Multiple issues unreferenced August 2009 expert subject February 2009 orphan February 2010 In Typography Line length is the width occupied by a block of typesetting typeset character computer text , measured in inches , Pica typography picas and Point typography points . A block of text or paragraph has a maximum line length that fits a determined design. Line length is determined by typographic parameters based on a formal Grid page layout grid and Page layout template with several goals in mind balance and function for fit and readability with a sensitivity to aesthetic style in typography . Typographers adjust line length to aid legibility or copy fit. Text can be flush left and Typographic alignment ragged right , flush right and ragged left , or Justification typesetting justified where all lines are of equal length. In a ragged right setting line lengths vary to create a ragged right edge of lines varying in length. Sometimes this can be visually satisfying. For justified and ragged right settings typographers can adjust line length to avoid unwanted hyphen s, rivers of white space, and orphaned words characters at the end of lines e.g. The , I , He , We . See also Characters per line References reflist Category Typography Category Typesetting typography stub ... more details
type of text alignment in print media is Justificationtypesettingjustification , where the spaces ... tight lines . Some modern typesetting programs offer four justification options left justify , right ...Refimprove date May 2008 In typesetting and page layout , alignment or range , is the setting of typography text flow or image placement relative to a page paper page , column measure , table cell or tabulation tab . The type alignment setting is sometimes referred to as text alignment , txt justification or type justification . Basic variations There are four basic typographic alignments flush left the text is aligned along the left margin or gutter, also known as left aligned or ragged right flush right the text is aligned along the right margin or gutter, also known as right aligned or ragged left Justificationtypesetting justified text is aligned along the left margin, and letter and word spacing is adjusted so that the text falls flush with both margins, also known as fully justified or full justification centered text is aligned to neither the left nor right margin there is an even gap on each side of each line. Note that alignment does not change the direction in which text is read however text direction may determine the most commonly used alignment for that Script typefaces script . Flush left File StonyhurstGospelText.jpg thumb An example of flush left, ragged right alignment In English language English and most European languages where words are read left to right, text is often aligned flush left , meaning that the text of a paragraph is aligned on the left hand side with the right hand side ragged. This is the Default computer science default style of text alignment on the World Wide Web for left to right text ref http www.w3.org TR html401 present graphics.html ... or compressed to align both the left and right ends of each line of text. When using justification ... terms Category Typography de Zeilenfall fr Justification typographie it Allineamento tipografia ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2007 In typesetting and text editor s, the term hard space has several meanings, all related to a special way of representing the Space punctuation space between characters. The most commonly used meaning is the same as non breaking space , a special space character used by a word processor that forbids an automatic line breaking line wrap at its position. In earlier days of text editor s that worked with text mode cathode ray tube CRT Display device displays , when a paragraph had to be Justificationtypesetting justified , this was achieved by means of inserting extra soft spaces at Whitespace computer science whitespace s. The soft spaces were so called because they could be compressed away during further editing. By contrast, ordinary spaces were called hard or incompressible spaces. Also, in some older text editors, the hard spaces were both non expandable &mdash i.e., no soft spaces could be added to them&mdash and non breaking ones. In many term program s and game parsers , a hard space was a special kind of field delimiter, against which a filename could be examined or listed, or a semantic thought or consideration could be interpreted. In the Commodore 128 Commodore directory system, a hard space usually terminated the spelling of a filename, and was replaced with a quotation mark when listed to the user. See also Control character Space punctuation Soft hyphen Category Control characters Category Whitespace Comp sci stub it Hard space pl Twarda spacja ... more details
