Citations missing date August 2008 Jussanguinis lang la right of blood is a social policy by which citizenship is not determined by place of birth but by having one or both parent who are citizens of the nation. It contrasts with jus soli Latin for right of soil . At the end of the 19th century, the French German debate on nationality saw the French, such as Ernest Renan , oppose the German conception, exemplified by Johann Fichte , who believed in an objective nationality , based on blood, race ... explains France s early adoption of jus soli . Many nations have a mixture of jussanguinis and jus ... of Ireland . Apart from France, jussanguinis is still the most common means of passing on citizenship ... and state creation. In many cases, jussanguinis rights were mandated by international treaty ... law Category Philosophical concepts de Abstammungsprinzip et Ius sanguinis es Ius sanguinis fr Droit du sang ko hr Na elo krvne veze podrijetla id Ius sanguinis it Ius sanguinis he lt Ius sanguinis nl Jussanguinis ja pl Ius sanguinis pt Jussanguinis ro Ius sangvinis ru Jussanguinis fi Ius sanguinis sv Jussanguinis th tr Jussanguinis uk zh ... home country. States offering ius sanguinis rights to ethnic citizens and their descendants ... to extend those rights. Lex sanguinis Many countries provide immigration privileges to individuals with ethnic ties to these countries so called leges sanguinis Bulgaria Article 25 of the 1991 constitution ..., Italian nationality law bestows citizenship jure sanguinis . There is no limit of generations for the citizenship ... to continue the jure sanguinis chain. This is required because 1861 is the year that the Unification ... through whom citizenship is claimed jure sanguinis can pass on citizenship only if the descendant was a citizen ... citizen jure sanguinis . A further constraint is that until January 1, 1948, Italian ... jure sanguinis if their line of descent from an Italian citizen depends on a female at some point ... more details
wiktionary jusJus may refer to Word Ius , the Latin word for law or right. Ius Canon Law , a rule within the Roman Catholic Church Au jus , a culinary term referring to sauce served with meat Yus , a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet Jus a company based in Utah that markets a beverage named Jus Acronym Juridisk Selskab , a Danish student organization Jump Ultimate Stars , a video game See also IUS disambiguation Juris disambiguation Juri disambiguation de Jus fr Jus it JUS la Ius discretiva nl Ius ja JUS nn Jus pl Ius pt Ius ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Streptococcus sanguinis regnum Bacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Bacilli ordo Lactobacillales familia Streptococcaceae genus Streptococcus species S. sanguinis binomial Streptococcus sanguinis binomial authority White and Niven 1946 Streptococcus sanguinis , formerly known as Streptococcus sanguis , is a Gram positive facultative aerobic coccus species of bacteria and a member of the Streptococcus viridans Viridans Streptococcus group. S. sanguinis is a normal inhabitant of the healthy human mouth where it is particularly found in dental plaque , where it modifies the environment to make it less hospitable for other strains of Streptococcus that cause dental caries cavities , such as Streptococcus mutans . S. sanguinis may gain entrance to the bloodstream when opportunity presents dental cleanings and surgeries and colonize the heart valves, particularly the mitral and aortic valve s, where it is the most common cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis . For this reason, oral surgeons often prescribe a short course of antibiotics to be taken a few days before to a few days after oral surgery. Once an infection has occurred, treatment is much more complicated and generally involves the administration of several weeks of penicillin and aminoglycoside antibiotics. The complete genome genomic sequence of S. sanguinis was determined in 2007 by laboratories at Virginia Commonwealth University . External links http www.sanguinis.mic.vcu.edu S. sanguinis sequencing project Category Gram positive bacteria Category Streptococcaceae bacteria stub es Streptococcus sanguis nl Streptococcus sanguis pl Streptococcus sanguinis pt Streptococcus sanguinis ... more details
