faut tre .. de nationalit fran aise , in French National School for the Judiciary web site, http www.enm.justice.fr uses lib 5778 fiche recrut 1er concours 300409.pdf Magistrat, Les recrutements sur concours , page 1. Consulted on July 4, 2009. ref ref fr icon Les conditions d acc s la magistrature en cours de r forme ... Dans tous les cas, les candidats doivent ... poss der la nationalit fran aise in French Ministry of Justice web site, http www.metiers.justice.gouv.fr index.php?rubrique 10082&article 11787 Ecole nationale de la magistrature , October 1, 2008. Consulted on July 4, 2009. ref ref See section Conditions communes tous les types de recrutement in fr icon Universit de Rouen web site, http www.univ rouen.fr 25582373 0 fiche pagelibre ENM Conditions d acc s . Consulted on July 4, 2009. ref References reflist See also Federal Judicial Center Education Division External links http www.enm.justice.fr anglais home.php French National School for the Judiciary France university stub coord 44.836689 N 0.579138 W source frwiki region FR type edu format dms display title Category Educational institutions established in 1959 Category Schools in France Category Legal education Category Judicial system of France de cole nationale de la ... more details
unreferenced date August 2011 Image Judiciary Act of 1789.jpg thumb The first page of the Judiciary Act of 1789. The United States Judiciary Act of 1789 ch. 20, USStat 1 73 was a landmark statute adopted on September 24, 1789 in the first session of the First United States Congress establishing the United States federal courts U.S. federal judiciary . Article III, section 1 of the United States Constitution Constitution prescribed that the judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and such inferior courts as Congress saw fit to establish. It made no provision, though, for the composition or procedures of any of the courts, leaving this to Congress to decide. Background The existence of a separate federal judiciary had been controversial during the debates over the ratification of the Constitution. Anti Administration Party United States Anti Federalists had denounced the judicial power as a potential instrument of national tyranny . Indeed, of the ten amendments that eventually became the United States Bill of Rights Bill of Rights , five the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution fourth through the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution eighth dealt primarily with judicial proceedings. Even after ratification, some opponents of a strong judiciary urged that the federal court system be limited to a Supreme Court and perhaps local admiralty law admiralty judges. The Congress, however, decided to establish a system of federal trial courts with broader jurisdiction, thereby creating an arm for enforcement of national laws ... law. Thus, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was the first act of Congress to be partially invalidated by the Supreme Court. The Judiciary Act of 1789 included the Alien Tort Statute , now codified as UnitedStatesCode ... in the United States Category United States federal judiciary legislation 1789 Category History of the Supreme Court of the United States Category 1st United States Congress pl Judiciary Act 1789 ... more details
Hawaii State Judiciary Politics of Hawaii The Hawai okina i State Judiciary is the official name of the judicial system of Hawaii Hawai okina i in the United States . Based in Honolulu, Hawaii Honolulu , the Hawai okina i State Judiciary is a unified state court system that functions under the Chief Justice of the Hawaii State Supreme Court Hawai okina i State Supreme Court who is its administrator in chief. Principal Courts The Hawai okina i State Judiciary has four levels two at the trial level and two at the appellate level. The trial level courts are the district court, for lesser offenses and minor civil cases, and circuit court, for more serious offenses and major civil cases. There are two appellate courts, the Intermediate Court of Appeals, the lower appellate court, and the Supreme Court, for appeals from the decision of the intermediate court via certiorari , and for certain cases, such as election cases, over which it has original jurisdiction. The specific roles and names of the courts are as follows The Hawaii State Supreme Court is the state supreme court . It is the Supreme court high court of the state and makes binding decisions over appeals from the lower courts upon transfer from the Intermediate Court of Appeals and cases eligible to be heard directly by the Hawai okina i Supreme Court. It is also responsible for court rules, licensing and disciplining attorneys. The Hawaii Intermediate Court of Appeals is the state s intermediate appellate court . It reviews appeals from state trial court or administrative agency decisions. Its decisions, under certain circumstances, are subject to the Hawai i Supreme Court s review. The primary civil and criminal court in Hawaii is the body known as the Hawaii State Circuit Courts . They rule all jury trial cases and have exclusive jurisdiction over probate , guardianship and criminal felony cases as well as civil ... okina i State Judiciary Category Hawaii state courts ... more details