The WASTE W orldScript A ware S tyled T ext E ngine is an Apple Macintosh text editing software Library computer science library . The text engine allows Macintosh programmers to easily add advanced text display and editing features to their applications. WASTE is a memory based editor, which places no limit on the amount of text being edited up to available system memory . It supports the Macintosh WorldScript system, allowing it to handle DBCS double byte and Bidirectional script support bidirectional scripts . It included automatic support for undo operations, drag and drop editing, Justification typesetting text justification , embedding images into text, and low level hooks for rendering and measuring text. Under version 2.0, WASTE gained the ability to support paragraph level formatting, additional character styles, multiple undo redo, unicode translation, and Mac OS X Carbon computing Carbon support, as well as providing new application programming interface API s for printing and string matching. WASTE is a popular 3rd party library that has found its way into many Macintosh applications, formerly under Mac OS and now under Mac OS X, including the Macintosh versions of Netscape Navigator Netscape , Internet Explorer for Mac Internet Explorer , Microsoft Entourage , Microsoft Office 2011 Microsoft Outlook for Mac and Tex Edit Plus . WASTE was created by Marco Piovanelli. External links http www.merzwaren.com waste Official page Category Mac OS development mac software stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Image swash.png thumbnail right Swashes marked with red color. Image Regular italic swash cap.png thumbnail Minion Pro in capital letters in regular 1 , italic 2 and swash 3 style. A swash is a typography typographical flourish on a glyph , like an exaggerated serif . Capital swash Character symbol characters , which extended to the left, were historically often used to begin sentences. There were also Lower case minuscule swash characters, which came either extending to the left, to begin words, or to the right to end them. They were used in former times to help fit the text to the line, instead of spaces of varying widths Justification typesetting justification . Some of the characters in typographical ligature ligatures were called swash characters, even though they did not protrude to the space on either side of the piece of type, such as the tail of a capital Q passing under its succeeding u . Similarly the tail of a swash g would extend to the left beneath a number of preceding letters limited by the set of ligatures the typographer chose for the set. File Zapfino.svg thumb left Flamboyant swashes in the Zapfino typeface Typography terms DEFAULTSORT Swash Typography Category Typography fr Lettre orn e it Svolazzo nl Sierkapitaal sv Swash ... more details
Deleted image removed Image taswrd31.gif thumb Tasword is a word processor for the ZX Spectrum developed by Tasman Software. The first version was released in 1982 and spawned two major revisions in addition to several add ons and, later, tailored versions for the 2 and 3 Spectrum models, the SAM Coup and the Amstrad CPC range. Many of the features of modern word processors were included, such as Justification typesetting justification , word wrap and page header . Features such as Emphasis typography bold text and italic type were achieved through special escape sequence s, ESC P . Add on products included TasMerge for mail merge functionality which was later included in Tasword III and later versions and TasSpell for spell checker . ref cite journal last Goodwin first Simon N. year 1987 month February title The word according to Tasman The ABC of 3 writing journal CRASH magazine CRASH issue 56 pages 76 77 url http www.worldofspectrum.org showmag.cgi?mag Crash Issue56 Pages Crash5600077.jpg format JPG accessdate 2008 09 14 ref References reflist External links WoS game id 0008854 compu soft stub Category ZX Spectrum software ... more details
for aKademy 2007, by S Correll DEFAULTSORT Graphite Sil Category Free typesetting software Category Typesetting Category Font formats Typ stub ar zh min nan Graphite de Graphite ... more details
For the American town Roff, Oklahoma lowercase title roff roff was the first Unix text formatting computer program , the most important application run on the first machine specifically purchased to run UNIX citation needed date October 2011 , and a predecessor of the nroff and troff document processing systems. It was a Unix version of the runoff program runoff text formatting program from Multics , which was a descendant of RUNOFF for Compatible Time Sharing System CTSS the first computerized text formatting application . The first UNIX version was a transliteration of the BCPL version of runoff into PDP 7 assembly, for the prototype UNIX on the PDP 7, circa 1970. When the first PDP 11 was acquired for UNIX in late 1970 a PDP 11 20 , the justification cited to management for the funding required was that it was to be used as a word processing system, and so roff was quickly transliterated again, into PDP 11 assembly, in 1971. Dennis Ritchie notes that the ability to rapidly modify roff because it was locally written software to provide special features needed by the Bell Labs Patent department was an important factor in leading to the adoption of UNIX by the Patent department to fill their word processing needs. This in turn gave UNIX enough credibility inside Bell Labs to secure the funding to purchase one of the first PDP 11 45s produced it was on that machine that UNIX evolved into the system that later took the computer science world by storm. Citation needed date November 2009 See also nroff troff Groff software groff Sources D. M. Ritchie, The Evolution of the UNIX Time sharing System AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal, Vol. 63, No. 8, October 1984 External links http www.netadmintools.com html 7roff.man.html roff Concepts and history of roff typesetting Category Typesetting software digital typography stub es Roff fr Roff ja Roff ru Roff ... more details