Dies Sanguinis Day of Blood was a festival held in Ancient Rome on the 24th March, called Bellona s Day, when the Roman votaries of the war goddess Bellona goddess Bellona cut themselves and drank the sacrificial blood to propitiate the deity. The priests of the goddess Cybele the galli flogged themselves until they bled and sprinkled their blood upon the image and the altars in the sanctuary, while others are said to have imitated Attis by castrating themselves. Such painful and dramatic acts allowed the worshipers to identify with the pain and death of Attis, to whom were dedicated a cycle of festivities, which were celebrated from 15th to 28th March. These festivities celebrated the death of the god. Among these, there were the Sanguem and the Hilaria . The Hilaria on March 25th brought renewed joy and hope. There was feasting in honor of the Great Mother and good cheer. The spring festival came to a close with a much needed day of rest March 26 and a final day March 27 on which the holy image of the Great Mother was bathed in the Almo River. ref cite book title The ancient mysteries a sourcebook sacred texts of the mystery religions of the ancient Mediterranean world last Meyer first Marvin W. authorlink coauthors year 1999 publisher University of Pennsylvania Press location isbn 081221692X, 9780812216929 page pages url http books.google.com books?id N2URCb14ShQC&pg PA114&dq dies sanguinis&hl en&ei lAtRTaD HsGZ8QOLj6jIDA&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 8&ved 0CEoQ6AEwBw v onepage&q dies 20sanguinis&f false accessdate ref ancient rome stub References Reflist Category Ancient Roman culture ... more details
between those granting nationality on the grounds of jus soli France , for example and those granting it on the grounds of jussanguinis right of blood Germany , for example, before 1990 . However ... allowed the implementation of jus soli , against the essentialist jussanguinis . However ... flagged by that country. History At one time, Jussanguinis was the sole means of determining ... States ref Blurred lines between jus soli and jussanguinis There is a trend in some countries ... entirely on jussanguinis . Now, children born on or after 1 January 2000 to non German parents ... of citizen to jussanguinis on 1 August 1989, in a move that also relaxed restrictions against ..., in favour of jussanguinis as a result of the 2004 referendum on citizenship, as a reaction to a perceived ... States History of citizenship Jussanguinis Nationality law Native born citizen Natural born citizen ...Refimprove date May 2009 Jus soli lang la right of the soil , ref http www.merriam webster.com dictionary jus 20soli jus soli , definition from http www.merriam webster.com merriam webster.com . ref is a right ... . ref name fr w fr Droit du sol ref An early form of partial jus soli dates from the Cleisthenes ... Revolution, laid the foundations for jus soli . With the social and economic development of the 19th ..., that jus soli was established in a greater and greater number of countries. ref name fr The geographer Jared Diamond has calculated that if the application of jus soli since 1850 were abolished, 60 of Americans ... can assert the right of jus soli . Most states provide a specific lex soli , in application of the respective jus soli , and it is the most common means of acquiring nationality. A frequent ... journal American Quarterly ref Jus soli around the world Jus soli is observed by a minority of the world ... File Jus soli world.png thumb 500px Jus soli around the world States that observe jus soli include ... ref name numbers Azerbaijan is included in the numbers ref, but is not in fact a jus soli country ... more details
File French dip.jpg thumb right French dip beef sandwich, with bowl of jus for dipping Au jus is French language French for with its own juice jus is the juice itself. In Cuisine of the United States American cuisine , the term is mostly used to refer to a light sauce for beef recipes, which may be served with the food or placed on the side for dipping. In French cuisine , jus is a natural way to enhance the flavour of dishes, mainly chicken, veal and lamb. ref Justin Quek Passion & Inspiration , Justin ... Jus means the natural juices given off by the food. sup http dictionary.reference.com search?q au 20jus sup To prepare a natural jus , the cook may simply skim off the fat from the juices left after cooking and bring the remaining meat stock and water to a boil. Jus can be frozen for six months .... American recipes au jus often use soy sauce , Worcestershire sauce , edible