The Judiciary Act of 1925 43 Statutes at Large Stat . 936 , also known as the Certiorari Act , was an act of the United States Congress which sought to reduce the workload of the Supreme Court of the United States . Although the Judiciary Act of 1891 which created the United States courts of appeals and rendered a small part of the Supreme Court s jurisdiction discretionary subject to grant of writ of Certiorari had relieved pressure on the Supreme Court s docket, the court remained obliged to rule on the merits all cases appealed to it over which it had jurisdiction after the 1891 act, Congress gave the Court discretionary review authority over appellate decisions in diversity, patent, revenue, criminal and admiralty cases. Parties wishing to appeal such cases would file a petition for certiorari, which the Court could grant or deny without passing on the merits. http www.appellate.net articles epitaph.asp Nonetheless, the number of appeals was a one way upward ratchet, and the Justices argued that the only way to fix the problem once and for all was to have the Court conduct virtually all of its business by way of act of Certiorari. Pushed by Chief Justice and former President William Howard Taft , Congress passed the 1925 act, which rendered the majority of the Supreme Court s workload discretionary, by removing the possibility of direct appeal to the court in most circumstances. Henceforth, pursuant to 237 b of the act, appellants would file petititions for writs of Certiorari with the Supreme Court, which would be accepted at the discretion of four of the nine Justices. No longer did the Court have to hear almost every case an unhappy litigant presented to it. Instead, for the most part, the Court could select only those relatively few cases involving issues important ... Supreme Court Case Selections Act Further reading Sternberg, Jonathan. Deciding Not to Decide The Judiciary ... States Category United States federal judiciary legislation 1925 Category History of the Supreme ... more details
CourtsEnglandWales There are various levels of judiciary in England and Wales different types of courts have different styles of judge s. They also form a strict hierarchy of importance, in line with the order of the courts in which they sit, so that judges of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales ... and Wales ref cite web title Forms of address for the Judiciary work Judiciary of England and Wales publisher HMSO year 2007 url http www.judiciary.gov.uk about judiciary forms of address index.htm ... about judiciary forms of address index.htm archivedate 2007 09 27 ref Lord Chief Justice and Lord ... has been the overall head of the judiciary. Previously he was second to the Lord Chancellor , but that office ... Division of the High Court, but on becoming head of the judiciary that responsibility was transferred ... was necessary and, in 2004, calls for increased diversity politics diversity among the judiciary ... consult judiciary diversitycp25 04.htm publisher Department for Constitutional Affairs title Increasing Diversity in the Judiciary month October year 2004 quote CP 25 04 accessdate 2008 03 05 ..., calls for increased diversity among the judiciary were recognised and the qualification period was changed ... diversity among the judiciary were recognised and the qualification period was changed ref name dca2004 ... among the judiciary were recognised and the qualification period was changed ref name dca2004 ref .... However, in 2004, calls for increased diversity among the judiciary were recognised and the qualification ..., calls for increased diversity among the judiciary were recognised and the qualification period ... ref See also Courts of England and Wales Judicial titles in England and Wales Judiciary of the United Kingdom Judiciary of Hong Kong References references External links http www.judiciary.gov.uk Judiciary ... for Constitutional Affairs list of judges Judiciaries of Europe DEFAULTSORT Judiciary Of England And Wales Category Judiciary of England and Wales ... more details
ref improve date September 2011 The Judiciary Act of 1891 USStat 26 826 , also known as the Evarts Act after its primary sponsor, Senator William M. Evarts , created the United States courts of appeals , and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the United States district court district and United States circuit court circuit courts to these appellate courts. Because of this, it is also called the Circuit Courts of Appeals Act . The Act created nine new courts, originally known as the United States circuit courts of appeals the name was changed to its current form in 1948 . Each court was composed of two circuit judges and one district judge. The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court could review legal issues that a court of appeals certified to it, and could also review court of appeals decisions by writ of certiorari . This change resulted in an immediate reduction in the Supreme Court s workload from 623 cases filed in 1890 to 379 in 1891 and 275 in 1892 . However, Congress provided that some types of cases could be appealed directly to the Supreme Court, bypassing the new courts of appeals. The Act also eliminated the requirement of Circuit rider U.S. Court system circuit riding by Supreme Court justices, under which the justices sat as trial judges on the U.S. circuit courts. The circuit courts themselves remained in existence, although without their former appellate jurisdiction, until they were abolished and their trial jurisdiction transferred to the district courts in 1911. The Act allowed certain types of cases to be appealed directly to the Supreme Court bypassing the new circuit courts of appeals such as convictions for Capital punishment capital crimes cases involving the construction or application of the United States Constitution or cases in which a federal .... Category 1891 in law Category 1891 in the United States Category United States federal judiciary legislation ... more details
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