, a computer used to prepare justificationtypesetting justified punched tape to drive linotype machine linotype typesetting machine s which were widely used in the printing industry, which at that time was based entirely on hot metal typesetting hot metal type . In the late 1960s, Compugraphic ... on the typesetting media. Most of this machine was made of plastic parts and were not unknown to break ... Typesetting Category Wilmington, Massachusetts Category Reading, Massachusetts Category Brookline ... more details
Wiktionary flush TOC right Flush has several meanings Flush physiology , to become markedly red in the face and often other areas of the skin, from various physiological conditions Flush cards , a hand in card games Flush poker , a hand in poker Flush text, in justification typesetting Flush toilet , a toilet using water to dispose of waste Flush slalom skiing , a consecutive series of vertical gates Flush deck , in naval architecture Flush rivet First flush , the initial surface runoff of a rainstorm Flush, a growth of leaves on the tea plant Harris flush , an enema type Saline flush Construction and manufacturing Flush cut, a type of cut made with a French flush cut saw or diagonal pliers Flush door Flush hem hemming and seaming , in metal forming Flush hole, a countersink Media Flush song Flush song , 1997 song by M tley Cr e Flush Brian Head Welch song Flush Brian Head Welch song , a song by Brian Head Welch Flush novel Flush novel , a young adult novel by Carl Hiaasen Flush A Biography , an imaginative biography of Elizabeth Barrett Browning s dog, by Virginia Woolf Computing Cache flush , when a CPU cache is emptied Allocate on flush , a computer file system See also lookfrom intitle Flushing disambiguation Royal flush disambiguation disambiguation de Flush fr Flush homonymie uk ... more details
. This spin off effectively divorced the company s font software business from the older typesetting ... Store . See also Hot metal typesetting Mike Parker typographer References reflist refbegin ... http www.metaltype.co.uk Metal Type &mdash For Those who Remember Hot Metal Typesetting http www.linotypesetting.com Linotypesetting Hot Metal Typesetting for Hobbyists and the Trade http www.mosi.org.uk ... more details
RUNOFF was the first computer text formatting computer program program to see significant use. It was written in 1964 for the Compatible Time Sharing System CTSS operating system by Jerome H. Saltzer in MAD programming language MAD Assembly language assembler . It actually consisted of a pair of programs, TYPSET which was basically a document editor , and RUNOFF the output processor . RUNOFF had support for pagination and headers, as well as text justification typesetting justification TJ 2 appears to have been the earliest text justification system, but it did not have the other capabilities . RUNOFF is a direct predecessor of the runoff program runoff document formatting program of Multics , which in turn was the ancestor of the roff and nroff document formatting programs of Unix , and their descendants. It was also the ancestor of FORMAT for the IBM System 360 , and of course indirectly for every computerized word processing system. Likewise, RUNOFF for CTSS was the predecessor of the various RUNOFFs for Digital Equipment Corporation DEC s operating systems, via the RUNOFF developed by the University of California, Berkeley University of California, Berkeley s Project Genie for the Scientific Data Systems SDS SDS 940 940 system. ref cite newsgroup title Re Runoffs was TJ 2, a very early word processor like program for the PDP 1 author John V. Everett date 1997 02 08 newsgroup alt.sys.pdp10 id 5diaq1 6cn 2 kirin.wwa.com url http groups.google.com group alt.sys.pdp10 msg 6f48d89ee6ffbdc1 accessdate 2008 11 14 ref ref cite book last Barnes first Larry title RUNOFF A Program for the Preparation of Documents origdate 18 February 1969 url http www.bitsavers.org pdf sds ucbProjectGenie mcjones R 37 RUNOFF.pdf format PDF accessdate 14 November 2008 series Bitsavers PDF Document Archive date 27 March 1973 publisher Office of the Secretary of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency location Washington, DC id R 37 ref The name is alleged to have come from the phrase at th ... more details