salt salt , black ... more like a gravy . So called jus is sometimes prepared separately, rather than being produced naturally by the food being cooked. An example could be a beef jus made by reducing beef stock to a concentrated form, to accompany a meat dish. Jus can also be made by extracting the juice from the original meat and combining it with another liquid eg red wine thus forming a red wine jus . A powdered product described as jus is also sold, and is rubbed into the meat before cooking or added afterwards ... flavouring agents. sup http www.americanspice.com catalog 20083 search Au Jus Mix.html?SEARCH 3&WORDS ... In the United States, the term Au jus often is incorrectly used to refer to the broth, rather than meaning with the broth as in French. So rather than a sandwich au jus , the menu may read sandwich with au jus . It is typically served with the French dip sandwich . References references External links http www.wsu.edu brians errors french.html French dip with au jus Category World cuisine Category French cuisine Category Sauces de Jus Lebensmittel ... more details
Infobox Single Name Jus a Rascal Cover Dizzee Rascal Jus A Rascal.jpg Artist Dizzee Rascal from Album Boy in da Corner Released 24 November 2003 Format CD single br gramophone record vinyl Recorded 2002 Genre Grime music Grime Length 3 38 Label XL Recordings Writer D. Mills Producer Taz Last single Fix Up, Look Sharp br 2003 This single Jus a Rascal br 2003 Next single Stand Up Tall br 2003 Jus a Rascal is the third single by British rapping rapper , Dizzee Rascal , and third and final single from his debut album, Boy in da Corner . The single became his third top forty hit, peaking at number thirty and spending three weeks inside the top seventy five of the UK Singles Chart . Jus a Rascal was used in an episode of Skins TV series Skins along with Fix Up, Look Sharp , and in the film Kidulthood . Track listing CD Jus a Rascal clean radio version Jus a Rascal album version Fix Up, Look Sharp video Music video A music video was made for the song and is mainly filled up with Dizzee Rascal dancing. Tinchy Stryder makes a cameo in the video. Charts class wikitable Chart 2003 Peak br position singlechart UKchartstats 30 artist Dizzee Rascal song Jus A Rascal songid 31419 References references Dizzee Rascal DEFAULTSORT Jus A Rascal Category 2002 songs Category 2003 singles Category Dizzee Rascal songs Category XL Recordings singles hip hop song stub it Jus a Rascal ... more details
Orphan date December 2010 Jus tractatuum is a Legal Latin term commonly used in public international law and constitutional law that refers to the right to conclude Treaty treaties . Category Latin legal terms Latin legal phrase stub ... more details
Unsourced image removed Image jrbut.jpg thumb right Jus Rol is a Great Britain British manufacturer of frozen pastry, and related products such as sausage roll s and vol au vent s. The company is owned by General Mills General Mills UK and based in Berwick Upon Tweed . The company began in 1954 in Coldstream , Scotland when local baker , Mr Tom Forsythe, started selling Just Roll puff pastry to his customers. Jus Rol used to have more than one factory the other was based in Amble but was sold in the mid to late 1990s. In 2005, the parent company of Jus Rol, General Mills, acquired the Northamptonshire frozen pastry and pork pie company Saxby Bros Ltd , in a takeover bid. All frozen pastry production was transferred from the Wellingborough Saxby s site to Berwick Upon Tweed in 2008, resulting the Saxby brand to cease. External links http www.jus rol.co.uk Official website General Mills Category Bakeries of the United Kingdom UK company stub ... more details
Orphan date December 2010 Jus disponendi , in the civil law legal system civil law , refers to the right of disposing of a thing owned, i.e. it is an attribute of dominium , or ownership . An expression used either generally, to signify the right of alienation, as historically a married woman would be deprived of the jus disponendi over her separate estate specially, in the law relating to sales of goods, where it is often a question whether the vendor of goods has the intention of reserving to himself the jus disponendi i. e., of preventing the ownership from passing to the purchaser, notwithstanding that he the vendor has parted with the possession of the goods. See also Ius References http books.google.com books?id R2c8AAAAIAAJ&dq second edition of Black s Law Dictionary 1910 &as brr 1&source gbs navlinks s Black s Law Dictionary Second Edition 1910 public domain Category Latin legal terms ... more details