The zero width space ZWSP is a non printing character used in computerized typesetting to indicate word boundaries to text processing systems when using scripts that do not use explicit spacing, or after characters such as the slash punctuation slash that are not followed by a visible space but after which there may nevertheless be a line break. Normally, it is not a visible separation, but it may expand in passages that are justificationtypesetting fully justified . In HTML pages, this space can be used as a potential line break in long words as a replacement for the non standard HTML element wbr code nowiki wbr nowiki code tag . However, the zero width space is not supported in all web browser s, most notably Internet Explorer version 6 and below. ref http dunae.ca 2009 better web typography with spaces and hyphens dead link date November 2011 ref It has the Unicode value of tt U 200B tt and its Character encodings in HTML HTML entity is code tt & 8203 tt code and code tt & zwsp tt code . To show the effect of a zero width space, the following words have been separated with zero width spaces blockquote div style background f7f7f7 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism& 8203 Antidisestablishmentarianism ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Typographical syntax, also known as orthotypography, Fact date February 2007 is the aspect of typography what is microtypography ? Sounds like a neologism for typography . I changed it to typography . To include the term microtypography the editor who put it in must come up with a reference to a reliable source that states microtypography is the most common term for what is universally called typography . In other words microtypography is not acceptable. WP policy specifies articles must use the most common terminology and nomenclature. Please. that defines the meaning and rightful usage of Glyph typographic sign s, notably punctuation punctuation marks , and elements of Comprehensive layout layout such as justification typesetting flush margins and indentation . Orthotypographic rules vary broadly from language to language, from country to country, and even from publisher to publisher Fact date February 2007 . As such, they are more often described as Convention norm conventions . While some of those conventions have ease of understanding as a justification&ndash for instance, specifying that low punctuation comma s, full stop s, and ellipsis ellipses must be in the same typeface , weight, and style as the preceding text &ndash many are probably arbitrary Fact date February 2007 . probably arbitrary? Readers cannot be expected to rely on expressions like that. Is it arbitrary or not, and what s the source of this idea please? The rules dealing with quotation mark s are a good example of this which ones to use and how to nest them, how much wikt whitespace whitespace to leave on both sides, and when to integrate them with other punctuation marks. Each major publisher maintains a list of orthotypographic rules that they apply as part of their house style . Fact date February 2007 See also Typographical error Category typography Category Proofreading typ stub es Ortotipograf a eu Ortotipografia fr Orthotypographie gl Ortotipograf a ... more details
Hidden character may refer to A non printing character in computer based text processing and digital typesetting A secret character video games in video games An unseen character in fiction disambiguation ... more details
Tau Epsilon Chi may refer to Tau Epsilon Chi sorority , a high school sorority, headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania TeX , a typesetting system disambig ... more details
Infobox Software name AtariWriter logo Commented out File Atari logo.gif 40px screenshot Image AtariWriterScreenshot.png 250 px caption Screenshot taken of editing Lorem Ipsum in AtariWriter author William Robinson developer Atari Corp. discontinued yes latest release version Version C latest release date Start date 1983 operating system operating system desc platform Atari 8 bit family Atari 400 800 XL XE size 16KB genre Application software Application Word processor license Copyright 1982, 1983 Atari Proprietary software AtariWriter is a Word processor word processing Application software application for the Atari 8 bit computer s. It is a 16 Kilobyte KB Read only memory ROM cartridge electronics cartridge that works with either a cassette or disk drive. Details Home computers started to be bundled in packages. One of the more popular packages was word processing. This included the computer, Computer printer printer and a word processor software. Atari needed a powerful word processor that was easy to use and could work with all Atari computers. The older Atari Word Processor software was disk based, required 48KB, incompatible with the XL computers and was Copy protection copy protected . A newer product was needed. A new word processor was introduced in 1982. Named AtariWriter , it was Atari s first word processor on a cartridge. Compatible with all Atari computers with 16KB or more, AtariWriter had features taken for granted today. Word wrap , full screen editing, dual column printing, search and replace, undo , block editing and even a print preview feature that allowed users to view a printable page by scrolling across the screen. Printing attributes were set directly into the document using control character s. This allowed direct changes to Typesetting formatting such as margins, spacing, Justification typesetting justification , etc. AtariWriter has only one menu, the main menu, which featured creating and editing documents, file directory, file managemen ... more details