Orphan date December 2010 Jus legationis is a Legal Latin term meaning the capacity to send and receive consul s and diplomats . see also diplomatic recognition diplomatic credentials plenipotentiary Vienna Convention on Consular Relations Category Latin legal terms Latin legal phrase stub ... more details
In Scots law, jus relictae refers to the right of the surviving spouse in the Personal property movable goods of the deceased spouse. Jus relictae is the term used for a surviving wife, and jus relicti is the term used for a surviving husband. The similar right for any surviving children is referred to as Legitime legitim . The deceased must have been Residency domicile domiciled in Scotland , but the right accrues from movable property, wherever situated. The surviving spouse s right vests by survivance, and is independent of the deceased spouse s testamentary provisions it may however be renounced by contract, or be discharged by satisfaction. It is subject to alienation of the deceased spouse s movable estate during his lifetime or by its conversion into Inheritance heritage . Additional explanations The surviving spouse also has a right of terce not the same as the religious term terce on the deceased spouse s lands. Thus, under Scots law , both movable and immovable property are subject to the rights of a surviving spouse and children. The legal principles of jus relictae and legitime also remain active in the US state of Louisiana , which differs from the other 49 states as it operates under the Napoleonic code rather than common law. References No footnotes date March 2012 reflist ref cite book last Bell first William title Dictionary and Digest, Law of Scotland, with Short Explanations of the most Ordinary English Law Terms edition Revised and Corrected with Numerous Additions by George Ross year 1861 publisher Bell & Bradfute location Edinburgh ref ref cite book last Shumaker first Walter A. coauthors George Foster Longsdorf title The Cyclopedic Law Dictionary edition Second Edition by James C. Cahill year 1922 publisher Callaghan and Company location Chicago ref ref cite web title Scottish Language Dictionaries url http www.dsl.ac.uk dsl accessdate March 1, 2008 ... legal phrase stub DEFAULTSORT Jus Relictae Category Latin legal terms Category Scots law legal terms ... more details
Fun 2012 References reflist External links http www.mushrecords.com artist BiggJus.php Bigg Jus on Mush ... Living people US hiphop bio stub fr Bigg Jus ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2007 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Jus Yenjai Type Album Artist Oberlin Steel Cover JusYenjai.gif Released 1995 Recorded First Church in Oberlin, OH br 24 May 1995 br The Cat in the Cream in Oberlin, OH br 13 May 1995 Genre Steelband Producer Joel Hamburger Last album Panhandlin br 1993 This album Jus Yenjai br 1995 Next album Canspiracy br 1997 Jus Yenjai is the fourth album recorded by the Oberlin Steel Oberlin Can Consortium . Track listing Side One Lara s Theme trad. arr. Can Consortium O Burro J. Wertheimer Astrud Basia White arr. A. Collins Late in the Evening P. Simon arr. Can Consortium Side Two Sarah s Samba D. Dunn Oyelo Que Te Conviene E. Palmieri El Queredon J. Wertheimer Sonido Bestial Ray Cruz arr. Can Consortium Personnel Tenor Ellen Clegg br Margaret Ewing br Erin Marks br Samir Succar Double Seconds Rhian Davies br Joel Hamburger br Ben Shaykin Cellos Liz Blayney br Amy Cullinan br Katie Tallman br Sara Webb Basses Aashish Mehta Drumset Pat Buzby Percussion Eben English br David Silva Category 1995 albums ... more details
1988, Jus Oborn formed the doom metal band Lord of Putrefaction , they recorded two demos. The band ..., Jus Oborn formed Electric Wizard. 1989 Necromantic demo 1991 Wings Over a Black Funeral demo ... at Allmusic http www.klokradio.nl powerhour electricwizardInt.htm Jus Oborn interview 10 2000 http www.monolith.gr interviews html elwizard.html Jus Oborn interview 09 2004 http www.webalice.it tsorvillo guitarsgalore interview 04 jus oborn.htm Jus Oborn interview 02 2006 http groundcontrolmag.com detail 1 847 Jus Oborn interview 01 2008 http www.cosmicdoom.com interviews index.asp?InterviewID 236 Jus Oborn interview 04 2008 Use dmy dates date August 2010 Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Oborn, Jus ALTERNATIVE NAMES Fuzz SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Oborn, Jus Category Living people Category English heavy metal singers ... more details
unreferenced date May 2011 Infobox person name Justus Joseph Addiss image image size caption birth name birth date June 23, 1917 birth place New York City death date 26 October 1979 death place Hollywood, California death cause pneumonia residence other names known for education employer occupation title salary networth height weight term predecessor successor party boards religion spouse partner children parents relatives signature website footnotes nationality United States American Justus Joseph Addiss or Jus Addiss, Joe Addiss, Justin Addiss June 23, 1917 26 October 1979 was an United States American director of television and film. Addiss was born in New York City . Addiss died in Hollywood, California . Persondata NAME Addiss, Justus Joseph ALTERNATIVE NAMES Jus Addiss, Joe Addiss, Justin Addiss SHORT DESCRIPTION US director of television and film DATE OF BIRTH June 23, 1917 PLACE OF BIRTH New York City DATE OF DEATH 26 October 1979 PLACE OF DEATH Hollywood, California DEFAULTSORT Addiss, Justus Joseph Category 1917 births Category 1979 deaths Category American film directors Category American television directors Category Film directors from New York City US film director 1910s stub fr Jus Addiss ... more details
Orphan date December 2010 ius accrescendi In Roman law , the right of survivorship i.e. the right of the survivor or survivors of two or more joint tenant s to the tenancy or estate, upon the death of one or more of the Joint tenants. Jus accrescendi inter mercatores, pro benefio commercii, locum non habet. The right of survivorship has no place between merchants, for the benefit of commerce. Co. Litt. 182 1 2 Story, Eq. Jur. 1207 Broom, Max. 455. There is no survivorship in cases of partnership, in contrast to joint tenancy. Story, Partn. 00. Jus accrescendi praefertur oneribus The right of survivorship is preferred to incumbrances. Co. Litt. 185o. Hence no dower or courtesy can be claimed out of a joint estate. 1 Steph. Comm. 316. Jus accrescendi praefertur ultima voluntati. The right of survivorship is preferred to the last will. Co. Litt 1856. A devise of one s share of a joint estate, by will, is no severance of the jointure for no testament takes effect till after the death of the testator, and by such death the right of the survivor which accrued at the original creation of the estate, and has therefore a priority to the other is already vested. 2 Bl. Comm. 18 i 3 Steph. Comm. 316. See also Ius References http books.google.com books?id R2c8AAAAIAAJ&dq second edition of Black s Law Dictionary 1910 &as brr 1&source gbs navlinks s Black s Law Dictionary Second Edition 1910 public domain Category Latin legal terms ... more details
Refimprove date September 2008 Infobox musical artist name Jus Allah background solo singer birth name James Bostick birth date birth date and age 1978 6 30 origin Camden, New Jersey genre Hip hop music Hip Hop years active 1992&ndash present label Enemy Soil image associated acts Jedi Mind Tricks Army of the Pharaohs James Bostick born June 30, 1978 , better known by his stage name Jus Allah is a New Jersey rapper who made his official debut on Jedi Mind Tricks second album Violent by Design in 2000. He is known for his aggressive lyrics that are commonly Afro centric. He heavily uses the rhyming ... of Violence album A History of Violence . Early days Jus Allah first joined Jedi Mind Tricks shortly ... was widely praised and contributed to Jus Allah s popularity, as he appeared on nearly all the songs ..., Jus Allah left amid uncertainty over JMT s new association with Babygrande Records . He then went ... Records, joined Babygrande, and dropped his first solo album, All Fates Have Changed . Jus ... z Rejects album Necronomicon was released featuring both Jus Allah and Boston rapper Bomshot as hip hop duo The Devilz Rejects. Jus Allah stated that he had absolutely nothing to do with the album ... recordings from his prior label Omnipotent Records, where Bomshot was also an artist. Jus Allah is currently ... C Lance , in its entirety. The album is currenty without a release date. In 2007 Jus reunited ... in September 2007 on the Art of Rhyme website, Jus Allah announced that he has rejoined Jedi Mind Tricks ... . JMT s new label, Enemy Soil, will be releasing Jus Allah s second solo album, Meanest Man Alive ... Muzik 2006 Poetic Death, Shakespeare s Science 2011 External links http www.myspace.com jusallah Jus Allah on Myspace Jedi Mind Tricks Persondata NAME Allah, Jus ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Musician DATE OF BIRTH 1978 06 30 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Allah, Jus ... of Gods and Earths da Jus Allah fr Jus Allah ... more details