replaced by offset lithography printing and computer typesetting. The name of the machine comes from ... improvement over the previous industry standard, i.e., manual, letter by letter typesetting using a composing ... metal in a process known as Hot metal typesetting hot metal typesetting . The matrices are then returned to the type magazine from which they came, to be reused later. This allows much faster typesetting ... revolutionized typesetting and with it especially newspaper publishing, making it possible for a relatively small number of operators to typesetting set type for many pages on a daily basis. Before ... be turned under a portion of the first elevator column. This is the origin of the old typesetting ... 11 , and tin 4 ref http www.archive.org details Typesett1960 2 Typesetting film in the Internet ... the original strength and properties of the alloy. Justification File Linotype justification.png thumb left Diagram of the justification process. The composed line is locked up between the jaws 1 and 2 of the vise . The justification ram 5 then moves up to expand the spacebands to fill the space between the vise jaws From the assembler, the assembled line moves via the first elevator to the justification ... from escaping when the line is cast. Justification is done by a spring loaded ram 5 which raises ... in the justification vise detects this and blocks the casting operation. Without such a mechanism ... mold disk, cut away to show the type metal pot The justification vise holds the assembled line ... A MICR Magnetic Ink Character Recognition MICR matrix, cut for code 127 In typesetting, it is sometimes ... industry http www.metaltype.co.uk Metal Type For Those who Remember Hot Metal Typesetting http www.woodsidepress.com LINOTYPE.HTML Linotype Machine on Woodsidepress.com Typesetting Linotype ... sci1131894.htm 1 13 1894 The Linotype a Machine To Supersede Typesetting http www.gochipmunk.com html ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 About style sheets for print and PDF publications information about the web style sheets computer language style sheet web development A Style sheet is a feature in desktop publishing programs that store and apply Text formatting formatting to text. Style sheets are a form of separation of presentation and content it creates a separate Abstraction computer science abstraction to keep the presentation isolated from the text data. Style sheets are a common feature in most popular desktop publishing and word processing programs, including Arbortext , Corel Ventura , Adobe Systems Adobe InDesign , Scribus , PageMaker , QuarkXPress and Microsoft Word , though they may be referred to using slightly different terminology. Individual styles are created by the user and may include a wide variety of commands that dictate how a selected portion of text is formatted Typeface or font boldface Boldfacing italics Italicizing underline Underlining Justification typesetting Justification left, right, center, justify, force justify Space before and after paragraphs Tab stop s and indentation Type size Leading Kerning Tracking typography Tracking Color Borders or strokes Superscript or subscript Dropcap s Letter case Strike through Outline font style In most programs with style sheets, there is a window or menu listing the style sheets the user has associated with the document. For example, a newspaper may have a style sheet for its story text called Body copy that sets the type at 10 point Nimrod with 11 point leading and justified alignment. Most programs allow users to name their own styles. Usually easy to remember names are used that describe what the style is used for. Common names might include headline, subhead and byline. To apply a style to a portion of text, most programs allow users to select the text with their Some programs split style sheets into two classes Paragraph and Character. Paragraph style sheets are applied to an entire paragrap ... more details
typefaces are more prone to exhibit rivers, as are the less sophisticated typesetting applications ... effect. More sophisticated typesetting applications divide individual characters into larger numbers ... more details
Lanston Monotype Company was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at the end of the nineteenth century by Tolbert Lanston . In 1887 he received his first patent for a mechanical typesetting device. The current incarnation as the Lanston Type Co. is a division of P22 type foundry . See also Portal Philadelphia Monotype Corporation External links http www.myfonts.com foundry lanston Lanston Monotype Co. history Category Companies based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Category Typesetting typography stub ... more details
for characters, allowing it to simulate Point typography 12 point Justificationtypesetting ragged right Typesetting Letterpress era typesetting . A skilled typist, by carefully counting letters ... more details
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