Jus Spolii , Latin for Right of Spoil , also called Jus Exuviarum or Rapite Capite , was a claim, exercised in the feudal era, of succession to the property of deceased clerics, at least such as they had derived from their ecclesiastical benefice s. History It was an outcome of ancient canons which forbade clerics to dispose by will of goods accruing from their ecclesiastical office. These canons were gradually relaxed because of the difficulty of distinguishing between ecclesiastical and patrimonial property. Abuses then arose Churches were despoiled at the death of their incumbents Bishops and archdeacons seized for the cathedral the spoil of abbeys and other benefices, on the pretence that all other churches were but offshoots of the cathedral. After the fall of the Western Empire, anyone present at the death of a cleric felt at liberty to carry off whatever property of the deceased, ecclesiastical or otherwise, he could seize rapite capite , seize and take . As the civil power became more conscious of itself it began to restrain this indiscriminate plunder. The sovereign claimed for himself the Jus Spolii in the case of deceased bishops, while the smaller feudal lords laid similar claim to the property of all clerics who died in their domains. Councils Tribur, 895 Trosly, 909 Clermont, 1095 II Lateran, 1139 of the Church legislated against these abuses, finally obtaining a renunciation of this so called right. In the thirteenth century the Roman Church put forth in a modified way the same claim, and it eventually became a principle of canon law that the goods of beneficed ecclesiastics, dying intestate, belonged of right to the papal treasury. This right however was not allowed in France, Germany, Belgium or Portugal. In the Kingdom of Naples a compromise was made at the close of the sixteenth century, whereby the right was renounced for an annual payment to the papal treasury. Source CathEncy wstitle Jus Spolii Catholic Category Latin language de Spolienrecht pl ... more details
Jus tertii Latin , third party rights is the legal classification for an argument made by a third party as opposed to the legal title holder which attempts to justify entitlement to Possession law possessory rights based on the showing of legal title in another person. By showing legitimate title in another person, jus tertii arguments imply that the present possessor s interest is illegitimate or that the present possessor is a thief . Under United States law , jus tertii arguments are generally insufficient to support actions for replevin because they fail to show that possession is more legitimate in the third party than in the present possessor. ref See Gissel v. State , Case citation 727 P.2d 1153 Idaho 1986 ref However, a Bailment bailee or other legal Agent law agent of the owner may successfully assert the argument. The principle is sometimes used to allow one person to enforce or test the constitutional rights of another, which usually can t be done due to lack of standing. This is only possible for fundamental rights, where there is a close connection between the person whose rights are violated and the person wishing to enforce them, and the constitutional right being enforced is a fundamental right. See, e.g., Singleton v. Wulff Et Al., 96 S. Ct. 2868, 428 U.S. 106 U.S. 1976 . Hypothetical example Art brings an cause of action action for replevin against Burt, seeking to recover a bicycle . In support for the action, Art presents evidence that Cathy is in fact the true owner of the bicycle in question, not Burt. A US court would reject Art s jus tertii argument for replevin because he has failed to show that he has a more legitimate interest in the bike than does Burt. Case law example In Gissel v. State , Case citation 727 P.2d 1153 Idaho 1986 , Gissel unlawfully ... the jus tertii argument on behalf of the Federal government of the United States federal government ... links cite web url http www.enotes.com wests law encyclopedia jus tertii title West s Encyclopedia ... more details
of Jus Exclusivae being exercised after 1644 Papal conclave, 1644 Giulio Cesare Sacchetti , by Philip ... Papal attitude toward the Jus Exclusivae The right has never been formally recognised by the papacy ... condemn the jus exclusivae . In the Constitution In hac sublimi 23 08 1871 Pius IX did however ... that elected Cardinal Sarto Pius X instead. Pius X absolutely forbade the jus exclusivae in the Constitution ... Category Election of the Pope cs Pr vo exkluzivy de Exklusive es Jus exclusivae fr Exclusive it Ius exclusivae he Jus exclusivae nl Ius exclusivae pl Ekskluzywa pt Jus exclusivae ... more details
The jus naufragii right of shipwreck , sometimes lex naufragii law of shipwreck , was a medieval custom never actually a law which allowed the inhabitants or lord of a territory to Wrecking shipwreck seize all that washed ashore from the wreck of a ship along its coast. This applied, originally, to all the cargo of the ship, the wreckage itself, and even any passengers who came ashore, who were thus converted into slave s. This latter custom disappeared before the jus naufragii came to the attention of lawmakers. Right, God, and abolition The theoretical basis for the law, in Christian countries, was that God must be punishing the doomed ship for the vice of the crew. The ship and its cargo had thus been taken from their rightful owners by an act of God and were fair game. Despite this, consistent attempts to abolish the practice are recorded over the course of more than a millennium. Roman ... of the jus naufragii . Around 500 the Breviarium Alaricianum of the Visigoths , probably following ... those who exercised the jus . The Lateran Council 1079 Lateran Council of 1079 and the Council of Nantes ... . The jus did not completely lack support, however. Charles I of Sicily used it, Philip III of France ... to have tolerated it. In his reign, according to De republica by Jean Bodin , the jus was cited by Anne ... a protection of the rights of Genoese merchants from the exercise of the jus . This treaty was renewed ... century, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I outlawed the jus in the Kingdom of Sicily , and by 1270 ... Charles I , a Frenchman by upbringing, invoked the jus naufragii in Sicily, against the Eighth ... Louis IX in France in the Middle Ages France sought to ban the jus . In the fourteenth century ... effect. On 12 December 1663 the Netherlands abolished what remained of the old jus &mdash the recht ... the jus entirely and put castaways under royal protection. The Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire Turkish capitulations of 1535 and 1740 contain clauses banning the jus naufragii . References div ... more details
italic title Refimprove date September 2007 Jus commune or ius commune is Latin for common law in certain jurisdictions. It is often used by Civil law legal system civil law jurist s to refer to those aspects of the civil law system s invariate legal principles, sometimes called the law of the land in English law . Ius commune is distinct from the term common law meaning the Anglo American family of law in contradistinction to the civil law family. The phrase the common law of the civil law systems means those underlying laws that create a distinct legal system and are common to all its elements. The lang la ius commune , in its historical meaning, is commonly thought of as a combination of canon law and Roman law which formed the basis of a common system of legal thought in Western Europe from the rediscovery and reception of Justinian s Digest in the 12th and 13th centuries. In addition to this definition, the term also possibly had a narrower meaning depending upon the context in which it was used. Some scholars believe that the term, when used in the context of the ecclesiastical courts of England in the fourteenth and fifteenth century, also meant the law that is common to the universal church, as opposed to the constitutions or special customs or privileges of any provincial church. ref F.W. Maitland, Canon Law in England , The English Historical Review, Vol. 11, No. 43 Jul. 1896 pp. 446 478. ref The lang la ius commune was an actual part of the law in most areas, although in any one jurisdiction local laws statutes and customs could take precedence over the lang la ius commune . This was the case up until the Codification law codification movement in the late 18th and 19th centuries, which explicitly removed the direct applicability of Roman and canon law in most countries, although there continued to be argument about whether the lang la ius commune was banished completely or survived where the national codes were silent. The latter view prevailed, so it can ... more details
The ius gentium or jus gentium Latin, law of nations is a concept of international law within the Roman law ancient Roman legal system and the Western civilization Western law traditions based on or influenced by it. The ius gentium is not a body of statute law or a legal code , ref R.W. Dyson, Natural Law and Political Realism in the History of Political Thought Peter Lang, 2005 , vol. 1, p. 127. ref but rather customary law thought to be held in common by all gentes peoples or nations in reasoned compliance with standards of international conduct. ref David J. Bederman, International Law in Antiquity Cambridge University Press, 2004 , p. 85. ref Following the Christianization of the Roman Empire , canon law also contributed to the European ius gentium . ref Randall Lesaffer, introduction to Peace Treaties and International Law in European History from the Late Middle Ages to World War One Cambridge University Press, 2004 , pp. 5, 13. ref By the 16th century, the shared concept of the ius gentium disintegrated as individual European nations developed distinct bodies of law, the Primacy of the Bishop of Rome authority of the Pope declined, and colonialism created subject nations outside the West. ref Randall Lesaffer, Peace Treaties from Lodi to Westphalia, in Peace Treaties and International Law in European History , p. 34. ref Roman law Roman government In classical antiquity , the ius gentium was regarded as an aspect of natural law ius naturale , as distinguished from Civil law legal system civil law ius civile . ref Brian Tierney, The Idea of Natural Rights Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2002, originally published 1997 by Scholars Press for Emory University , pp. 66 67 Dyson, Natural Law and Political Realism , p. 236. ref The Gaius jurist jurist Gaius defined the ius gentium as that which natural reason has established among all peoples ref Quod vero naturalis ratio inter omnes ... Ius gentium nl Ius gentium ja pl Ius gentium pt Ius gentium ru Jus gentium sv Folkr tt tr Jus gentium ... more details
Jus patronatus , also spelt ius patronatus , imitating classical Latin orthography , is the term in Roman Catholic canon law for the right of patronage . The right of patronage is a set of rights and obligations entailed upon a definite person, the patron Latin patronus , especially in connection with a gift of land benefice . It is not a position with the Church hierarchy, but a legally regulated grant made by the Church, out of gratitude towards a benefactor. The right of patronage is designated in the Papal decretals as ius spirituali annexum and is therefore subject to ecclesiastical legislation and jurisdiction as well as civil laws relating to the ownership of property. History In the Oriental Orthodoxy Oriental Church the founder of a church was permitted to nominate an administrator for the temporal goods and indicate to the bishop a cleric suitable for appointment. ref L. 46, C. de episc. I, 3. Nov. LVII, c. 2 ref In the Western Church, the Synod of Orange in 441 granted a right of presentation to a bishop who had built a church in another diocese ref c. i, C. XVI, q. 5 ref and the Synod of Toledo in 655 gave a layman this privilege for each church he built, ref c. 32, C. XVI, q. 7 ref but the founder had no proprietary rights. ref c. 31, C. XVI, q. 7 ref In the countries occupied by the Germanic peoples Germanic tribes, on the basis of the individual temple and church rights found in their national laws, the builder of a church, the feudal lord or the administrator possessed full right of disposal over the church founded or possessed by him, as his own church ecclesia propria and over the ecclesiastics appointed by him. However, the appointment and dismissal of ecclesiastics at least formally was made subject to the consent of the bishop. ref c. 37, C. XVI, q. 7 ref In the course of the Investiture Controversy , however, the private right over churches was abolished, although to the lord of the estate, as patron, was conceded the right of presenting a cleric ... more details
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